青春期大鼠左侧精索静脉的解剖变异及其在实验性左侧精索静脉曲张模型中的运用

目的:探索青春期大鼠左侧精索静脉(LSV)解剖变异对诱导实验性左侧精索静脉曲张(ELV)的影响。方法:将30只雄性青春期SD大鼠随机分成3组,每组10只。A组缩窄左肾静脉并结扎LSV侧支,B组仅缩窄左肾静脉,C组为假手术组。观察LSV走行,测量其直径。术后30 d分析左肾大体和组织学变化,并再次测量LSV直径。结果:大鼠LSV 90%存在不规律出现的侧支,仅10%无侧支。术后各组左肾未见异常。A、B、C组LSV直径术前和术后分别为(0.16±0.08)mm和(1.47±0.15)mm、(0.15±0.07)mm和(0.31±0.49)mm、(0.16±0.06)mm和(0.17±0.07)mm。A组术后直径较术前明显增粗(P0.01),B组和C组均无统计学差异(P均0.05)。术后LSV直径A组明显大于B组(P0.01)。A组ELV诱导成功率为100%,B组为10%(仅1只LSV无侧支的大鼠造模成功),C组未见曲张。结论:认清LSV解剖回流,并结扎其不规律出现的侧支是建立稳定一致的ELV模型的关键。     

Comparison of spermatic vein histology in patients with and without varicocele

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare histological characteristics of spermatic veins in patients with and without varicocele. Between February 2009 and July 2009, spermatic veins were obtained from 13 patients with varicocele. Microsurgical subinguinal low ligation was performed in all patients. Spermatic veins of patients without varicocele were obtained from 12 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy. Histologically, sections of veins were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Mean tunica adventitia thickness size of the spermatic veins was 0.35 ± 0.08 mm and 0.22 ± 0.1 mm respectively in patients with varicocele and control group (P = 0.001). Similarly, mean tunica media thickness size of the spermatic veins was 0.25 ± 0.05 mm and 0.09 ± 0.04 mm respectively in patients with varicocele and control group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were detected regarding the tunica adventitia and tunica media thicknesses when patients with grade 2 varicocele were compared with patients with grade 3 varicocele (P > 0.05). No significant differences were detected between the tunica adventitia and tunica media thicknesses of patients with varicocele and sperm parameters (P > 0.05). Our study demonstrated that tunica adventitia and tunica media thicknesses seem to be increased in patients with varicocele compared with normal subjects.     

转流术与断流术治疗精索静脉曲张症的疗效评价

目的　为评价精索静脉转流术与结扎术二种手术方法对治疗精索静脉曲张引起男性不育的疗效。方法　于术后一年中分别随访 82例病人 ,接受转流者 47例 ,结扎者 35例。结果　 (1)术后病人症状、精子质量均得到显著改善 ,但是 ,两组间无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。 (2 ) 15例有症状者术后缓解 ,47例转流受术者无一复发 ,35例结扎受术者 2例复发 ,占 5 .7%。两者精子质量改善者共 47例 ,占 5 8.5 3% ,妊娠及分娩 2 5例 ,占 30 .5 %。 (3)术后 3月 ,精子活力提高明显好于精子质量的其它参数 ,而在术后半月中 ,精子活力的提高转流者 2 7例 ,结扎者仅 7例。结论　精索内静脉转流术仍是部分精索静脉曲张不育症者治疗的较好手段     

精索静脉曲张不育患者精囊内静脉血中活性氧和抗氧化剂的关系(英文)

目的:以外周静脉血作为比较对象,评估精囊内静脉血中活性氧(ROS)和抗氧化剂的关系。方法:观察对象为68名患有精索静脉曲张的少弱精患者。在腹股沟的曲张精索静脉切除术中,提取精囊内血液样本和中央尺骨静脉血样本。分别测定这些血液样本中的三种 ROS(丙二醛[MDA]、双氧水[H_2O_2]、一氧化氮[NO])和四种抗氧化剂(过氧化岐化酶[SOD]、过氧化氢酶[Cat]、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶[GPx]、维生素 C)。结果:精囊内静脉血样内的 ROS 因素的平均值明显高于外周血中的值(MDA 18.7±1.4 nm/mL vs.15.4±1.4 nm/mL,H_2O_2 43.6±8.0 Um/mL vs.30.8±8.1 Um/mL,NO 2.3±0.5 nm/L vs.1.6±0.4nm/L,P<0.01)。而精囊内静脉血的抗氧化剂的平均值明显低于外周血中的值(SOD 1690.7±130.0 U/mL vs.1818.5±143.0 U/mL,Cat 38.9±6.1 mm/mL vs.47.9±10.2 mm/mL,GPx 20.4±8.1 U/mL vs.23.0±8.4 U/mL,维生素 C 0.3±0.1 vs.0.4±0.1 mg/dL,P<0.05)。结论:患有精索静脉曲张不育男性的精囊内静脉血相对于外周静脉循环,具有更高的 ROS 和更低的抗氧化剂。     

经脐单孔三通道腹腔镜下精索静脉曲张高位结扎15例临床分析

目的:总结经脐单孔三通道腹腔镜下精索内静脉高位结扎的临床经验。方法:经脐单孔三通道腹腔镜下精索内静脉高位结扎术15例,其中左侧曲张13例,右侧曲张2例。结果:患者手术均获成功,无近期并发症发生,平均手术时间28min,术后平均住院4d。结论:经脐单孔三通道腹腔镜下精索内静脉高位结扎术是一种治疗精索静脉曲张可选的新术式,患者痛苦小,恢复快,更具有良好的美容和微创治疗效果,操作难度不大。     

Comparative hemodynamic evaluations of varicocele by bidirectional ultrasonic Doppler sonography and phlebography of the internal spermatic vein

Clinical studies (degree of severity) and bidirectional ultrasonic Doppler sonography (Pressure-type, Shunt-type) of varicocele were compared with the phlebography of the internal spermatic vein (degree of spermatic incompetence, diameter of the int. spermatic v.). Doppler probe and phlebography are equivalent methods to demonstrate the venous reflux in palpable varicocele and for follow-up examination after sclerotherapy. The subclinical varicocele is discussed. The slight degree of spermatic incompetence (reflux by Valsalva's manoeuvre) is responsible for the small varicocele (grade I) and the Pressure-type. The severe degree of spermatic incompetence (spontaneous reflux) causes the Shunt-type and the large varicocele (grade III) as well as a dilatation of the internal spermatic vein.     

Radiological anatomy of the internal spermatic vein(s) in 200 retrograde venograms.

The radiological anatomy of the internal spermatic vein(s) was studied in 200 retrograde venograms performed as part of presurgical evaluation in patients with variocele. A large range of anatomical variations was found at the left side. Bilateral reflux occurs in one out of four patients with unilateral varicocele at palpation. Bilateral treatment is therefore necessary in as much as one fourth of cases with 'unilateral' left side varicocele. In right side varicocele the spermatic vein generally enters the right renal vein. Varicocele ligation should be performed near the internal inguinal ring in order to interrupt reflux most securely. Non-surgical treatment of varicocele by means of sclerosis or embolization of the internal spermatic vein, will remain restricted to those cases in which reflux passes through only one spermatic vein. Insufficient knowledge of the anatomy of the internal spermatic vein(s), and the resulting incomplete interruption of reflux in this (or these) vessel(s) may be the cause of poor treatment results reported by some authors.     

经腹膜后精索内静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张

目的：探讨经腹膜后小切口精索内静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张的手术效果。方法：采用麦氏点斜切口经腹膜后途径精索内静脉高位结扎治疗72例(94侧)精索静脉曲张患者。应用罂粟碱试验和阴囊内驱血以辨认精索内动、静脉,结扎静脉,保留动脉。结果：平均手术时间27min。术后3个月随访,2侧(例)复发,占2．1％(2／94)。治愈患者症状减轻或消失。结论：小切口高位腹膜后精索内静脉结扎术是一种创伤小、操作简便、疗效高的手术方法。     

精索内动静脉同时结扎治疗精索静脉曲张的临床研究

目的:探讨精索内动静脉同时结扎治疗精索静脉曲张对睾丸血流动力学、生精功能及睾丸体积的影响。方法:将精索静脉曲张患者随机分为精索内动脉结扎组与保留组,结扎组46例,保留组42例;术前和术后6个月血流显像测量睾丸血流动力学参数及体积,并行精液常规检查。结果:两组睾丸动脉(TA)收缩期最大血流速度(Vmax)、舒张期最小血流速度(Vmin)、平均血流速度(Vmean)、包膜动脉(CA)Vmin手术前后差异无显著性(P>0.05),组间差异无显著性(P>0.05);精子密度、精子活率、精子活力术后均有明显改善(P<0.01),组间差异无显著性(P>0.05);睾丸体积手术前、后无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:精索内动静脉同时结扎对睾丸血流动力学、生精功能及体积无不利影响,在无腹股沟区手术史的患者可行精索内动静脉集束结扎治疗精索静脉曲张。     

精索静脉高位结扎术对精子DNA碎片的影响

目的:探讨精索静脉高位结扎术对精子DNA碎片影响及手术效果的评价。方法:精索静脉曲张(Varicocele,VC)患者34例,均行精索静脉高位结扎术。术前和术后3个月按WHO推荐方法进行精子运动指标(10项)、精子巴氏染色形态分析和精子DNA碎片分析检测。结果:VC患者术后正常精子形态比例明显高于术前,有显著性差异(P<0.01),术后精子DNA碎片比率、精子畸形指数(Sperm deformity index,SDI)和多种异常指数(Multiple anomalies index,MAI)均明显低于术前,有显著性差异(P<0.01);术后精子浓度、b级精子率均较术前升高,有显著性差异(P<0.05);术后a级精子比率、(a+b)级精子比率均比术前明显升高,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。VCⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级组术后精子DNA碎片比率均较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);亚临床型VC组术后精子DNA碎片比率与术前无显著差异(P>0.05)。VC术后大晕环精子比率较术前明显增多,有显著性差异(P<0.01);术后中晕环、小晕环、无晕环精子比率均较术前降低,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:行精索静脉高位结扎术能有效改善VC患者的精子质量。     

Evaluation of the role of varicocelectomy including external spermatic vein ligation in patients with scrotal pain

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess and compare pre- and postoperative scrotal pain in patients with varicocele who underwent varicocelectomy with different approaches. METHODS: The study included 144 consecutive patients with left-sided varicocele who had left scrotal pain for more than 3 months. All patients underwent varicocele ligation using either a subinguinal or inguinal approach with or without external spermatic vein ligation. We asked the patients to complete an 'Assessment Questionnaire for Scrotal Pain' both before and after the surgery. RESULTS: The surgery was successful in 101 (83.4%) of the 121 patients available for follow up. Seventy-four (61.1%) patients reported the complete resolution of pain while 27 patients (22.3%) reported partial resolution. Symptoms worsened in a single case and pain persisted postoperatively in 19 cases (15.7%). There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the pain and grade of varicocele between postoperative groups. A significant difference was observed in postoperative success between patients who had external spermatic vein ligation and those who did not, regardless of the surgical approach (inguinal or subinguinal). All patients who reported complete or partial resolution of pain stated that they would recommend surgery to relatives with the same problem. CONCLUSIONS: Varicocelectomy using either inguinal or subinguinal approaches is an effective and reasonable treatment option in this patient group and should include external spermatic vein ligation for a satisfactory outcome.     

精索静脉曲张手术方式的选择

目的 探讨在采用腹膜后精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的手术方法中，腹腔镜是否较开放手术更具优越性。方法 回顾性分析42例应用腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎和53例应用开放手术经腹膜后精索静脉高位结扎术的病例。结果 两组病例在手术时间和术后住院时间上均无明显差异。术后恢复快，随访无复发和睾丸萎缩。结论 单侧精索静脉曲张，小切口腹膜后精索静脉高位结扎术仍值得首先推荐，对于双侧和复发的精索静脉曲张，则可以优先考虑腹腔镜手术。     

Glutathione‐S‐transferase‐oxidative stress relationship in the internal spermatic vein blood of infertile men with varicocele

This study aimed to assess glutathione‐S–transferase (GST) enzyme‐ oxidative stress (OS) relationship in the internal spermatic vein (ISV) of infertile men associated with varicocele (Vx). Ninety five infertile oligoasthenoteratozoospemic (OAT) men associated with Vx were subjected to history taking, clinical examination and semen analysis. During inguinal varicocelectomy, GST, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were estimated in the blood samples drawn from ISV and median cubital veins. The mean levels of GST, GPx were significantly decreased and the mean level of GPx was significantly increased in the ISV compared with the peripheral blood. The mean level of GST and GPx in the ISV was significantly decreased, and the mean level of MDA was significantly increased in Vx grade III compared with Vx grade II cases. There was nonsignificant difference in the mean level of GST in the ISV in unilateral Vx cases compared with bilateral Vx cases. There was significant positive correlation of GST with sperm count, sperm motility, GPx and significant negative correlation with sperm abnormal forms, MDA. It is concluded that ISV of infertile men associated with Vx has decreased levels of GST compared with peripheral venous circulation that is correlated with both OS and Vx grade.     

对比Palomo手术与腹膜后精索内静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张

目的对比经腹膜后集束结扎精索血管（Palomo手术）与腹膜后单纯精索内静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张的疗效及并发症。方法对2000年7月-2006年6月间，25例采用Palomo术式，30例采用腹膜后单纯精索内静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张的临床资料进行对比分析。结果所有手术均获得成功，术后随访6月至2年。Palomo手术组手术时间12～18min，手术后3—10d曲张静脉团显著缩小，所有患者临床症状消失。随访18例，无复发，无睾丸坏死或萎缩发生，6个月内发生左侧睾丸鞘膜积液3例，占16．6％，左侧慢性附睾炎1例，左侧睾丸疼痛（排除其它原因）1例。单纯精索内静脉高位结扎组手术时间20-35min，1例术后无效，29例术后1—8d曲张静脉团消失。3例术后2—4月后复发，占15％。精索内静脉高位结扎组术后复发率显著高于Palomo手术组（P〈O．05），而后者术后并发症明显高于前者，两者有显著的统计学差异（P〈0．05），主要并发症是患侧的睾丸鞘膜积液。后者手术时间明显较短（P〈0．01）。两组手术均效果良好，疗效可靠。结论Palomo手术简单易行、疗效可靠，但并发症较多；腹膜后精索内静脉高位结扎复发率高，但无并发症发生。     

腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张85例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的有效性、安全性及价值。方法:回顾分析我院为85例患者行腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术的临床资料。结果:85例手术均获成功,平均手术时间32min,基本无出血,术后平均住院3d。随访3～10个月,3例复发,复发率3.5%。结论:腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张具有创伤小、康复快、效果好、并发症少等优点,对双侧精索静脉曲张及开放手术后复发的患者尤有临床价值。     

Efficacy of varicocele embolization versus ligation of the left internal spermatic vein for improvement of sperm quality

Efficacy of surgical varicocelectomy versus embolization of the spermatic vein was studied in 137 men diagnosed as suffering from left varicocele. The men were divided randomly into three groups according to the methods of treatment: A--embolization of the internal spermatic vein (51 men); B--Ivanissevich technique of high ligation of the spermatic veins (43 men); and C--Bernardi technique of high ligation (43 men). The groups were similar in terms of age, duration of infertility and possessed semen characterized as oligoteratoasthenozoospermia. The fertility of the female partners was evaluated carefully and they were found to be potentially fertile. Varicocele was diagnosed by at least two of the following methods: physical palpation during valsalva manoeuvre, venography, or scrotal scanning using the technetium pertechnetate radioactive method. Semen quality was assessed before treatment and at 3, 6 and 9 months post-treatment. Fecundity was followed-up for 18 months. The major results were: (i) Shrinkage of the varicocele was found in all three groups studied. The same rate of recurrence was recorded in the three groups (24%, 37% and 35% in groups A, B and C, respectively). (ii) Improvement of sperm quality was significant in groups A and B, with better results in group B. (iii) The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in group B, compared with A (38.2% vs. 20.6%; P less than 0.05). Thus, high ligation of the internal spermatic vein yields better results than low ligation or embolization as far as semen quality and pregnancy is concerned.     

应用腹腔镜高位结扎精索内静脉治疗精索静脉曲张(附47例报告)

目的 :评价腹腔镜治疗精索静脉曲张的效果及优点。方法 :采用腹腔镜高位结扎精索内静脉治疗精索静脉曲张 4 7例。结果 :患者手术均获成功。结论 :腹腔镜高位结扎精索内静脉治疗精索静脉曲张具有创伤小 ,康复快 ,并发症少 ,疗效确切 ,住院时间短 ,医疗费用低等优点。是治疗精索静脉曲张的理想方法     

双侧精索内动静脉结扎术后睾丸体积、精液质量变化的初步观察

目的初步评价双侧精索内动静脉结扎术后睾丸体积及精液质量的变化。方法对34例双侧精索静脉曲张患者中的16例行双侧精索内动静脉结扎术,于术前及术后随访时彩超测量睾丸体积,并行精液常规检查。结果睾丸体积无明显变化(P>0.05);精液量、精子数、精子活率明显提高(P<0.01),精子畸形率明显下降(P<0.01)。结论双侧精索内动静脉结扎术后睾丸无萎缩,精液质量明显改善。     

Microanatomy of the spermatic cords during microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy: initial experience in Asian men

The microanatomy of the inguinal spermatic cords has never been reported in Asia. The purpose of this study was to describe the number and relationship of the veins, arteries and lymphatics in the spermatic cord and to clarify the location of the vas deferens in Asian men. Fifty-one patients receiving 79 primary microsurgical varicocelectomies performed by a single surgeon from April 2011 to July 2012 were studied. The number of internal and external spermatic veins, testicular arteries and lymphatic channels preserved during the inguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy were recorded. The relationship between the right and left vascular anatomy during bilateral varicocelectomies was evaluated. The data showed that mean numbers of 1.5±0.9 arteries, 5.6±2.2 spermatic veins and 3.6±1.9 lymphatics were identified during the repairs. The internal spermatic arteries were surrounded by a dense complex of adherent veins in 81.2% of the cases. The external spermatic vein or veins were found in 60.8% of the cases. The vas deferens may be contained within the internal spermatic fascia. The results suggest that the number of veins may be highly variable and less than those reported in the English literature, but there is some similarity in the inguinal microanatomy of the right and left spermatic cords. Further research is warranted to clarify our results.     

Varicocele is the root cause of BPH: Destruction of the valves in the spermatic veins produces elevated pressure which diverts undiluted testosterone directly from the testes to the prostate

In varicocele, there is venous flow of free testosterone (FT) directly from the testes into the prostate. Intraprostatic FT accelerates prostate cell production and prolongs cell lifespan, leading to the development of BPH. We show that in a large group of patients presenting with BPH, bilateral varicocele is found in all patients. A total of 901 patients being treated for BPH were evaluated for varicocele. Three diagnostic methods were used as follows: physical examination, colour flow Doppler ultrasound and contact liquid crystal thermography. Bilateral varicocele was found in all 901 patients by at least one of three diagnostic methods. Of those subsequently treated by sclerotherapy, prostate volume was reduced in more than 80%, with prostate symptoms improved. A straightforward pathophysiologic connection exists between bilateral varicocele and BPH. The failure of the one‐way valves in the internal spermatic veins leads to a cascade of phenomena that are unique to humans, a result of upright posture. The prostate is subjected to an anomalous venous supply of undiluted, bioactive free testosterone. FT, the obligate control hormone of prostate cells, reaches the prostate directly via the venous drainage system in high concentrations, accelerating the rate of cell production and lengthening cell lifespan, resulting in BPH.