乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

乌拉地尔降低脑温的实验研究

目的 研究高温高湿环境下乌拉地尔降低脑温的效果. 方法 选取90名南沙巡防区战士,分成老战士组、新战士组、新战士服药组(口服乌拉地尔片剂)3组,在湿热环境下20 min内跑步3000 m,测定跑步前后的体温,以反映脑温的变化. 结果跑步前3组战士之间的体温没有明显差别,跑步后3组战士之间的体温改变差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中新战士服药组上升幅度最小,新战士组升高幅度最大. 结论 高温高湿环境中新、老战士出现的耐受和适应情况不同,口服乌拉地尔片剂可以明显降低脑温.     

高温高湿环境下猫颅脑火器伤后生命体征变化特点

目的 研究高温高湿环境下猫颅脑火器伤后生命体征变化特点。方法 将20只动物随机分为常温对照组、常温枪伤组、高温高湿组和高温高湿枪伤组，每隔10min记录一次体温、呼吸频率、血压及心率，到6h时结束实验。结果 高温高湿枪伤组的体温、呼吸改变与其它各组比较差异显，而其中高温高湿的影响更大；高温高湿环境可加速颅脑火器伤动物循环衰竭的进程。结论 高温高湿环境对颅脑火器伤时的生命体征变化影响显。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.