急性ST段抬高性前壁心肌梗死患者的右心室功能分析

目的:评价急性前壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉成形术(PCI)患者的右心室收缩和舒张功能变化。方法:分析46例急性前壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者[前降支近端完全闭塞者24例(前降支近端闭塞组),前降支远端急性闭塞者22例(前降支远端闭塞组)]直接PCI和35例冠状动脉造影"正常"患者(对照组)的临床、冠状动脉造影和心电图资料。采用二维心脏超声分别测定入选患者的右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV),右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV),右心室射血分数(RVEF),平均肺动脉压(MPAP),左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV),左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV),左心室射血分数(LVEF)和心脏指数(CI)。结果:与对照组相比,前降支远端闭塞组的平均肺动脉压无显著性差异(P>0.05),而右心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增大,右心室射血分数降低;左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增加,左心室射血分数、心脏指数减低(P均<0.01)。与前降支远端闭塞组比较,前降支近端闭塞组的左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增加(P<0.01),心脏指数和左心室射血分数减少(P<0.01),右心室舒张末期容积收缩末期容积和平均肺动脉压增加(P<0.05～0.01),右心室射血分数降低(P<0.01)。多元线性回归分析表明前降支近端闭塞与右心室射血分数降低(R2=0.38,P<0.01)、右心室舒张末期容积增加(R2=0.410,P<0.01)有较好的相关性。2周后,前降支近端和远端闭塞组的右心室舒张末期容积、右心室收缩末期容积、平均肺动脉压和右心室射血分数无明显差异,而前降支近端闭塞患者的左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增大,左心室射血分数和心脏指数较低(P均<0.01)。结论:提示前降支近端闭塞可能伴右心室前壁部分心肌梗死导致右心室收缩和舒张功能障碍。     

成人活体肝移植患者术中血流动力学变化观察

目的 探讨成人活体肝移植患者术中血流动力学的变化规律.方法 实施成人活体肝移植术的患者42例,记录并分析术中不同时刻的血流动力学指标变化情况.结果 切肝期血流动力学相对平稳;阻断后,平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺动脉毛细血管楔压(PCWP)和心排血量(CO)剧烈下降(P＜0.01),HR和每搏变异度(SVV)显著增加(P＜0.01);腔静脉开放后,除HR和SVV外所有指标均能恢复到阻断前水平;门静脉开放后,发生MAP和CO剧烈下降,而MPAP、CVP和PCWP显著升高,伴HR减慢,除HR外所有指标与阻断前有显著差异(P均＜0.01).结论 成人活体肝移植术中血流动力学变化以无肝期和新肝早期为著,与肝血管的阻断和开放以及再灌注综合征的发生有关.     

风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的观察风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的外科治疗效果,总结围术期治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年12月74例在恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院心胸外科行手术治疗的风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压(平均肺动脉压50 mm Hg)患者的临床资料。Swan-Ganz漂浮导管监测术中、术后肺动脉压及阻力的变化,超声心动图检测术前、术后肺动脉压、左房内径、左室舒张末内径及射血分数,门诊随访评估患者心功能。结果 74例(8.5%)合并重度肺动脉高压的患者入选本研究。其中,男性32例(43.2%),年龄26~72岁,平均(48.6±16.4)岁,病程22.3±9.6年(16~35年),术中死亡6例(8.1%),Swan-Ganz漂浮导管监测术后即刻和24 h平均肺动脉压、肺血管阻力和肺毛细血管楔压较术前明显下降(均为P0.05),心脏指数较术前明显升高(P0.05)。复查超声心动图发现,左房内径明显缩小[(53.2±12.4)mm比(76.5±19.6)mm,P0.001],左室射血分数明显增加[(54.7%±8.9%)比(46.3%±7.8%),P0.01]。随访心功能明显改善(P0.01)。亚组分析发现,高肺动脉压力(肺动脉压力体循环平均动脉压)患者的术后早期肺动脉压、肺血管阻力和肺毛细血管楔压无明显下降,心脏指数无明显增加,手术死亡率明显增加[22.3%比3.6%,P0.001]。但术后6个月复查超声心动图肺动脉压力较术前明显下降[(88.2±13.6)mm Hg比(52.1±8.7)mm Hg,P0.01],心功能有明显改善。结论外科手术治疗可改善风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者的短期预后。但高肺动脉压患者的围术期死亡率高,需加强此类患者的围术期管理。     

不同给药途径对合并肺动脉高压行OPCABG患者血流动力学的影响

目的 评价不同给药途径对合并肺动脉高压行非体外循环冠脉搭桥术（OPCABG）患者血流动力学的影响.方法 择期行OPCABG合并肺动脉高压的冠心病患者30例,随机分为中心静脉输注组（对照组）和肺动脉输注组（观察组）各15例.所有患者麻醉诱导后行右锁骨下静脉穿刺,放置三腔7F中心静脉导管用于输液;右颈内静脉穿刺置入Swan-Ganz导管用于监测血流动力学指标.切皮后对照组和观察组分别通过中心静脉和肺动脉导管给予前列腺素E1.分别于给药前5 min（T0）、给药后3 min（T1）、10 min（T2）、30 min（T3）、60 min（T4）和术毕（T5）记录两组心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、肺动脉收缩压（PASP）.肺毛细血管楔压（PCWP）和心脏指数（CI）,计算肺血管阻力（PVR）和周围血管阻力（SVR）.结果 两组T1-5时PASP和PVR值均较To明显下降（P均＜0.05）;观察组T1、T2和T5时PASP低于对照组,T1、T2、T3和T5时PVR低于对照组（P均＜0.05）;对照组给药后MAP逐渐下降,SVR也逐渐下降,T1-5时,均低于观察组（P均＜0.05）.T5时,对照组HR明显高于观察组（P＜0.05）.结论 对合并肺动脉高压的冠心病患者行OPCABG时,通过肺动脉输注前列腺素E1可降低肺动脉压同时又不显著影响体循环压力,效果优于经中心静脉输注.     

肺部疾病与心脏

问:左心疾病怎么会影响肺? 答:左心室舒张末期压升高或左房压升高时,可引起肺静脉压(PVP)高,再进一步引起肺毛细血管压、肺动脉压升高.     

心力衰竭患者氨基端脑钠素原与有创血流动力学监测的相关研究

目的:评价心力衰竭患者血浆氨基端脑钠素原(NT-proBNP)与有创血流动力学监测指标的相关性.方法:选择心力衰竭患者纽约心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅱ-Ⅳ级89例,在入院12 h内行漂浮导管监测,同时采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法检测血浆NT-proBNP.比较有创血流动力学指标在不同血浆NT-proBNP水平时的变化,比较血浆NT-proBNP、左心室舒张末内径和左心室射血分数在不同肺动脉楔压水平时的变化,同时探讨血浆NT-proBNP与肺动脉楔压的相关性.结果:89例患者有创血流动力学指标在不同血浆NT-proBNP水平的变化比较:血浆NT-proBNP水平＞600者与≤600者比较,右心房压、右心室压、肺动脉压、肺动脉楔压、肺循环阻力均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05～0.01).89例患者不同血浆NT-proBNP水平问肺动脉楔压、左心室舒张末内径和左心室射血分数比较:肺动脉楔压:与血浆NT-proBNP水平≤600者比较,其它血浆NT-proBNP水平者均显著增高,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).左心室舒张末内径:仅3600≥NT-proBNP＞2601者较≤600者明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).左心室射血分数:仅血浆NT-proBNP＞3601者较≤600者明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).89例患者不同肺动脉楔压等级间血浆NT-proBNP水平、左心室舒张末内径和左心室射血分数的比较:血浆NT-proBNP水平:与肺动脉楔压＜18者比较,其它等级肺动脉楔压者均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);左心室舒张末内径:与肺动脉楔压＜18者比较仅38＞肺动脉楔压≥28者明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);左心室射血分数:与肺动脉楔压＜18者比较,肺动脉楔压≥18者、38＞肺动脉楔压≥28者、肺动脉楔压≥38者均明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05～0.01).在校正了各种影响因素后,肺动脉楔压与NT-proBNP显著相关;多元线性回归分析也表明NT-proBNP与肺动脉楔压独立相关.结论:心力衰竭患者血浆NT-proBNP与有创血流动力学监测指标有很好的相关性.     

成人先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者的心脏磁共振评估

目的 探讨心脏磁共振（cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR）评价先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者心室功能的临床价值.方法 对26例先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的患者行CMR检查,分别测量并计算右心室与左心室的短轴缩短率、舒张末期直径、舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积、每搏排血量、射血分数等心功能参数及主动脉、肺动脉直径,同时评价室间隔运动、心肌延时强化.采用配对样本t检验比较左、右心室功能参数,采用两个独立样本t检验比较室间隔运动正常组和异常组的右心功能情况,采用卡方检验比较室间隔运动异常与心肌延时强化的关联.结果 右心室舒张末期直径、舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积均显著高于左心室,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;右心室短轴缩短率、射血分数均显著低于左心室,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.26例患者中,14例室间隔运动异常,14例出现心肌延时强化.室间隔运动异常组心肌延时强化出现比例明显高于室间隔运动正常组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.同时,室间隔运动异常组的右心室舒张末期直径、舒张末期容积均显著高于正常组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;右心室短轴缩短率显著低于正常组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;射血分数低于正常组,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.08）.结论 合并肺动脉高压的成人先天性心脏病患者右心功能较左心功能差,室间隔运动异常患者的右心功能更差,室间隔运动异常患者出现心肌延时强化比例高.CMR能够提供先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者的左、右心室功能及相关结构信息,对治疗和预后有重要价值.     

活体肝移植术患者术中每搏量变异度变化及临床意义

目的探讨成人活体部分肝移植术患者术中每搏量变异度(SVV)的变化规律及意义。方法对32例患者于静吸复合全麻下行部分肝移植术。分别于切皮前即刻(T0)、无肝期5 min(T1)、30 min(T2)、新肝期5 min(T3)、30 min(T4)和术毕(T5)记录SVV、心排血量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、HR、MAP、CVP、肺动脉毛细血管楔压(PC-WP)和混合静脉血氧饱和度(S_VO2)。结果与T0时比较:SVV于T1～2升高,T3～4降低,T5时恢复至切皮前水平;CO和CI于T1～4降低,T5时升高;HR于T1～5时升高;MAP于T1～4降低,T5时恢复至切皮前水平;CVP和PCWP于T1～2降低,T3时升高,T4时恢复至切皮前水平;S_VO2于T1～2降低,T3～5时升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 SVV于无肝期时升高,新肝期时降低,术毕时恢复至切皮前水平。提示活体肝移植术无肝期时血容量不足,此期机体对液体治疗的反应性较好,需积极补液治疗;而新肝期时机体对液体负荷的反应效果下降,应避免过多补液。     

小动脉扩张剂——肼苯哒嗪改善主动脉瓣关闭不全病者心功能的机制

本文评价10例(男8,女2)慢性严重主动脉瓣关闭不全病人静注肼苯哒嗪(hydralazine)的效果,并讨论其改善心脏功能的机制。用药后平均动脉压降低(P<0.025),心率增加(P<0.005),平均肺动脉压及平均肺动脉楔状压减低(无显著性差异),左室舒张末期压降低(P<0.05),全身血管阻力自1,264mmHg 减低至710mmHg,心脏指数增加76%,每搏容量指数增加49%,左室舒张末期容量减少(自208ml/M~2降至190ml/M~2,P<0.05),收缩末期容量减少(自101ml/m~2降至82ml/     

压力控制通气在体外循环术后的应用探讨

目的探讨压力控制通气模式在体外循环术后患者的临床应用价值.方法比较体外循环术后患者压力控制通气(PCV)组和容量控制通气(VCV)组治疗前、治疗后2h和6h气道峰压、平均气道压的大小,同时比较两种模式对血气分析、血液动力学指标的影响.结果PCV组治疗后2h和6h PIP、MPaw均显著低于VCV组(P＜0.01).PCV组较VCV组治疗后血气分析、血流动力学改善明显,与VCV组相比,血氧分压、心脏指数、肺动脉楔压和中心静脉压有显著差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论PCV模式对体外循环术后呼吸支持较VCV模式更能显著降低气道峰压,平均气道压,改善血气指标,有利于术后患者血流动力学的恢复.     

Effect of Selective Inflow Occlusion on Hemodynamic Conditions during Laparoscopic Left HemihepatectomyEffect of Selective Inflow Occlusion on Hemodynamic Conditions during Laparoscopic Left Hemihepatectomy

Background/Aims: Selective inflow occlusion instead of portal triad clamping was used during laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy in our institution. This study observed its hemodynamic effects during operation. Methodology: Hemodynamic parameters including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were collected at 6 time points: after induction, after insufflation with CO2, after patient in reverse Trendelenburg position, after left branch of hepatic artery was occluded, after left branch of portal vein was occluded and after desufflation with patient supine. Results: No severe perioperative cardiopulmonary complications were observed. Occlusion of left branch of hepatic artery brought no significant hemodynamic change. Occlusion of left branch of portal vein increased CVP and CI and decreased SVR. CO2 inflation caused HR, MAP and SVR to increase. The change to reverse Trendelenburg position caused CVP and PAP to decrease. When placed in the supine position with deflation, MAP, CVP, PAP, PCWP and CI went to a higher than base level. HR and SVR returned to base level. Conclusions: Using selective inflow occlusion in laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy caused few hemodynamic changes before and after occlusion in patients without cardiopulmonary diseases. However, the change of position and inflation or deflation caused significant changes.     

Hemodynamics in the immediate post-transplantation period in alcoholic and viral cirrhosis

AIM:To study the hemodynamics in the immediate post transplant period and compare patients with alcoholic vs viral cirrhosis. METHODS:Between 2000-2003,38 patients were transplanted for alcoholic cirrhosis and 28 for postviral cirrhosis.Heart rate(HR),central venous pressure(CVP), mean arterial pressure(MAP),pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP),cardiac index(CI),systemic vascular resistance index(SVRI),pulmonary artery pressure(PAP),and pulmonary vascular resistance index(PVRI)were measured immediately ...     

Hemodynamic monitoring by double-indicator dilution technique in patients after orthotopic heart transplantation

STUDY OBJECTIVES: A transpulmonary thermal-dye dilution (TDD) technique using cold indocyanine green dye was utilized to monitor cardiac index (CI) and preload in patients after heart transplantation. Preload, determined by intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI) and global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI), was compared to central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) and was correlated with stroke volume index (SVI). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Cardiac surgery ICU at a university hospital. PATIENTS: Forty patients (34 men, 6 women) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 54.4+/-8.5 years after orthotopic heart transplantation. Measurements and results: CI and preload measurements were performed with TDD and pulmonary artery catheters in the ICU at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h postoperatively. The femoral artery CI was compared with the pulmonary artery CI. Changes in the ITBVI, GEDVI, CVP, and PAOP were correlated with changes in the SVI. No difference was found between the femoral and pulmonary arterial CIs (r = 0.98 [bias, 0.35 L/min/m(2)]; p<0.01). There was no statistically significant correlation between changes in the SVI and changes in CVP (r = -0.23,) and PAOP (r = -0.06). However, the ITBVI (r = 0.65; p<0.01) and the GEDVI (r = 0.73; p<0.01) were significantly correlated to changes in the SVI. Changes in the same direction occurred between the SVI and the GEDVI as well as between the SVI and the ITBVI in 76.3% and 71.9% of patients, respectively, while CVP and PAOP also changed in the same direction as SVI in only 35.1% and 36.9% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: ITBVI and GEDVI are more reliable preload parameters than CVP and PAOP. Even in denervated hearts, ITBVI and GEDVI show significant correlations with SVI. The transpulmonary indicator dilution technique is promising and should be investigated further.     

Feasibility study of the use of the TandemHeart percutaneous ventricular assist device for treatment of cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: The mortality of cardiogenic shock (CGS) remains high despite currently available pharmacological and mechanical treatment options. The standard of care in medically refractory situations has been the insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility, safety, and hemodynamic impact of the TandemHeart percutaneous left ventricular assist device (pVAD) in CGS. METHODS: Thirteen patients from five centers in the US with the diagnosis of CGS were enrolled in the study. Hemodynamic measurements, including cardiac index (CI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and central venous pressure (CVP) were performed presupport, during support and after device removal. Patients were monitored for 6 months. RESULTS: The pVAD was successfully implanted in all 13 patients, with duration of support averaging 60 +/- 44 hr. During support, CI increased from 2.09 +/- 0.64 at baseline to 2.53 +/- 0.65 (P = 0.02), MAP increased from 70.6 +/- 11.1 to 81.7 +/- 14.6 (P = 0.01), PCWP decreased from 27.2 +/- 12.2 to 16.5 +/- 4.8 (P = 0.01), and CVP from 12.9 +/- 3.7 to 12.6 +/- 3.6 (P = NS). Ten patients survived to device explant, 6 of whom were bridged to another therapy. Seven patients survived to hospital discharge and were all alive at 6 months. The two most common adverse events were distal leg ischemia (n = 3) and bleeding from the cannulation site (n = 4). CONCLUSION: The TandemHeart PTVA System may be a useful complementary treatment for patients with CGS, especially as a bridge to another treatment. Further study is needed to definitively establish safety and efficacy.     

双心房输注在并发肺动脉高压的复杂性先天性心脏病患儿手术中的应用评价

目的：评估双心房输注对并发肺动脉高压的复杂性先天性心脏病患儿（复杂先心病）术后血流动力学的影响。方法：择期行复杂先心病矫治术的患儿46例,年龄6月一5岁,体质量5～19kg,心功能分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,随机分为两组（每组n=23）：双心房输注组（经左房泵入具有血管收缩作用的正性肌力药,从右房或肺动脉泵入血管扩张药物）和右心房输注组（直接经右房泵入具有血管收缩作用的正性肌力药和血管扩张药物）。腔静脉开放后常规给予血管活性药物,双心房输注组经中心静脉输注米力农0．5～0．75μg／（kg·min）,经左心房输注多巴胺5～lOμg/（kg·min）、肾上腺素0．03～0．1μg／（kg·min）。右心房输注组经中心静脉输注米力农0．5-0．75μg／（kg·rain）、多巴胺5-10μg/（kg·min）、肾上腺素0．03～0．1μg／（kg·min）。分别于给药前5min（TO）、给药后5min（T1）、10min（T2）、30rain（耶）和60min（T4）时记录平均动脉压（MAP）、HR、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）、左心房压（LAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）和心排出量（CO）,计算肺血管阻力指数（PVRI）、体循环血管阻力指数（SVRI）和心指数（cI）。结果：与11D时比较,双心房输注组T1一T4时MAP、CI和SVRI升高,HR、MPAP、T｜AP、CVP和PVRI降低（均P〈0．05）;右心房输注组T1～T4时MAP、MPAP、LAP和PVRI降低,cI升高（均P〈0．05）,HR、CVP和SVRI差异无统计学意义。与右心房输注组比较,双心房输注组MAP、CI和SVRI升高,HR、MPAP、LAP、PVRI和CVP降低（均P〈0．05）。结论：双心房输注可改善复杂先心病患者矫治术后左心排血功能,降低肺动脉压和肺循环血管阻力。     

AAI与VVI起搏对血液动力学及心钠素、肾素─血管紧张素系统影响的研究

观察１２例心律失常病人不同频率（７０，９０及１１０ｐｐｍ）ＡＡＩ和ＶＶＩ起搏时的心排出量（ＣＯ）、心脏指数（ＣＩ）、肺毛细血管楔嵌压（ＰＣＷＰ）、肺动脉压（ＰＡＰ）、右房压（ＲＡＰ）和血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）及血管紧张素ＩＩ（Ａ－ＩＩ）的变化。结果显示：ＡＡＩ起搏时，ＣＯ、ＣＩ显著高于ＶＶＩ起博和较慢的自身窦性心律时（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１），而无ＶＶＩ起搏所引起的ＰＣＷＰ、ＰＡＰ、ＲＡＰ、ＡＮＰ、ＰＲＡ及Ａ－ＩＩ等显著增高缺点。提示ＡＡＩ起博具有良好的血液动力学效应且不导致心脏内分泌激素异常而优于ＶＶＩ。     

Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements during graded hemorrhage and reinfusion

Measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtCO2) has been suggested as a useful monitoring tool in the hypovolemic patient. Our study was undertaken to evaluate changes in PtCO2 that occur during graded hemorrhage and reinfusion, and to compare PtCO2 values to standard cardiorespiratory and biochemical parameters during hypovolemia. Seven mongrel dogs were bled 50% of their estimated blood volume (44 mL/kg) over one hour. This was followed by a one-hour monitoring period, a 30-minute reinfusion period, and an additional one-hour monitoring period. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mixed venous oxygen tension (MvO2), arterial blood gases, and PtCO2 were measured serially throughout the study period. Cardiac index (CI), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), O2 consumption, delivery, and percentage of extraction were calculated for each sampling period. A statistically significant fall in CI, MvO2 and PCWP occurred following the first 10% of blood loss; PtCO2 and MAP fell significantly after 20% hemorrhage; CVP fell after 30% hemorrhage. PtCO2 rose significantly after the first 10% of reinfusion, and it continued to rise during the entire reinfusion period, as did MvO2, CO, MAP, CVP, and PCWP. In contrast to the other measured variables, the elevations in PtCO2, and MvO2 were more pronounced early in the reinfusion period. During postreinfusion monitoring, PtCO2, MvO2, CO, and PCWP fell significantly despite maintenance of prehemorrhage MAP and CVP. Overall PtCO2 correlated well with MvO2 and the O2 extraction ratio, and to a lesser extent with CI, MAP, and O2 delivery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Enoximone treatment of impaired myocardial function during cardiac surgery: combined effects with epinephrine

Enoximone belongs to a new class of noncatecholamine-positive inotropes, which selectively inhibit phosphodiesterase type III and increase cyclic AMP (cAMP). This study was performed in 30 coronary artery surgery patients with impaired myocardial function (ejection fraction [EF] < 50%). The study's two purposes were to investigate the hemodynamic effects of enoximone, 0.5 mg/kg, administered following induction of anesthesia (phase I), and to assess whether enoximone can potentiate the actions of sympathomimetic agents during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (phase II). Starting with already reduced hemodynamics, induction of anesthesia led to a further deterioration of blood pressure and cardiac output (CO). Administration of enoximone produced a significant increase in cardiac index (CI) (+47%), whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) (−37%), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) (−17%). and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (−17%) were significantly reduced. Heart rate (HR) was not increased, and no dysrhythmiss occurred during the investigation. The hemodynamic effects were maintained for 30 minutes until the start of the operation. In phase II, where weaning from CPB was not possible without pharmacological support, either enoximone (0.5 mg/kg) + epinephrine (0.1 gg/kg/min) or only epinephrine (same dosage) was randomly selected. Weaning was successful in both groups, but the combined therapy produced a larger increase in CI and a more pronounced decrease of the elevated filling pressure (PCWP). PAP was not changed in the combined therapy group, but increased in the patients receiving epinephrine alone. It is concluded that enoximone has beneficial hemodynamic effects in the perioperative period, and that potentiation of the effects of epinephrine in severe heart failure may be one of the drug's most useful features.     

Epidural anesthesia with the trendelenburg position for cesarean section with or without a cardiac surgical procedure in patients with severe mitral stenosis: A hemodynamic study

The hemodynamic effects of epidural anesthesia (EA) with the Trendelenburg position were studied in seven patients with severe mitral stenosis undergoing emergency cesarean section (CS) because of hemodynamic deterioration. In six patients, the CS was immediately followed by an open mitral commissurotomy under general anesthesia, whereas in one patient, the CS was performed alone. A significant reduction in heart rate (120 ± 5 to 83 ± 7 beats/min; P < 0.001) was observed after induction of EA. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased (78 ± 9 to 55 ± 5 mm Hg; P < 0.01) simultaneously with reduction of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) (37 ± 4 to 15 ± 4 mm Hg, P < 0.001) and cardiac index (CI) (2.4 ± 0.3 to 1.8 ± 0.32 L/min/m²; P < 0.001). However, PCWP could be adjusted by selecting the appropriate angle of the Trendelenburg position. When the PCWP was approximately 25 mm Hg, MAP and CI increased to 72 ± 7 mm Hg and 3.1 ± 0.4L/min/m², respectively, and a satisfactory hemodynamic state was achieved. Systemic vascular resistance decreased after induction of EA (2,250 ± 250 to 1,750 ± 450 dyne · s · cm⁻⁵; P < 0.001), and remained unchanged during the perioperative period. It is concluded that the combination of epidural anesthesia with tilting of the table is a safe method for urgent CS in pregnant women with critical mitral stenosis in whom termination of pregnancy is indicated because of hemodynamic deterioration.