Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Myrtus communis L. Aerial parts in mice

Myrtus communis L. aerial parts have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disease. In this study 350 mice were divided into three main groups: negative (saline), positive (morphine or diclofenac) controls, and test groups. The acute toxicity was assessed for 2 days. Antinociceptive activity was performed using hot plate and writhing tests. The anti-inflammatory effect was investigated using xylene-induced ear edema and a cotton pellet test. According to phytochemical screening, the extracts contained tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The LD50 values of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 0.473 and 0.79 g/kg, respectively. In hot plate test, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed significant antinociceptive activity that was inhibited by naloxone. The extracts exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid-induced writhing and also showed significant activity against acute inflammation which was dose dependent for aqueous extract. The ethanolic (0.05 g/kg) and aqueous extracts (0.005, 0.015, and 0.03 g/kg) demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects against chronic inflammation. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of M communis L. showed antinociceptive effects and these may be mediated by opioid receptors.     

Antinociceptive,antiinflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Salvia leriifolia Benth seed extract in mice and rats

The antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects as well as the acute toxicity of Salvia leriifolia aqueous seed extract were studied in mice and rats. Antinociceptive activity was assessed using the hot-plate and tail flick tests. The effect on acute inflammation was studied using vascular permeability increased by acetic acid and xylene-induced ear oedema in mice. The activity against chronic inflammation was assessed using the cotton pellet test in rats. The LD(50) of the extract was found to be 19.5 g/kg (i.p.) in mice. The aqueous seed extract showed significant and dose-dependent (1.25-10 g/kg) antinociceptive activity over 7 h, and was inhibited by naloxone pretreatment. Significant and dose-dependent (2.5-10 g/kg) activity was observed against acute inflammation induced by acetic acid and in the xylene ear oedema test. In the chronic inflammation test the extract (2.5-5 g/kg) showed significant and dose-dependent antiinflammatory activity. The aqueous seed extract of S. leriifolia may therefore have supraspinal antinociceptive effects which may be mediated by opioid receptors, and showed considerable effects against acute and chronic inflammation.     

忍冬藤痛风颗粒抗炎镇痛作用实验研究

目的:研究忍冬藤痛风颗粒的抗炎镇痛作用。方法:采用热板法、醋酸扭体法镇痛实验模型和二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀等炎症模型研究忍冬藤痛风颗粒的抗炎镇痛作用。结果:忍冬藤痛风颗粒对二甲苯所致急性炎症有明显抑制作用,能提高小鼠痛阈值,减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体次数。结论:忍冬藤痛风颗粒有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

土甘草正丁醇提取物抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的：对土甘草正丁醇提取物的抗炎、镇痛作用研究。方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法、醋酸扭体法观察土甘草的抗炎、镇痛作用。结果：土甘草对二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀有明显的抑制作用（P〈0.05）;对0.7%醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应有明显的抑制作用（P〈0.05）。结论：土甘草正丁醇提取物具有一定的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

Analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activity of Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait

The present study investigates the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities of the infusion, methanol extract and fractions of the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait. in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, tail flick test and the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation model in mice were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of methanol extracts, and the aqueous, butanol and chloroform fractions of both species and the infusions of Hypericum glandulosum significantly inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the infusion, methanol extract and butanol and chloroform fractions of Hypericum glandulosum were significantly active in the tail flick assay, suggesting that they may have central analgesic properties. On the other hand, the topical treatment of all extracts tested from both species, with the exception of the infusions and the Hypericum canariense aqueous fraction, significantly reduced the TPA-induced ear oedema. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities in mice for the Hypericum species studied.     

绿舒筋多糖的抗炎镇痛作用

 目的　评价绿舒筋多糖 (polysaccharides from Euonymus mupinensis LoesetRehd ,EMP)的抗炎镇痛作用。方法　用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、鸡蛋清致大鼠足爪肿胀及大鼠肉芽肿炎症模型(纸片法),考察绿舒筋多糖的抗炎作用;用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法,观察绿舒筋多糖的镇痛作用。结果　绿舒筋多糖皮下注射给药,可明显减轻小鼠耳肿胀度 ,降低鸡蛋清致大鼠足爪肿胀,抑制大鼠肉芽肿;对小鼠醋酸扭体和热板反应均呈剂量相关性镇痛作用。结论　绿舒筋多糖对急、慢性炎症反应均有明显的抑制作用;对热和化学刺激引起的疼痛反应有明显的镇痛作用。     

Evaluation of the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of Hypericum reflexum L. fil

The present study investigates the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of the infusion, methanol extract and fractions of the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum reflexum L. fil. in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, tail flick test and the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation model in mice were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of all extracts tested from this species significantly inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the methanol extract and chloroform fraction were significantly active in both phases of formalin-induced pain and in the tail flick assays, suggesting that they may have central analgesic properties. On the other hand, the topical treatment of methanol extract, butanol and chloroform fractions of this species significantly reduced the TPA-induced ear oedema. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities in mice for the Hypericum species studied.     

花川保列颗粒对大鼠非菌性前列腺炎模型的实验研究

目的 :观察花川保列颗粒对大鼠急、慢性非细菌性前列腺炎症模型的影响及其对一般炎症与疼痛模型的作用。 方法 :在大鼠前列腺内注入角叉菜胶,造成非细菌性急性前列腺炎和慢性前列腺炎, 观察花川保列颗粒对前列腺液中白细胞数、卵磷脂小体密度及腺体组织学改变的影响。采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀模型和大鼠棉球肉芽肿模型观察其抗炎作用,采用醋酸扭体模型观察其镇痛作用。 结果 :大鼠灌胃给予花川保列颗粒可减少角叉菜胶所致急性前列腺炎模型大鼠的前列腺液中的白细胞数和卵磷脂小体,改善慢性模型大鼠前列腺的病理变化;抑制二甲苯引起的小鼠耳肿胀;减轻大鼠棉球肉芽肿重量。对醋酸引起的扭体反应有明显抑制作用。 结论 :花川保列颗粒对大鼠实验性非菌性前列腺炎具有治疗作用。     

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the Agastache mexicana extracts by using several experimental models in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Agastache mexicana is a plant that has long been used in large demand in Mexican folk medicine to treat pain, among others affections. Nevertheless, no scientific data confirming its use have been reported. The aim of this investigation was to examine the spectrum of antinociceptive activity of A. mexicana by using different experimental models of nociception in rodents.

Material and methods

Nociceptive activity was induced 30 min post treatment of different doses of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from A. mexicana aerial parts. The writhing test in mice, and the formalin and plantar tests as well as the pain-induced functional impairment assay in rats (PIFIR model) were the experimental nociceptive models used. Antinociceptive response of the organic extracts was compared to that observed with the analgesic drug tramadol.

Results

A. mexicana organic extracts produced a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of the abdominal constrictions caused by 1% acetic acid injection (i.p.) in mice. A maximal antinociceptive effectiveness obtained with tramadol was also observed with the administration of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts in comparison to less effectiveness obtained with the methanol extract. At the same range of doses, A. mexicana organic extracts inhibited the behavioral responses in both phases of the formalin pain test, in which a more intense effect was observed in the inflammatory phase than in the neurogenic stage. With regard to the plantar test and PIFIR model, a significant but not dose-dependent antinociceptive response was observed at specific doses that depended on the organic extract evaluated.

Conclusion

The antinociceptive activity of A. mexicana aerial parts depends on the intensity of the painful stimulus induced and involves different kinds of constituents. Our present results reinforce the use of this species in traditional medicine and its utility for pain treatment mainly associated with inflammation.     

Comparative evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Turkish Eryngium species

Extracts obtained from the root and aerial parts of various Eryngium (Apiaceae) species are used as folk remedy worldwide for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from either aerial parts or roots of eight Eryngium species growing in Turkey, i.e., were evaluated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. Eryngium campestre, Eryngium creticum, Eryngium davisii, Eryngium falcatum, Eryngium isauricum, Eryngium kotschyi, Eryngium maritimum, and Eryngium trisectum. For the antinociceptive activity assessment p-benzoquinone-induced writhing test, and for anti-inflammatory activity carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema and TPA-induced ear oedema tests were employed in mice. According to the results of investigations, except Eryngium falcatum extracts, ethanol extracts either from the aerial parts or roots of Eryngium species showed apparent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. In spite of potent activity of the ethanol extract from Eryngium isauricum aerial parts was induced gastric damage. Aerial parts and roots of Eryngium maritimum and Eryngium kotschyi were found to possess most promising activities without including any apparent gastric damage.     

四妙散抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的：对四妙散的抗炎镇痛作用进行实验研究。方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验、醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性实验，观察四妙散的抗炎作用；用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法，观察四妙散的镇痛作用。结果：四妙散能明显抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和醋酸所致的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高；对醋酸致小鼠扭体反应有明显的抑制作用，并提高小鼠热痛闭值。结论：四妙散有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

孝扇草水提液抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的：观察孝扇草水提液的抗炎镇痛作用。方法：镇痛实验采用醋酸致小鼠扭体法和小鼠热板法,抗炎实验采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法和鸡蛋清致小鼠足趾肿胀法。结果：孝扇草水提液对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀以及鸡蛋清致小鼠足肿胀均有一定的抑制作用,并能显著降低小鼠热板法致痛小鼠的痛阈值（P〈0.01）,延长醋酸致小鼠扭体反应潜伏期以及扭体次数（P〈0.01）。结论：孝扇草水提液具有较强的抗炎镇痛作用。     

Clematis vitalba L. aerial part exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects

Extracts obtained from the dried aerial parts of Clematis species are used as folk remedy worldwide for the treatment of various inflammatory ailments such as rheumatism and to reduce fever. In order to test the effectiveness of extracts, fractions and subfractions from dried Clematis vitalba L. (Ranunculaceae) aerial parts were studied on mice. Extracts are shown to have a potent effect on carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and acetic acid-induced increased vascular permeability models. Through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures a new C-glycosylflavon, 4′-O-coumaroyl-isovitexine (vitalboside) was isolated as the main active ingredient of the aerial parts. Vitalboside showed a potent and dose-dependent (in 75 and 150 mg/kg does, per os) in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against acute (carrageenan-, serotonin- and PGE₂-induced hind paw edema model, castor oil-induced diarrhea), subacute (subcutaneous air-pouch) and chronic (Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis) models of inflammation. The same compound was also isolated as the main antinociceptive principle which was assessed by using the models based on the inhibition of p-benzoquinone-induced writhings, as well as antipyretic activity against Freund's complete adjuvant-induced increased body temperature. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies were also performed.     

金荞麦叶发酵茶的抗炎作用研究

目的：观察金荞麦叶发酵茶对小鼠急、慢性炎症反应的影响。方法：以二甲苯致耳廓肿模型、角叉菜胶致足趾肿胀模型、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高急性炎症模型、肉芽肿慢性炎症模型评价金荞麦叶发酵茶的抗炎作用。结果：金荞麦叶发酵茶可使二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀率明显下降,能显著降低角叉菜胶致炎后大鼠足跖肿胀,对醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高急性炎症有拮抗作用;对慢性炎症肉芽肿的增生也有明显的抑制作用。结论：金荞麦叶发酵茶具有防治急、慢性炎症的功能。     

感毒清颗粒抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的:考察感毒清颗粒的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法:采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀法、鸡蛋清和角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀法、小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性亢进法、小鼠棉球肉芽肿法和大鼠棉球肉芽肿法考察感毒清颗粒的抗炎作用;采用热板法和醋酸扭体法考察感毒清颗粒的镇痛作用。结果:抗炎作用研究表明,感毒清颗粒高、中、低剂量均对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、蛋清和角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀、冰醋酸致小鼠毛细血管通透性亢进有显著的拮抗作用,与空白对照组比较有显著的统计学意义(P<0.05),但对大、小鼠棉球肉芽肿均无显著的抑制作用(P>0.05);热板法和醋酸扭体法研究结果表明,感毒清颗粒高、中剂量能明显提高小鼠热刺激致痛阈值,显著减少化学刺激致痛的扭体次数,与空白对照组比较有的统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:感毒清颗粒具有良好的拮抗急性和亚急性炎症的作用,对慢性炎症无明显拮抗效应,且具有较好的镇痛作用。     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Satureja hortensis L. extracts and essential oil

Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Iranian folk medicine as muscle and bone pain reliever. In the present study, hydroalcoholic extract, polyphenolic fraction and essential oil of the aerial parts of the herb were prepared and evaluated for the analgesic activity using light tail flick, formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Also, the anti-inflammatory effects of the above-mentioned preparations were assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Results showed that in the light tail flick test neither the essential oil nor the extracts could exert any significant effect. The hydroalcoholic extract (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) and the essential oil (200 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the mice writhing responses caused by acetic acid. In formalin test, hydroalcoholic extract (500-2000 mg/kg, p.o.), polyphenolic fraction (250-1000 mg/kg, p.o.) and the essential oil (50-200 mg/kg, p.o.) showed analgesic activity and pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or caffeine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to reverse this antinociceptive activity. Polyphenolic fraction (1000 mg/kg, p.o.) and the essential oil (200 mg/kg) reduced edema caused by carrageenan. These results suggest that S. hortensis L. has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects and probably mechanism(s) other than involvement of opioid and adenosine receptors mediate(s) the antinociception.     

Analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of Sideritis lotsyi var. Mascaensis

The antiinflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial activities of crude ethanol extracts of Sideritis lotsyi var. mascaensis (Lamiaceae), and chloroform and aqueous fractions were evaluated in mice using paw and ear oedema induced by carrageenan and 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (TPA), respectively, as inflammation models, the writhing test induced by acetic acid for evaluating analgesic activity and the disk-diffusion method for testing antimicrobial actions. The results obtained demonstrated significant topical antiinflammatory and analgesic activities for the ethanol extract and chloroform fraction, but no relevant antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested.     

化痔片的抗炎镇痛及抗直肠溃疡作用

目的:考察化痔片的抗炎镇痛及抗直肠溃疡作用。方法:采用二甲苯涂耳致小鼠耳肿胀法,新鲜蛋清致大鼠后足踝关节肿胀法,醋酸致小鼠扭体法,小鼠热板致痛舔后足法,金黄色葡萄球菌合并外力损伤致家兔直肠溃疡法,考察化痔片的作用。结果:化痔片对二甲苯致小鼠的耳肿胀和新鲜蛋清致大鼠的足肿胀急性炎症有显著的抑制作用;对醋酸致小鼠扭体及热板致小鼠后足烫痛均有显著的镇痛作用;对金黄色葡萄球菌合并外力损伤致家兔直肠的溃疡有明显改善作用。结论:化痔片具有良好的抗炎、镇痛及抗直肠溃疡作用。     

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from Ventilago harmandiana Pierre

Methanolic extracts from the heart wood, stem bark, and stem wood of Ventilago harmandiana Pierre (Family Rhamnaceae) were assessed for anti-inflammatory effects using both acute and chronic inflammatory models. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of the extracts were also evaluated. It was found that all extracts possessed strong inhibitory effects on the acute phase of inflammation as seen in ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema as well as in carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. The extracts elicited only weak inhibitory activity on cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, a subchronic inflammatory model. In the analgesic test, all extracts exerted pronounced inhibitory activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response but showed only weak effects in the tail-flick test. The extracts also showed excellent antipyretic activity on yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats.     

矮地茶药理作用研究

目的 对矮地茶水提取物和醇提取物的抗炎、镇痛作用及急性毒性进行研究.方法 采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法、醋酸扭体法观察矮地茶的抗炎、镇痛作用;对矮地茶水提物及醇提物的半数致死量(LD_(50))进行测定,观察其急性毒性.结果 矮地茶对二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀有明显的抑制作用(P<0.01,P<0.05);对0.7%醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应有明显的抑制作用(P<0.01或P<0.05).矮地茶水提物及醇提物对小鼠灌胃给药的LD50分别为(115.77±10.31)g/kg, 95%可信限为(105.92～126.54)g/kg;(94.71±10.13)g/kg ,95%可信限为(85.12～105.38 )g/kg.结论 矮地茶具有一定的抗炎、镇痛作用;矮地茶水提物及醇提取物未出现其它毒性反应.