碳酸锂联用丙戊酸钠治疗急性躁狂对照研究

目的:探讨碳酸锂联用丙戊酸钠治疗急性躁狂发作的疗效与安全性.方法:56例急性躁狂发作患者随机分成两组,分别给予碳酸锂合并丙戊酸钠(合用组)与单用碳酸锂(单用组)治疗6周.采用 Beck-Rafaelsen 躁狂量表(BRMS)评定疗效,治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)及实验室检查评价安全性.结果:治疗结束时两组 BRMS 评分均显著降低,以合用组疗效显著较好而快.结论:碳酸锂联用丙戊酸钠治疗急性躁狂发作疗效优于单用碳酸锂,且起效快、安全性好.     

丙戊酸钠与碳酸锂治疗躁狂发作对照研究

目的：比较丙戊酸钠与碳酸锂治疗躁狂发作的疗效和不良反应。方法：对80例躁狂发作患者随机均分为丙戊酸钠组和碳酸锂组，在治疗前，治疗2、4、8周末分别用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表(RBRMS)和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果：丙戊酸钠组治疗2周后BRMS总分，及各因子分比治疗前明显降低，且显著低于碳酸锂组，两组治疗8周BRMS总分各因子分均显著低于治疗前，差异显著。治疗2、4、8周末TESS评分，丙戊酸钠组显著低于碳酸锂组，差异有显著性。结论：丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作疗效好，起效快，不良反应小。     

碳酸锂联合丙戊酸钠和利培酮治疗急性躁狂发作的对照研究

目的探讨碳酸锂分别联合丙戊酸钠和利培酮治疗急性躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法将94例急性躁狂发作患者随机分为两组,碳酸锂联合丙戊酸钠47例,碳酸锂联合利培酮47例,疗程均为8周。分别于治疗前及治疗后的第2、4、8周,采用躁狂量表（BRMS）评定临床疗效,治疗时出现的症状量表（TESS）评定安全性。结果碳酸锂分别联合戊酸钠和利培酮治疗急性躁狂发作的疗效相当（P〉0.05）,但前者起效快、不良反应少（P〈0.05）。结论碳酸锂联合丙戊酸钠治疗急性躁狂发作起效快、疗效显著、不良反应少,安全性高。     

丙戊酸钠与碳酸锂治疗躁狂症对照研究

57例躁狂症病人随机分为丙戊酸钠和碳酸锂二个组,使用 Bech—Rafaelson 躁狂量表(BRMS)和传统的临床标准评定疗效,进行为期4周的治疗。两组 BRMS 评分在治疗前后有显著差异(P<0.01),丙戊酸钠显效率66.67%,碳酸锂60.87%。两组间疗效无显著差异。丙戊酸钠对混合型和快速循环型可收到显著疗效。     

奎硫平联合丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作的疗效观察

目的探讨奎硫平联合丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法将符合CCMD-3躁狂发作诊断标准的71例随机分为两组：研究组采用奎硫平联合丙戊酸钠,对照组单用碳酸锂,共治疗8周。采用BRMS、CGI评定疗效,TESS评定安全性。结果两组BRMS、CGI总分与治疗前相比均明显下降（P〈0．01）,研究组在治疗第1、2周末的减分率比对照组显著,研究组总有效率为89．7％,而对照组则为90．6％,两组比较无明显差异;两组均无严重不良反应。结论奎硫平联合丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作疗效可靠,不良反应小。     

丙戊酸镁与碳酸锂治疗躁狂发作对照研究

目的:比较丙戊酸镁与碳酸锂治疗躁狂发作的疗效和不良反应。方法:对84例躁狂发作患者随机平分为丙戊酸镁组和碳酸锂组,在治疗前及治疗2、4、6周末分别用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果:丙戊酸镁组治疗2周末BRMS总分及各因子分比治疗前明显降低,且显著低于碳酸锂组。丙戊酸镁的不良反应与碳酸锂相似,但持续时间较短,患者耐受性好。结论:丙戊酸镁治疗躁狂发作疗效好,起效快,不良反应小。     

富马酸喹硫平片或丙戊酸镁缓释片联合碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的临床研究

目的比较富马酸喹硫平片、丙戊酸镁缓释片分别联合碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的临床疗效。方法随机数字表法将135例双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者分为3组各45例,对照组采取碳酸锂单独治疗,观察1组行富马酸喹硫平片联合碳酸锂治疗,观察2组采取丙戊酸镁缓释片联合碳酸锂治疗,比较3组临床疗效、不良反应、治疗前后躁狂量表(BRMS)评分、阳性阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分及认知功能情况。结果观察1、观察2组治疗28d BRMS评分、PANSS评分、CPT评分较对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察1组与观察2组治疗7d BRMS评分、PANSS评分分别比较显著差异(P0.05)。观察1组、观察2组治疗总有效率分别为88.9%、86.7%均显著高于对照组的66.7%(P0.05)。3组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论富马酸喹硫平片、丙戊酸镁缓释片分别联合碳酸锂均能明显改善双相情感障碍躁狂症发作患者躁狂症状,疗效明确,能有效促进患者部分认知功能恢复,且富马酸硫平片联合碳酸锂治疗起效更快。     

非典型抗精神病药物联合双心境稳定剂治疗躁狂发作的比较

目的评价非典型抗精神病药物联合双心境稳定剂（丙戊酸钠缓释剂和碳酸锂）治疗躁狂发作的疗效与安全性。方法将69例躁狂发作患者随机分为研究组（n=34）和对照组（n=35）。研究组应用碳酸锂、丙戊酸钠缓释剂以及非典型抗精神病药物治疗6周,对照组应用丙戊酸钠缓释剂联合非典型抗精神病药物,应用Beck-Rafaelsen躁狂评定量表（BRMS）评估病情严重程度。结果治疗后研究组BRMS分值明显下降（基线为27.7±7.8,第6周6.0±3.4）,对照组BRMS分值也下降（分别为28.5±5.5,7.8±2.1）,但是研究组从第2周末起BRMS分值改善比对照组明显。研究组第6周末痊愈率高于对照组（分别为51.4%、28.5%,χ2=5.0,P=0.03）。不良反应发生率无明显差异。结论非典型抗精神病药物联合双心境稳定剂（丙戊酸钠缓释剂联合碳酸锂）比非典型抗精神病药物联合一种心境稳定剂（丙戊酸钠缓释剂）控制躁狂发作效果好。     

奎硫平合并心境稳定剂治疗躁狂发作的疗效

目的探讨奎硫平合并碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法将符合CCMD-3躁狂发作或分裂情感障碍诊断标准的68例研究对象随机分成两组,研究组应用奎硫平合并碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠,对照组单一使用碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠,治疗观察6周。采用Beck—Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)评定疗效,以副反应量表(TESS)及实验室有关辅助检查评价安全性。结果奎硫平组在治疗第1周末的减分率比对照组显著,这种差异在1～6周一直存在,而且第6周结束后的临床痊愈率也显著高于对照组。奎硫平组痊愈率为69．7%,对照组为19．2%(x~2=14．85,P＜0．01)。两组均没有严重的药物不良反应,因无疗效和不良反应导致的脱落率两组差异无显著性。奎硫平组脱落率为8．3%,对照组为18．7%(x~2=1．58,P＞0．05)。结论奎硫平合并碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作的疗效比较理想,比单一使用心境稳定剂好。     

碳酸锂联合丙戊酸钠与碳酸锂治疗躁狂发作的比较

目的 探讨碳酸锂联合丙戊酸钠缓释剂与碳酸锂治疗躁狂发作的疗效与安全性的差异.方法 将80例符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版(CCMD-3)躁狂发作诊断标准的患者随机分为研究组(40例)和对照组(40例),研究组应用碳酸锂、丙戊酸钠缓释剂以及抗精神病药物(氯氮平、奥氮平、利培酮或奎硫平之一)治疗,对照组应用碳酸锂联合对应的抗精神病药物治疗,应用Beck-Rafaelsen躁狂评定量表(BRMS)观察6周.结果 研究组和对照组6周治疗后与治疗前的BRMS评分差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).研究组和对照组的6周末BRMS评分及减分率、痊愈率分别是(5.4±2.3)vs(7.6±3.9)、(80.9±7.7)vs(73.7±13.6)、75%vs52.5%,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组的副作用相似,组间主要副作用发生率的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 碳酸锂联合丙戊酸钠缓释剂控制躁狂发作的疗效优于碳酸锂治疗,安全性良好.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.