外科治疗肝门部胆管癌68例临床分析

目的：探讨提高肝门部胆管癌尤其是肝门部血管受肿瘤侵犯病例的外科治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析我院1986年1月～2004年12月收治手术的肝门部胆管癌68例。结果：按Bismuth-Corlette分型法：Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型15例,ⅢA型19例,ⅢB型12例,Ⅳ型15例（包括不能分型3例）。26例（38.24%）确诊前曾有胆囊结石和/或肝内外胆管结石手术史,或同时合并有胆石症。B超、CT和MRCP的确诊率分别为71.43%、84.00%和91.43%。手术方式：根治性切除24例,姑息性切除14例,胆道引流30例。术后1、2、3年生存率：根治性切除组分别为85.0%（17/20）、60.0%（12/20）和25.0%（5/20）,其中3例生存时间超过5年;姑息性切除组分别为58.3%（7/12）、25.0%（3/12）和0,两组之间的3年生存率比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;胆道引流组1、2、3年生存率分别为21.4%（6/28）、10.7%（3/28）和0。结论：积极提高手术切除率是改善肝门部胆管癌预后的惟一有效方法;肝十二指肠韧带骨髂化、肝部分切除可提高根治性切除率。姑息性切除、胆道引流有助于改善患者生活质量,延长生存。     

Ⅲ Ⅳ型肝门胆管癌不同切除方式对预后的影响

  目的  比较Ⅲ、Ⅳ型肝门胆管癌（hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HC）手术治疗方式及疗效。  方法  回顾性分析自2010年1月至2015年12月就诊于天津医科大学肿瘤医院行手术治疗的50例Ⅲ、Ⅳ型HC患者的临床资料。  结果  50例HC患者获得随访,中位随访时间为27个月。其中围肝门局限肝切除组13例,中位无复发时间为6个月,1、2年无复发率分别为30.8%、23.1%;中位生存时间为20个月,1、2年生存率分别为76.9%、38.5%;扩大肝切除组37例,中位无复发时间为14个月,1、2年无复发率分别为59.5%、32.4%;中位生存时间为37个月,1、2年生存率分别为83.8%、51.4%。扩大肝切除组无复发时间及生存时间均长于围肝门局限肝切除组（P＜0.05）,1、2年无复发生存率及总生存率也更高（P＜0.05）,但是两组并发症发生率及病死率并无显著差异（P＞0.05）。  结论  扩大肝切除术是延缓Ⅲ、Ⅳ型HC患者早期复发、改善生存预后的安全术式。      

肝门部胆管癌84例临床分析

目的 分析探讨肝门部胆管癌的临床特点和手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析84例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料,对其临床分型、不同手术方法及随诊结果进行统计学分析。结果 按Bismuth—Corlette分型法,Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型18例,Ⅲa型22例,Ⅲb型12例,Ⅳ型20例,不能分型5例。32例（38．1％）确诊前曾有胆囊结石和（或）肝内外胆管结石手术史,或同时合并有胆石症。B超、CT和磁共振胆胰管成像（MRCP）的确诊率分别为71．4％、84．0％和91．4％。84例唐苦中,根治性切除24例,姑息性切除14例,胆道引流30例;未手术16例。总手术率为81．0％（68／84）根治性切除率为28．6％（24／84）。根治性切除患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为70．8％（17／24）、50．0％（12／24）和20．8％（5／24）,其中3例生存时间超过5年。姑息性切除患者的1、2．3年生存率分别为50．0％（7／14）、21．4％（3／14）和0,两组生存率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;胆道引流患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为20．0％（6／30）、10．0％（3／30）和0,非手术患者平均存活4．3个月,无一例超过1年。结论胆石症可能是肝门部胆管癌的重要诱因;提高手术切除率是改善肝门部胆管癌预后的惟一有效方法,肝十二指肠韧带骨髂化、肝部分切除可提高根治性切除率。     

扩大肝切除术治疗Ⅲ至Ⅳ期肝门胆管癌的临床价值

目的 研究扩大肝切除术治疗Ⅲ至Ⅳ期肝门胆管癌的临床价值.方法 选取70例Ⅲ~Ⅳ期肝门胆管癌患者,根据治疗方式不同分为观察组和对照组,每组各35例.其中对照组采用局限肝切除术治疗,观察组采用扩大肝切除术治疗,比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、总胆红素、直接胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、根治性切除率、术后并发症发生率以及生存率.结果 观察组患者的手术时间明显长于对照组,术中出血量明显高于对照组,住院时间明显短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);治疗后,两组患者的总胆红素、直接胆红素、ALT及AST比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);观察组患者的根治性切除率(91.43%)明显高于对照组(65.71%),差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);观察组患者的3年生存率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).结论 扩大肝切除术治疗Ⅲ至Ⅳ期肝门胆管癌的临床疗效显著,可有效提高根治性切除率,延长患者生存时间,预后效果明显.     

肝门胆管癌手术切除26例疗效分析

肝门胆管癌，７０年代以前大多数病例难以切除，视为手术禁区。随着医学科学技术的快速发展，早期病例诊断率明显提高，手术切除率也提高至６０％左右。从１９８８～１９９６年共施行肝门胆管癌手术切除２６例取得较好效果。Ⅰ型（肝总管癌）１０例，Ⅱ型（肝管汇合部癌）７例，Ⅲ型（左肝管及肝总管癌）４例，Ⅳ型（右肝管及肝总管癌）３例，Ⅴ型（左、右肝管和肝总管癌）２例。手术方法为单纯肝门胆管癌切除，肝门胆管及半肝切除，肝中央部切除，扩大半肝切除后与空肠行Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术。作者对手术切除方法，禁忌证，治疗效果等进行了详细讨论。所有病例均行胆管或肝断面与空肠吻合术，术后并发症少，再次手术少，疗效满意。     

肝管汇合变异在肝门胆管癌手术中的价值

目的：评价肝管汇合变异在肝门胆管癌治疗中的价值。方法：对2002年1月～2007年3月本院就诊的肝门胆管癌（或肝门部胆管癌）患者行术前磁共振胰胆管显影（MRCP）检查，发现存在左、右肝管汇合方式变异患者24例，其中16例评价有潜在手术切除可能的患者行手术探查，对该16例患者的资料进行回顾性分析。结果：16例患者术前MRCP检查发现的肝管汇合变异均经手术证实，MRCP诊断肝管汇合方式变异的准确性为100％；16例患者中右后叶支直接汇入左肝管7例（43．8％），呈“三叉戟”状5例（31.3％），右后叶支直接汇入肝总管2例（12．5％），右前叶支直接汇入左肝管2例（12．5％）；手术切除9例（56.3％）。其中R0切除5例（31．3％），R1切除3例（18．8％），R2切除1例（6.3％）；术后发生并发症2侧．1例患者死于术后胆漏，结论：肝门胆管癌患者中肝管汇合变异较常见，术前MRCP检查能较；隹确的发现这种变异；有些肝管汇合变异是对手术有利的，通过合理的手术入路，利用这些变异，能提高部分患者、尤其是Ⅲ和Ⅳ型等高位胆管癌患者手术切除的成功率。并有利于选择合适的胆肠吻合方式及避免术中胆道误损伤，提高手术切除的安全性，     

肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗体会

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的手术切除方式及影响手术切除的因素。方法回顾性分析32例肝门胆管癌的生长方式,病理类型,手术方式及影响手术切除的因素。结果32例中大体病理呈乳头状3例,结节型5例,硬化型22例,弥漫性癌2例;侵犯门静脉9例,其中侵犯肝组织2例,肝内转移1例;侵犯肝动脉2例。组织学呈高分化腺癌9例,中分化腺癌16例,低分化腺癌7例。按Bismuth分型:Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲa型7例、Ⅲb型5例,Ⅳ型4例,切除率分别是85.71%、77.78%、57.14%、100.00%、50.00%。手术切除24例中联合肝叶切除11例,血管切除4例,获根治性切除18例,住院期死亡2例,术后胆漏1例。结论肝门胆管癌以高、中分化腺癌多见,主要沿胆管壁浸润生长,常横向侵犯周围血管及肝组织。影响手术切除的主要因素是肿瘤向近端胆管壁浸润长度、门静脉受累情况及肝功能耐受能力。联合肝段和血管切除可以提高根治性切除率。     

联合肝叶切除治疗肝门部胆管癌的疗效分析

背景与目的：肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HC)侵袭途径广泛以及术后缺乏有效辅助治疗,目前患者获得治愈的惟一途径依然是手术根治性切除。术前可切除性评估、术前胆道引流、肝切除的范围及淋巴结清扫范围等问题一直是研究的热点。本文探讨联合肝叶切除治疗HC的临床经验及疗效。方法：回顾性分析昆明医科大学第一附属医院2007年1月—2013年10月行手术治疗的207例HC患者的临床及随访资料。结果：全组207例患者中,125例行根治性切除(R₀切除),R₀切除率为60.4%。联合肝叶切除156例,肝叶切除组获R0切除率70.5%;51例行单纯性切除,单纯性切除组获R₀切除率29.4%,两组比较R₀切除率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2例患者死于围手术期,术后主要并发症包括肝肾功能不全和胆漏。获得随访的172例中,102例行R₀切除的患者中位生存时间为45个月,术后1、3、5年累积生存率分别为96.1%、59.1%、17.2%,70例行R_1-2切除的患者中位生存时间为26个月,术后1、3年累积生存率分别为81.3%、19.2%,无5年存活患者。获得R₀切除患者术后生存率优于姑息性切除(R_1-2切除)患者,差异有统计学意义(χ²=39.121,P<0.01)。在联合肝叶切除组中获R₀切除患者术后1、3、5年生存率为97.8%、63.9%、18.0%,在单纯性切除组中获R₀切除患者术后1、3、5年生存率为83.3%、20.8%、8.3%,两组术后生存率差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.988,P=0.014)。结论：根治性切除是提高HC远期疗效的关键,联合肝叶切除及标准化淋巴结清扫可显著提高HC的根治性切除率及远期疗效。     

高位胆管癌58例手术疗效分析

目的总结手术治疗58例高住胆管癌的疗效。方法回顾分析1982年至1998年针对不同临床病理特征分别采用肝门部切除（A）、联合左肝叶切除（B）、联合右肝叶切除（C）、联合胰十二指肠切除（D）和胆肠内引流（E）等不同手术方法治疗58例高位胆管癌的疗效。结果本组病例总体手术切除率为79．3％．其中根治切除率Ⅰ，Ⅱ期为100％，Ⅲ期为65．63％，Ⅳa期则为0（P〈0．05）；不同病理类型的切除率：乳头型和结节型100％，硬化型81.63％，弥漫型为0。BismuthⅢa，Ⅲb型95．24％显著高于Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅳ型（P〈0．05）。手术后总体5年生存率为18．97％．其中Ⅰ期100％，Ⅱ期80％，Ⅲ期15．63％，Ⅳ期则为0。不同病例分型乳头型50％．结节型75％，硬化型14．29％，弥漫型为0，Bismuth分型Ⅰ型0，Ⅱ型0，Ⅲa型46．15％，Ⅲb型62．5%。Ⅳ型为0。A，D，E与B，C术式间手术切除率、术后生存率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论高位胆管癌手术治疗的结果主要与肿瘤的部位、病理类型、临床分期有关，联合切除能增加Ⅱ，Ⅲ期患者的手术切除率和根治切除率，并不能提高生存率。     

联合肝叶切除的肝门部胆管癌R0级根治术明显延长患者生存期

目的：本文通过分析单个医学中心5年期间所实施的肝门部胆管癌手术治疗病例资料,确定影响患者术后生存的因素。方法：收集并分析西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院肝胆外科2003-2007年实施102例肝门部胆管癌根治术患者的临床资料,通过统计学方法分析影响患者术后生存期的因素。结果：25例（24.5%）患者入院时丧失接受根治性手术机会,仅行PTBD减黄治疗。77例患者接受开腹手术治疗,67例（87.0%）患者接受根治性切除,其中51例（76.1%）患者术后证实达到R0级。接受开腹手术患者术后1月的并发症发生率为20.8%,术后1月无患者死亡。单因素分析发现联合肝叶切除的根治术、R0级根治术、较好的肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤大小和未发生淋巴结肿瘤转移均影响患者术后的生存期。多因素分析证实联合肝叶切除的根治术和R0级根治术是影响患者术后生存的独立因素。结论：达到R0级的联合肝叶切除的肝门部胆管癌根治术明显延长患者术后生存期,可考虑成为肝门部胆管癌外科治疗的金标准。     

肝门扣式吻合术在治疗Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌中的临床价值

目的 探讨肝门扣式吻合术在治疗Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2008年1月间接受手术治疗的89例Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料.以2000年1月(开始采用肝门扣式吻合术)为界,将患者分为两个治疗阶段,比较两个阶段Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者的手术切除率,并分析肝门扣式吻合术的治疗效果和并发症.结果 第一阶段治疗胆管癌患者37例,手术切除4例(10.8%),其中根治性切除1例(2.7%),姑息性切除3例(8.1%).第二阶段治疗胆管癌患者52例,手术切除35例(67.3%),其中根治性切除15例(28.8%),姑息性切除20例(38.5%).第二阶段接受手术切除治疗的35例患者中,有28例(80.0%)采用肝门扣式吻合的手术方式.统计结果 显示,无论是根治性切除还是姑息性切除,第二阶段Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型患者的手术切除率均高于第一阶段患者(均P<0.05).89例患者中,术后并发腹腔积液3例,胆道出血1例,心功能衰竭1例,伤口感染2例.采用肝门扣式吻合术的患者术后均出现不同程度的胆瘘,经引流和对症治疗后痊愈.结论 肝门扣式吻合术可提高Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的切除率,是一种新的可供选择的治疗方法 ,但其远期治疗效果有待进一步研究和随访.     

肝部分切除与肝十二指肠韧带骨髂化治疗肝门部胆管癌

Objective To summarize the surgical experience of partial hepatectomy with skeletonization of the hepatoduodenal ligament in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods Between Jan.1999 and Dec,2001,67 consecutive patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent surgical exploration at the Second Military Medical University,Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital.The clinical data of these patients were reviewed.Results Of the 67 patients,65(97%) underwent surgical resection.Fourty-nine patients(73%) received curative resection:22 skeletonization resection(SR) and 27 SR combined with partial hepatectomy.In 16 patients(9%) with curative resection the tumor margin was histologically postive and the resection was therefore considered palliative.The tumors were classified according to Bismuth with SR was type Ⅱ(17cases),various types of partial hepatectomy with SR was type Ⅲ and type IV.Right lobectomy with right caudate lobectomy was indicated in type Ⅲ(6cases),left lobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy in type Ⅲb(15cases),right loobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy(3 cases),left lobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy(9 cases) and quadrate lobectomy(2 cases)in type IV.SR and left lobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy was successfully performed in 2 patients(3%) who had undergone palliative biliary resection and cholangiojejunostomy before.Eight patients(12%) had local resecton of the tumor with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy reconstruction using intrahepatic stents.Two patients(3%) had palliative biliary drainage.Combined portal vein resection was performed in 13 patients(20%) and hepatic artery resection in 27 patients(40%) .Twenty-four atients(36%) had no postoperative complication,23 patients(34%) had minor complications only ,and the remaining 20 patients(30%) had major complications.Of the 20 patients with major complications,14 recovered,the remaining 6 patients died from hepatorenal failure with other organ failures,from myocardial infarction or from intraabdominal or gastrointestianl bleeding 7,12,14,42,57 or 89 days after surgery.The 30-day operative mortality was 4.5%.The mean survival of the patient with curative resecton was 16 months(range 1-32 months);for those undergong palliative resection mean survival was 7 months(range 1-14months).Conlusion Partial hepatectomy with SR for hilar cholangiocarcinoma can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality.For curative treatmet of hilar cholangiocarcinoma,caudate lobectomy is always recommended in Bismuth Ⅲ/IV.     

"Three-Grade Criteria" of Radical Resection for Primary Liver Cancer

OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to develop the "ThreeGrade Criteria" for radical resection of primary liver cancer (PLC) and to evaluate its clinical significance.METHODS Criteria for radical resection of PLC were summed up to 3 grades based on criterion development. Grade I: complete removal of all gross tumors with no residual tumor at the excision margin. Grade Ⅱ: on or the primary branches of the portal vein, the common hepatic duct or its dition to the above criteria, negative postoperative follow-up result including AFP dropping to a normal level (with positive AFP before surgery)within 2 months after operation, and no residual tumor upon diagnostic imaging.The clinical data from 354 patients with PLC who underwent hepatectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Based on the "Three-Grade Criteria" these patients were divided into 6 groups: Grade Ⅰ radical group,Grade Ⅰ palliative group, Grade Ⅱ radical group, Grade Ⅱ palliative group,Grade Ⅲ radical group, Grade Ⅲ palliative group. The survival rate of each group was calculated by the life-table method and the rates compared among the groups.RESULTS The survival rate of patients receiving radical treatment was better than those receiving palliative treatment (P＜0.01). Survival improved as more criteria were applied. The 5-year survival rate of the patients in Grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ who underwent radical resection was 43.2%,51.2% and 64.4%, respectively (P＜0.01).CONCLUSION The "Three-Grade Criteria" may be applied for judging the curability of resection therapy for PLC. The stricter the criterion used,the better the survival would be. Adopting high-grade criteria to select cases and guide operations and strengthening postoperative follow-up would improve the results of hepatectomy for PLC.     

“Three-Grade Criteria” of Radical Resection for Primary Liver Cancer

OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to develop the “Three- Grade Criteria” for radical resection of primary liver cancer （PLC） and to evaluate its clinical significance. METHODS Criteria for radical resection of PLC were summed up to 3 grades based on criterion development. Grade Ⅰ： complete removal of all gross tumors with no residual tumor at the excision margin. Grade Ⅱ： on the basis of Grade Ⅰ, additional 4 requirements were added： （1） the tumor was not more than two in number; （2） no tumor thrombi in the main trunks or the primary branches of the portal vein, the common hepatic duct or its primary branches, the hepatic veins or the inferior vena cava; （3）no hilar lymph nodes metastases; （4）no extrahepatic metastases. Grade Ⅲ ： in addition to the above criteria, negative postoperative follow-up result including AFP dropping to a normal level （with positive AFP before surgery） within 2 months after operation, and no residual tumor upon diagnostic imaging.The clinical data from 354 patients with PLC who underwent hepatectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Based on the “Three-Grade Criteria” these patients were divided into 6 groups： Grade Ⅰ radical group, Grade Ⅰ palliative group, Grade Ⅱ radical group, Grade Ⅱ palliative group, Grade Ⅲ radical group, Grade Ⅲ palliative group. The survival rate of each group was calculated by the life-table method and the rates compared among the groups. RESULTS The survival rate of patients receiving radical treatment was better than those receiving palliative treatment （P〈0.01）. Survival improved as more criteria were applied. The 5-year survival rate of the patients in Grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ who underwent radical resection was 43.2%, 51.2% and 64.4%, respectively （P〈0.01）. CONCLUSION The “Three-Grade Criteria” may be applied for judging the curability of resection therapy for PLC. The stricter the criterion used, the better the survival would be. Adopting high-grade criteria to select cases and guide operations and strengthening postoperative follow-up would improve the results of hepatectomy for PLC.     

Surgery for hepatic neuroendocrine tumors: a single institutional experience in Japan

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection has been advocated as an effective treatment for hepatic neuroendocrine tumors (HNETs) in Western countries, but few data are available to define its indications. We evaluated the results of Japanese patients to determine the prognostic factors and the feasibility of our aggressive surgical approach. METHODS: The records of all consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for HNETs at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were selected for surgery if all tumors were deemed resectable, regardless of their extent. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients were identified. Bilobar disease was present in 13 patients (62%). Eleven patients (52%) underwent major hepatectomy, which included right trisectionectomy, extended right or left hepatectomy and right hepatectomy. No in-hospital death occurred. The overall 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 95, 68 and 41%, respectively, with a median follow-up of 34 months. Metastatic HNETs from bronchopulmonary primaries exhibited significantly poor outcome compared with other primary sites (P = 0.04). Patients who underwent curative resection had an improved overall 5-year survival rate of 73% compared with palliative resection (0%, P = 0.01). The longest survival in the latter group was 57 months. Complete symptom resolution rate was 92%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study from Asia demonstrating the safety of aggressive hepatic resection for HNETs. Significant symptom relief and long-term survival were achieved irrespective of the extent of disease or the magnitude of operation. Metastatic HNETs from bronchopulmonary primaries may represent a more lethal subset of tumors.     

术后后装放疗、吉西他滨化疗治疗原发性肝癌

目的探讨术后后装放疗加吉西他滨全身化疗对原发性肝癌的治疗效果。方法1999年10月-2001年12月,将44例行肝癌切除术的原发性肝癌患者随机分为综合治疗组和对照组,每组22例。综合治疗组术中放置施源管3-6根,确定驻留点3-8个,术后3-10天行后装放疗,单次剂量10Gy,照射2～4次,总剂量20-40Gy。放疗结束3周后,开始吉西他滨化疗,静滴1.4g每周1次,4周为1周期,每周期3次,共6个周期。对照组手术后不放、化疗。手术前后定期查血常规、肝功能、AFP、胸片、B超或CT。结果综合治疗组后装放疗后AFP转阴率100%(17/17),对照组62.5%(10/16)(P<0.05);6月复发率0,低于对照组27.3%(6/22)(P<0.01);综合治疗组1年复发率18.2%(4/22)、转移率0和1年生存率100%(22/22),与对照组的45.5%(10/22)、13.6%(3/22)和77.3%(17/22)均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论术后后装放疗加吉西他滨全身化疗是提高原发性肝癌近期治疗效果,降低复发率和转移率的有效手段。