抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍的研究

目的：了解抑郁症和精神分裂症患者与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及其相关因素。方法：对精神分裂症41例和抑郁症40例，用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)进行评定。结果：抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50．0％，精神分裂症与焦虑障碍的共病率为29．3％。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关(r=0．465)。有关抑郁症和精神分裂症患者共患焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归分析可排除药源性焦虑。结论：对抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍问题应引起高度重视。     

老年期痴呆抑郁和焦虑障碍共病研究

目的：了解老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑障碍共病率及其相关因素。方法：将100例老年期痴呆患者分为两组,阿尔茨海默病（AD）组和血管性痴呆（VD）组。用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）进行评定。结果：AD组有焦虑20例,伴抑郁17例;VD组有焦虑17例,伴抑郁15例。共病28例,AD组与VD组各14例。AD组与VD组在HAMD因子分有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑共病率较高,应引起高度重视。     

抑郁症与焦虑障碍共病临床特征研究

目的 调查抑郁症和焦虑症障碍的共病率,以及对临床严重程度的影响.方法 采用前瞻性、多中心、队列研究.入组对象符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)抑郁症的诊断标准, 采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和焦虑量表(HAMA),社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SSDS)和临床大体量表(CGI)评估.观察流行病学资料,焦虑和抑郁症状群、自杀状况.用情感性障碍和精神分裂症检查提纲中有关焦虑障碍的诊断清单评定患者合并的焦虑障碍.结果 共入组508例患者,首次抑郁发作为269例(53.0%),294例(57.9%)有过自杀观念,55例(10.8%)曾有自杀行为.45例(8.9%)伴精神病性症状.HAMD量表总分平均为(32.6±7.7)分;HAMA量表平均为(21.0±7.3)分,其中78.5%患者大于14分.抑郁症患者焦虑障碍的共病发生率为68.9%(350例),16.7%共病多种焦虑障碍.焦虑障碍种类分布以广泛性焦虑障碍为主,为56.1%.焦虑对抑郁症的临床严重程度有显著统计学意义,但自杀观念和自杀行为在共病与非共病之间未见统计学意义.36.0%患者同时伴有躯体疾病.结论 抑郁症与焦虑共病在临床上是常见的现象,合并的焦虑障碍以广泛性焦虑障碍为主,1/3的患者合并躯体疾病,应引起临床医生重视.     

文拉法辛治疗焦虑抑郁共病对照研究

目的：探讨文拉法辛与帕罗西汀治疗焦虑抑郁共病障碍的疗效及安全性。方法：73例焦虑抑郁共病障碍患者随机分为研究组35例和对照组38例。分别给予文拉法辛和帕罗西汀治疗8周。于治疗前后分别采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果：两组抗抑郁显效率（χ2=0.69,P〉0.05）和抗焦虑显效率（χ2=0.90,P〉0.05）相仿。两组HAMD、HAMA治疗后均显著下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。不良反应均轻微（P〉0.05）。结论：文拉法辛与帕罗西汀治疗焦虑抑郁共病障碍疗效肯定,安全性高,依从性好。     

抑郁与焦虑共病障碍临床研究

目的:调查抑郁与焦虑共病障碍的发生率,探讨其特点及预后.方法:对150例抑郁障碍患者用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)评定,3个月后进行随访.结果:45.3%的抑郁障碍患者共病焦虑障碍,共病以广泛焦虑障碍与惊恐障碍为最多(分别为22.0%、13.3%);入组时及3个月末,共病组HAMD、HAMA、CGI及SDSS总分均显著高于抑郁组(P＜0.05),3个月末共病组HAMA减分率显著低于抑郁组(P＜0.05),HAMD减分率两组差异无显著性.结论:抑郁与焦虑共病障碍发生率高,具有抑郁及焦虑症状重、社会功能损害重,焦虑症状不易缓解等特征.     

老年期焦虑抑郁患者事件相关电位P300特征

目的：探讨老年期焦虑抑郁共病患者认知功能的事件相关电位P300特征。方法：对60例老年抑郁症患者（以伴有焦虑者为共病组25例,单纯抑郁症者为抑郁症组35例）及60名性别、年龄匹配的正常老年人（对照组）进行听觉诱发的事件相关电位P300检测。同时应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）及老年认知功能量表（SECF）分别评价患者组抑郁、焦虑情绪及认知功能。结果：患者组P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间比对照组明显延长,P2、P3波幅明显降低;共病组N2、P3波幅比抑郁症组明显降低,P3潜伏期明显延长。患者组HAMD、HAMA总分与P300各指标无相关,而SECF总分与N2、P2、P3潜伏期呈显著负相关。结论：P300对老年期抑郁症早期认知功能损害评定具有一定的价值,共病组患者认知功能损害程度大于抑郁症组。     

突发性耳聋的临床症状与负性情绪的关系

目的 探讨突发性耳聋相关临床症状与负性情绪的关系。方法 本研究纳入2020年7月～2022年3月90例突发性耳聋患者为研究对象,采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton anxiety rating scale,HAMD）进行焦虑、抑郁情绪评估,并将患者划分为焦虑抑郁组与对照组。比较两组患者听力阈值、耳鸣残障量表（Tinnitus handicap inventory,THI）,分析焦虑抑郁组患者HAMA评分、HAMD评分与听力阈值、THI评分的相关性。结果 90例突发性耳聋患者检出焦虑8例,抑郁6例,两者共病27例;焦虑抑郁组患者听力阈值、THI评分均显著高于对照组患者（P<0.05）;焦虑抑郁组患者HAMA评分、HAMD评分与听力阈值、THI评分具有正相关关系（P<0.05）。结论 突发性耳聋患者焦虑抑郁检出率较高,且这些心理障碍可能加重听力障碍以及耳鸣症状,并且二者可能相互影响。     

小学生焦虑抑郁障碍共病调查

目的：探讨小学生焦虑抑郁障碍共病情况。方法：用儿童焦虑障碍筛查量表（SCRED）对县城2900名及农村1800名8～14岁小学生进行筛查,对筛查出的焦虑障碍儿童进行抑郁障碍诊断,对焦虑与抑郁障碍共病儿童实施相关量表及问卷测量。结果：儿童焦虑抑郁障碍共病率为12.7%,其中县城12.9%,农村12.3%,两地差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.011,P=0.915）。焦虑抑郁障碍共病儿童与仅有焦虑障碍儿童在焦虑量表及家庭功能评定量表上得分差异均无显著性（P均〉0.05）,抑郁量表分与焦虑量表的躯体焦虑、广泛焦虑及焦虑总分呈显著相关（P〈0.001）。结论：小学生焦虑与抑郁障碍共病率较高。     

精神分裂症恢复期社交焦虑的研究

为探讨精神分裂症恢复期社交焦虑（SAD），对200例精神分裂症恢复期患者用汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA），社交焦虑量表（LSAS）进行评分。结果，200例精神分裂症恢复期患者出现社交焦虑者占33．5％，其中社会功能和学习功能受影响者占41．79％。提示，对精神分裂症恢复期患者出现SAD者应引起高度重视。     

帕罗西汀治疗脑卒中后抑郁症疗效研究

目的探讨帕罗西汀对卒中后抑郁、焦虑患者日常生活能力和神经功能康复的影响。方法采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）对272例脑卒中患者进行抑郁、焦虑状态评定,其中患有卒中后抑郁合并焦虑的81例患者分别接受帕罗西汀治疗、帕罗西汀联合心理干预治疗以及不干预。采用斯堪的那维亚脑卒中量表（SSS）、Barthel指数（BI）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评测治疗前后的疗效。结果急性脑卒中病人卒中后抑郁并焦虑患病率为2978%,抑郁与焦虑共病率为65.85%;治疗组I和治疗组ⅡHAMD、HAMA、SSS评分减少和BI评分增加与对照组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论卒中后抑郁、焦虑病人给予帕罗西汀治疗能提高患者神经功能康复程度和生活能力恢复。     

Measuring anxiety in patients with schizophrenia

This study describes the prevalence and distribution of anxiety symptomatology and anxiety disorders in a sample of hospitalized patients with schizophrenia, the estimated level of agreement between a clinician diagnostic measure and anxiety symptom status measures, and their internal consistency based on the average interitem correlations. Seventy inpatients receiving treatment for schizophrenia were assessed before discharge using a face-to-face diagnostic interview and structured questionnaires, namely the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, and the Stein Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Scale. About a quarter of patients met criteria for an anxiety disorder, with GAD and social phobia occurring most commonly. There was poor agreement between the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and a diagnosis of anxiety based on symptom status measures. The Stein GAD scale demonstrated the highest internal consistency (0.85) followed by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (0.76). Anxiety disorders and anxiety symptomatology are highly prevalent in schizophrenia. Accurate assessment is challenging yet important. More reliable measures of anxiety disorders in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are clearly needed to allow for timely identification and treatment.     

Anxiety disorders in outpatients with schizophrenia: prevalence and impact on the subjective quality of life

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of comorbid lifetime anxiety disorders in outpatients with schizophrenia and to compare the subjective quality of life of patients with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. METHODS: Fifty-three outpatients were recruited. They were interviewed with the Anxiety Disorders section of the SCID for DSM-IV. Quality of life was assessed with the Sheehan disability scale (SDS). RESULTS: Specific prevalences of anxiety comorbidity were: social phobia (17%), OCD (15.1%), GAD (9.4%), anxiety disorder NOS (7.5%), panic disorder (5.7%), specific phobia (5.7%), PTSD (3.8%), and agoraphobia (1.9%). Schizophrenic patients with comorbid anxiety disorder (41.5%) showed significantly higher scores in global scale (p=0.005), work subscale (p=0.007), and social life subscale (p=0.003) of the SDS than their counterparts without comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety disorders may impose an additional burden to patients with schizophrenia, resulting in further decline in their subjective quality of life.     

Efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics for primary and comorbid anxiety symptoms or disorders: a review

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of antipsychotics in the treatment of primary or comorbid anxiety disorders or anxiety symptoms in major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder was reviewed. DATA SOURCES: English-language literature cited in MEDLINE from January 1, 1968, to December 31, 2005, was searched with the keywords anxiety disorder, anxiety symptoms, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, fluphenazine, haloperidol, perphenazine, pimozide, thiothixene, trifluoperazine, loxapine, molindone, chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, fluspirilene, penfluridol, pipothiazine, flupenthixol, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, amisulpride, and clinical trial. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and open-label studies with a minimum of 20 subjects with a DSM-III/IV or ICD-10 diagnosis of anxiety disorder and studies without a DSM-III/IV or ICD-10 diagnosis of anxiety disorder but with Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) scores as an outcome were prioritized. Studies on bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder with the analysis of changes in anxiety symptoms were reviewed. Early studies on neurosis/ anxiety or anxious depression without a HAM-A component were also reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Six trials in primary generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 15 in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 8 in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 6 in neurosis with the HAM-A, 1 in social phobia, and 2 in anxiety symptoms in bipolar depression were identified. Low doses of trifluoperazine were superior to placebo in the treatment of GAD. Most of the less well-designed studies showed that other typical antipsychotics might be superior to placebo or as effective as benzodiazepines in the treatment of GAD and other anxiety conditions. In most studies, risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine augmentation to antidepressants was superior to placebo in treating refractory OCD and PTSD. Both olanzapine and quetiapine significantly reduced anxiety compared to placebo in studies of bipolar depression. CONCLUSION: Except for trifluoperazine, there is no large, well-designed study of antipsychotics in the treatment of primary or comorbid anxiety symptoms or disorders. The efficacy of these agents in various anxiety conditions needs to be further investigated with large, well-designed comparison studies.     

The characteristics of the comorbidity between social anxiety and separation anxiety disorders in adult patients

Abstract

Objective: In the present study, we compared social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients with (n?=?31) and without childhood and adulthood separation anxiety disorder (SeAD) (n?=?50) with respect to suicidal behavior, avoidant personality disorder (AvPD), other anxiety disorders (ADs), and major depression as well as some sociodemographic variables.

Methods: In assessment of patients, we used Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms, childhood and adulthood Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventories, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, The SCID-II Avoidant Personality Disorder Module, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation.

Results: SAD patients with SeAD had higher comorbidity rates of AvPD, other lifetime ADs and panic disorder, and current major depression than those without SeAD. The current scores of SAD, depression, and suicide ideation and the mean number of AvPD symptoms were significantly higher in comorbid group compared to pure SAD subjects. The SAD and SeAD scores had significant associations with current depression, suicide ideations, and AvPD. The mean number of AvPD criteria and the current severity of depression were significantly associated with the comorbidity between SAD and SeAD.

Conclusion: Our findings might indicate that the comorbidity of SeAD with SAD may increase the risk of the severity of AvPD and current depression.     

Psychiatric disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy: An overview from a tertiary service in Brazil

PurposeTo evaluate the frequency and intensity of psychiatric disorders in a group of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients from a tertiary-care center.MethodsClinical and sociodemographic data of 73 patients were collected and a neuropsychiatric evaluation was performed with the following instruments: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), structured clinical interview (MINI-PLUS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).ResultsPatients with TLE showed a high frequency of lifetime psychiatric disorders (70%), the most frequent being mood disorders (49.3%). At assessment, 27.4% of the patients were depressed and 9.6% met criteria for bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, depression had not been properly diagnosed nor treated. Anxiety disorders were also frequent (42.5%), mainly generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (21.9%). Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) was present in 11.0% and psychotic disorders in 5.5% of the sample. Patients with left mesial temporal sclerosis (LMTS) exhibited more psychopathologic features, mainly anxiety disorders (p = 0.006), and scored higher on HAM-A and HAM-D (p < 0.05 in both).ConclusionTLE is related to a high frequency of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, which are usually underdiagnosed and undertreated. Damage to the left mesial temporal lobe, seen in LMTS, seems to be an important pathogenic lesion linked to a broad range of psychopathological features in TLE, mainly anxiety disorders. The present study prompts discussion on the recognition of the common psychiatric disorders in TLE, especially on the Brazilian setting.     

Comorbid conditions in obsessive-compulsive disorder

The objective of this study was to investigate axis I comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A total of 147 patients diagnosed as OCD for DSM-III-R criteria were included in the study. At least one comorbid axis I disorder was present in 68.7% of the patients. Major depression was the most common comorbid disorder (39.5%). Uncomplicated (n = 46) and comorbid (n = 101) OCD groups were compared with respect to the demographic variables and the scores obtained from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). No significant difference in terms of age, sex, marital status, age at onset, or duration of illness was found between the groups. The scores on the HRSA, HRSD, and Y-BOCS were significantly higher in the comorbidity group. Our results demonstrate that at least one psychiatric disorder is present in approximately two thirds of OCD patients, the majority being depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. The fact that comorbid conditions raise not only anxiety and depression levels, but also the severity of obsessions and compulsions, is noteworthy.     

重复经颅磁刺激联合文拉法辛及劳拉西泮治疗广泛性焦虑

背景：焦虑障碍是精神科最常见的疾病之一,但是25%的患者对药物,心理及认知行为治疗等无反应。重复经颅磁刺激目前已广泛用于精神分裂症,抑郁症,焦虑症,强迫症等精神障碍的治疗,并取得了满意的疗效。
　　目标：探讨文拉法辛联合重复经颅磁刺激治疗广泛性焦虑症的疗效和安全性。
　　方法：70例广泛性焦虑症患者随机分为两组,研究组口服文拉法辛及劳拉西泮联合重复经颅磁刺激治疗,对照组单用文拉法辛劳拉西泮治疗,连续观察6周。与治疗前后采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表及临床疗效总评量表-病情严重程度分量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。
　　结果：治疗后两组均能改善广泛性焦虑患者的临床症状,但是药物联合rTMS治疗组疗效要优于单纯药物治疗组。
　　结论：重复经颅磁刺激治联合文拉法辛治疗对广泛性焦虑有显著的疗效。     

Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: prevalence,symptom severity,and treatment effect

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of depressive disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the effect of these disorders on combined pharmacologic and behavioral treatment for OCD. METHOD: A retrospective chart analysis was performed on baseline ratings of 120 OCD patients and posttreatment ratings of 72 of these patients. For depressive symptoms, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Self-Rating Depression Scale were applied; for obsessive-compulsive symptoms, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory were used; and for general anxiety symptoms, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the Clinical Anxiety Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were given. RESULTS: One third of the OCD patients in our sample were found to be depressed. Symptom severity on OCD symptoms at baseline did not differ between depressed and nondepressed OCD patients; on general anxiety symptoms, the comorbid group was more severely affected. Both depressed and nondepressed OCD patients responded well to treatment, as reflected in assessments for depressive, obsessive-compulsive, and general anxiety symptoms. However, comorbid depression had a negative effect on treatment: depressed OCD patients showed less improvement than nondepressed OCD patients on most scales. CONCLUSION: Depression frequently accompanies OCD and appears to affect treatment outcome negatively. While both groups of patients improved with combination treatment, the OCD-alone group had more improvement than the group that had comorbid depression.