呼吸机相关性肺炎的致病因素和护理干预措施

目的:探讨重症监护室(以下简称I CU)呼吸机相关性肺炎的致病危险因素和护理干预措施。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月～2011年12月我院ICU机械通气>48h的286例患者的临床资料和病原菌分布特点。结果:并发呼吸机相关性肺炎151例,感染发生率52.8%;共检出各类病原菌241株,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌143株,占59.3%,革兰氏阳性球菌54株,占22.4%;真菌44株,占18.3%;发生与未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生是多因素的综合,加强ICU全方位管理、采取行之有效的护理干预措施可预防和减少VAP的发生率,降低死亡率。     

查验表在预防ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用

目的探讨查验表在预防ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用效果。方法选取机械通气患者41例作为对照组,实施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的常规措施;44例患者作为观察组,采用查验表对执行呼吸机相关性肺炎防控措施进行落实。结果两组呼吸机相关性肺炎相关预防措施执行率及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论查验表的应用有助于提高预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的各项防治措施落实,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。     

重型颅脑损伤术后气管切开患者呼吸机相关性肺炎风险的危险因素分析

目的 研究分析重型颅脑损伤术后气管切开患者出现呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素。方法 选取2019年7月至2021年6月海警医院收治的重型颅脑损伤术后气管切开患者共102例作为研究对象，102例患者中，39例发生呼吸机相关性肺炎，设为观察组，63例未出现呼吸机相关性肺炎，设为对照组。收集、记录并统计两组患者的相关临床资料，并进行单因素及多因素分析。结果 观察组与对照组的性别、BMI、是否伴有高血压、糖尿病、是否应用抑酸剂等因素无明显差异（P>0.05）；观察组患者的年龄、应用激素例数、ICU入住时间、机械通气时间、胃管留置时间均大于或多于对照组（P<0.05）；根据两组患者相关临床资料多因素分析结果显示，患者的年龄、是否应用激素治疗、相对较长时间的机械通气、胃管留置以及ICU入院时间均为导致VAP发生的主要危险因素。结论 年龄较大、应用激素、长时间的机械通气以胃管留置以及入住ICU均是引发VAP的重要危险因素，临床医师可根据相关危险因素制定相应的干预措施，从而提高患者的整体治疗效果。     

综合性ICU医院感染目标性监测结果分析

目的 通过对ICU医院感染实施目标性监测,及时发现医院感染相关问题并采取针对性防控措施.方法 监测医院感染率、日感染率、3种导管相关感染率及医院感染部位分布等指标.结果 监测1 311例中136例（169例次）发生医院感染,患者感染率为10.37%,例次感染率为12.89%.导尿管插管相关泌尿道感染率为0.843‰,中心静脉插管相关血流感染率为0.486‰,呼吸机相关肺部感染率为32.719‰.医院感染以下呼吸道为主（79.28%）,其次是血液感染（7.69%）,第3位是泌尿道感染（3.55%）.结论 ICU医院感染率高,主要为3种导管相关性感染,注重ICU目标性监测有十分重要的作用,及时发现问题并进行干预能有效降低医院感染发生率.     

综合性ICU医院感染目标性监测结果分析

目的通过对ICU医院感染实施目标性监测,及时发现医院感染相关问题并采取针对性防控措施。方法监测医院感染率、日感染率、3种导管相关感染率及医院感染部位分布等指标。结果监测1 311例中136例(169例次)发生医院感染,患者感染率为10.37%,例次感染率为12.89%。导尿管插管相关泌尿道感染率为0.843‰,中心静脉插管相关血流感染率为0.486‰,呼吸机相关肺部感染率为32.719‰。医院感染以下呼吸道为主(79.28%),其次是血液感染(7.69%),第3位是泌尿道感染(3.55%)。结论ICU医院感染率高,主要为3种导管相关性感染,注重ICU目标性监测有十分重要的作用,及时发现问题并进行干预能有效降低医院感染发生率。     

中药含漱与刷牙冲洗法在ICU气管插管患者口腔护理中的应用

目的 探讨ICU经口气管插管患者口腔干预中应用中药含漱与刷牙冲洗法的临床效果。方法 选取2020年4月至2021年4月收治的ICU经口气管插管患者106例，随机分为两组各53例。对照组给予常规口腔干预，观察组在对照组基础上应用中药含漱与刷牙冲洗法，比较两组口腔并发症发生率、牙菌斑指数、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况与临床疗效。结果 观察组干预后牙菌斑指数显著降低，治疗总有效率显著提高（均P＜0.05）；两组口腔并发症发生率、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论 ICU经口气管插管患者中药含漱与刷牙冲洗，可有效清洁口腔，降低患者牙菌斑指数，一定程度上减少口腔并发症及呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

NICU消毒质量监测与控制医院感染措施

目的:了解NICU微生物状况及呼吸机各部件消毒情况以及医护人员手的清洗消毒情况,探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素,制定相应护理对策,减少NICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率.方法:对NICU空气、医护人员的手、呼吸机各部件进行动态细菌监测分析.结果:NICU空气定期消毒、医护人员进行各项操作前后严格按照6步洗手法洗手、呼吸机各部件严格按照消毒技术规范求进行消毒,可提高监测合格率,降低VAP的发生率.结论:加强NICU管理及完善消毒隔离制度,正确使用化学消毒剂及消毒方法,重视操作前后洗手和对呼吸机及各部件以及NICU空气的消毒,加强检测监督,可有效减少VAP的发生.     

集束化干预对综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的防控效果

目的探讨集束化干预措施对综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎预防控制的效果。方法由医院感染管理科人员对ICU医护人员进行呼吸机相关性肺炎集束化干预措施专题培训,并督导集束化干预的实施,比较实施前(2013年、2014年)与实施后(2015年、2016年)使用呼吸机患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。结果 2013、2014、2015及2016年呼吸机相关性肺炎感染率分别为24.60‰、19.74‰、17.28‰及15.09‰,呈逐年减少趋势。结论集束化干预措施可有效降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。     

集束化治疗对重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的探讨重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎患者集束化治疗效果。方法采用单中心前后对照研究。对本院ICU2008年6月1日至2010年5月31日重型颅脑外伤有创机械通气患者41例实施呼吸机集束化治疗。所用患者采取头高位、加强口咽部护理、声门下间断冲洗引流、检查患者及各项操作前严格洗手、定期更换呼吸机管道等集束化治疗措施。观察其体温、痰量、血象、胸部X线片及下呼吸道细菌检查、机械通气时间、住ICU时间、28天病死率;取本院ICU2006年6月1日至2008年5月31日重型颅脑外伤有创机械通气患者44例作为对照。结果集束化治疗后,患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生较对照组有显著下降,住ICU时间明显缩短。结论集束化治疗能有效降低重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防与护理进展

对呼吸机相关性肺炎的感染因素和常见病原菌、预防、监测及护理进展进行综述,提出控制和减少呼吸机的使用,合理应用抗生素,预防医院内感染,切断外源性传播途径等综合措施,可有效降低呼吸性相关性肺炎的发生.     

有创机械通气患者呼吸机湿化液更换频率的研究

目的探讨有创机械通气患者呼吸机湿化液更换频率,以降低患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。方法将82例气管插管行有创呼吸机通气治疗持续10d以上患者随机分为两组各41例,两组均使用输液器连接湿化罐滴注的方法进行匀速注水,均在第7天更换呼吸机管道及湿化罐。观察组更换湿化罐及呼吸机管道时才更换湿化罐内湿化液,对照组每日更换湿化液。比较两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率及不同部位细菌阳性率。结果观察组在呼吸机治疗10d时呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05),患者咽峡部、下呼吸道、呼吸机管路及湿化罐细菌阳性率显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论对有创呼吸机辅助通气治疗患者,湿化液每周更换1次优于每日更换,可减少细菌定植,减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

Adherence to simple and effective measures reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia

PURPOSE: Several modalities have been shown to be individually effective in reducing the incidence (and hence associated morbidity, mortality, and costs) of ventilator-associated pneumonia, but their implementation into clinical practice is inconsistent. We introduced an intensive care unit protocol and measured its effect on ventilator-associated pneumonia. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team constructed a multifaceted protocol incorporating low risk and low cost strategies, many of which had independent advantages of their own. Some components were already in use, and their importance was emphasized to improve compliance. New strategies included elevation of the head of the bed, transpyloric enteral feeding, and antiseptic mouthwash. The approach to implementation and maintenance included education, monitoring, audits and feedback to encourage compliance with the protocol. RESULTS: The implementation of this prevention protocol reduced the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia from a baseline of 94 cases per year or 26.7 per 1,000 ventilator days to 51.3 per year or 12.5 per 1,000 ventilator days, i.e., about 50% of the pre-protocol rate (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Adherence to simple and effective measures can reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The protocol described was inexpensive and effective, and estimated savings are large. Implementation and maintenance of gains require a multidisciplinary approach, with buy-in from all team members, and ongoing monitoring, education, and feedback to the participants.     

A time-dependent analysis of intensive care unit pneumonia in trauma patients

BACKGROUND: Appropriate and timely antibiotic therapy to treat pneumonia in trauma patients is extremely important. We evaluated the incidence and microbiology of pneumonia stratified by days postadmission and risk factors. METHODS: Prospective data were collected on 714 trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit over a 1-year period. Pneumonia was classified as community acquired (CAP) (< or = 3 days), early nosocomial (ENP) (4-6 days), or late nosocomial (LNP) (> or = 7 days). In addition, pneumonia was classified as CAP only, nosocomial only (NI), or combination (CAP and NI, or ENP and LNP) pneumonia. Strict institutional guidelines were followed for diagnosis. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-two patients (25%) were diagnosed with 204 pneumonias over the study period. One hundred twenty-five (61%) of these pneumonias were ventilator associated. Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae were the most common pathogens isolated. Twenty-one percent of patients with CAP acquired an LNP (p < 0.025), in which Pseudomonas was the most common organism. Haemophilus caused LNP in 12% of patients. Cancer (p < 0.01), liver failure (p < 0.05), and age (p < 0.01) were predictive of nontypical pathogens in patients with CAP and ENP (p < 0.05). Obesity was most predictive of increased ventilator days (p < 0.001) and intensive care unit length of stay (p < 0.001). Increased age, alcohol abuse, and field airway were most predictive of mortality. CONCLUSION: Unanticipated pathogens were isolated in each class of pneumonia. The clinician must be aware of significant risk factors that may predispose patients to pathogens that are not ordinarily covered with standard antibiotic therapy.     

Pulmonary complications following adult liver transplantation

PURPOSE: Pulmonary complications frequently occur after liver transplantation, but the risk factors associated with them have not been fully determined. We therefore sought to identify risk factors for pulmonary complications among adult liver transplant recipients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 128 consecutive adult patients who underwent 131 liver transplantations during 2001. We evaluated the incidence, time of onset, and outcome of radiographically determined pulmonary complications, as well as the factors predictive of infectious complications. RESULTS: Postoperative chest roentgenograms detected 68 cases of pulmonary complications, including pleural effusion (n = 50), atelectasis (n = 6), pneumonia (n = 6), pulmonary edema (n = 5), and acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with pneumonia (n = 1). Of the seven patients with pneumonia, five died. On univariate analysis the risk factors predictive for pneumonia were high serum creatinine and total bilirubin, hemodialysis at the time of occurrence, and history of acute rejection and on multivariate analysis increased total bilirubin and history of acute rejection. Pulmonary complications were dependent on the medical condition at the time of occurrence rather than on the preoperative condition. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence of pneumonia in liver recipients was relatively low, the mortality rate in patients who developed this complication was high. High-risk patients undergoing liver transplantation thus require early diagnosis and intensive treatment to diminish the morbidity and mortality associated with pulmonary complications.     

肿瘤外科患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生危险因素分析

目的分析肿瘤外科患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生的危险因素。方法选取2017-10-2018-10间收治的88例机械通气超过48 h的肿瘤外科患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 88例患者中34例(38.64%)发生VAP,单因素分析显示,气管切开、胃肠内营养、ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、术前使用抗生素超过48 h等,是VAP发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,胃肠内营养是VAP发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论肿瘤外科患者VAP发生率较高,相关危险因素较多,胃肠内营养是主要的独立危险因素,应加强相关预防措施,降低其发生风险。     

A comparison of ventilator‐associated pneumonia rates determined by different scoring systems in four intensive care units in the North West of England

Ventilator‐associated pneumonia is a common healthcare‐associated infection with significant mortality, morbidity and healthcare cost, and rates have been proposed as a potential quality indicator. We examined ventilator‐associated pneumonia rates as determined by different diagnostic scoring systems across four adult intensive care units in the North West of England. We also collected clinical opinions as to whether patients had ventilator‐associated pneumonia, and whether patients were receiving antibiotics as treatment. Pooled ventilator‐associated pneumonia rates were 36.3, 22.2, 15.2 and 1.1 per 1000 ventilator‐bed days depending on the scoring system used. There was significant within‐unit heterogeneity for ventilator‐associated pneumonia rates calculated by the various scoring systems (all p < 0.001). Clinical opinion and antibiotic use did not correlate well with the scoring systems (k = 0.23 and k = 0.17, respectively). We therefore question whether the ventilator‐associated pneumonia rate as measured by existing tools is either useful or desirable as a quality indicator.     

Increased risk of pneumonia among ventilated patients with traumatic brain injury: every day counts!

Background

Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently require mechanical ventilation (MV). The objective of this study was to examine the association between time spent on MV and the development of pneumonia among patients with TBI.

Materials and methods

Patients older than 18 y with head abbreviated injury scale (AIS) scores coded 1–6 requiring MV in the National Trauma Data Bank 2007–2010 data set were included. The study was limited to hospitals reporting pneumonia cases. AIS scores were calculated using ICDMAP-90 software. Patients with injuries in any other region with AIS score >3, significant burns, or a hospital length of stay >30 d were excluded. A generalized linear model was used to determine the approximate relative risk of developing all-cause pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP], and infectious pneumonia identified by the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, diagnosis code) for each day of MV, controlling for age, gender, Glasgow coma scale motor score, comorbidity (Charlson comorbidity index) score, insurance status, and injury type and severity.

Results

Among the 24,525 patients with TBI who required MV included in this study, 1593 (6.5%) developed all-cause pneumonia. After controlling for demographic and injury factors, each additional day on the ventilator was associated with a 7% increase in the risk of pneumonia (risk ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.08).

Conclusions

Patients who have sustained TBIs and require MV are at higher risk for VAP than individuals extubated earlier; therefore, shortening MV exposure will likely reduce the risk of VAP. As patients with TBI frequently require MV because of neurologic impairment, it is key to develop aggressive strategies to expedite ventilator independence.     

Benefits and risks associated with the R100 high frequency oscillatory ventilator for patients with severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure

High frequency oscillatory ventilation has been shown to improve oxygenation of patients with severe respiratory failure. This prospective study examined the potential benefits and risks of the latest generation high frequency oscillatory ventilator (R100, Metran, Saitama, Japan), initiated when the target oxygenation could not be achieved by conventional mechanical ventilation in adult patients with severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure. Thirty-six patients with severe respiratory failure treated with the R100 high frequency oscillatory ventilator were considered. Pneumonia and exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia were the main causes of respiratory failure. The median time on conventional mechanical ventilation or airway pressure release ventilation prior to high frequency oscillatory ventilation was 9.3 hours (interquartile range 4.8 to 25). PaO2/FiO2 at 24 hours after initiation of high frequency oscillatory ventilation was significantly better than the PaO2/FiO2 at baseline (151.2 +/- 61.2 vs. 99.5 +/- 50.0, P = 0.0001). Refractory hypoxaemia within 24 hours was associated with a high risk of mortality (P = 0.0092) and 23 patients (64%), including 11 patients with exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia, died by 30 days. Of the 36 patients included in the study (including one who had developed pneumothorax before high frequency oscillatory ventilation), 12 (33%) developed barotrauma during the course of their intensive care unit stay. In the multivariate analysis, only exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia was a significant risk factor for barotrauma. In summary, the latest generation high frequency oscillatory ventilator could improve oxygenation in adult patients with life-threatening hypoxaemic respiratory failure but the incidence of barotrauma was substantial.     

Weekly Ventilator Circuit Changes: A Strategy to Reduce Costs without Affecting Pneumonia Rates

Background: Mechanical ventilator circuits are commonly changed at 48-h intervals. This frequency may be unnecessary because ventilator-associated pneumonia often results from aspiration of pharyngeal secretions and not from the ventilator circuit. We compared the ventilator-associated pneumonia rates and costs associated with 48-h and 7-day circuit changes.

Methods: Ventilator circuits were changed at 48-h intervals during the control period (November 1992 to April 1993) and at 7-day intervals during the study period (June 1993 to November 1993). Nosocomial pneumonias were prospectively identified using the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The annual cost difference of changing circuits at 48-h and 7-day intervals was calculated using the distribution of ventilator days for the control and study periods.

Results: There were 1,708 patients, 9,858 ventilator days, and a pneumonia rate of 9.64 per 1,000 ventilator days in the control group (48-h circuit changes). There were 1,715 patients, 9,160 ventilator days, and 8.62 pneumonias per 1,000 ventilator days when circuits were changed at 1-week intervals (study group). Using a logistic regression model, there were significantly greater odds of developing a ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical patients (odds ratio 1.77, P = 0.02) and patients in critical care units (odds ratio 1.54, P = 0.05), but no significant risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients in whom circuits were changed at 1-week intervals (odds ratio 0.82, P = 0.22). Changing circuits at 7-day intervals resulted in a 76.6% ($111,530) reduction in the annual cost for materials and salaries.     

Risk factors for the development of pneumonia in multiple injured patients. Results of a prospective clinical trial

Pneumonia is the most common infectious complication in multiple trauma patients. In a prospective clinical cohort study, 266 multiply injured patients were examined for the development of pneumonia.Various risk factors were tested in uni- and multivariate analyses.Three different definitions of pneumonia were used in order to examine how results depended on definition.The incidence of pneumonia was 41%, but varied with definition (30-50%). Injuries to the thorax, head,and abdomen were associated with a significantly increased risk of pneumonia (adjusted relative risk: 1.77, 1.97,and 1.52, respectively).Furthermore, increasing age led to a higher risk of pneumonia. Although the primary analysis revealed a higher pneumonia risk in male patients (adjusted relative risk: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.43-3.05), this result could not be consistently reproduced when using other definitions of pneumonia. Trunk and head injuries and age are proven risk factors for developing posttraumatic pneumonia.The association between male gender and an increased rate of infectious complications remained questionable.