二甲双胍对抗精神病药所致精神分裂症患者肥胖及糖脂代谢的影响

目的:观察二甲双胍对抗精神病药所致精神分裂症患者肥胖及糖脂代谢的影响。方法:122例长期服用抗精神病药所致肥胖的精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组62例和对照组60例,两组维持原有抗精神病药治疗不变,研究组加用二甲双胍1.0 g/d,疗程6个月。两组分别于基线及治疗后1、3、6个月测定空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)及体质量指数(BMI)。结果:在治疗后1~3个月,研究组FBG、2 h PBG、TC、TG、LDL、HDL及BMI各项指标均逐步下降,并低于对照组(t=2.03~2.35,P均0.05);治疗6个月,研究组除HDL外,LDL、BMI、FBG、2 h PBG、TC、TG均明显低于对照组(t=2.08~4.47,P0.05或P0.01)。结论:二甲双胍可降低抗精神病药所致肥胖者的血糖、血脂水平及体质量。     

二甲双胍对精神科肥胖患者糖脂代谢的影响

目的:观察二甲双胍对精神科肥胖患者糖脂代谢的影响。方法:120例需要抗精神病药维持治疗的精神科肥胖患者随机分为研究组和对照组各60例。研究组给予二甲双胍0.75g/d治疗6个月;对照组不予干预直接随访。于治疗前和治疗后3个月和6个月测定身高、体质量、空腹血糖(FBS)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)。结果:完成119例,研究组60例,对照组59例。研究组和对照组在治疗6个月时FBS(t=-2.650,P=0.009)、HbA1c(t=-3.615,P=0.000)、HDL(F=9.365,P=0.003)减分值比较,差异均有统计学意义;而FINS、LDL和TG减分值两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论:二甲双胍能降低精神科肥胖患者的FBS、HbA1c,升高HDL。     

托吡酯与二甲双胍治疗抗精神病药致肥胖的疗效的对照研究

目的:探讨托吡酯与二甲双胍治疗抗精神病药致肥胖的作用及安全性.方法:随机将62例抗精神病药致肥胖、且病情稳定的精神分裂症患者分为托吡酯组及二甲双胍组;在原抗精神病药种类、剂量治疗的基础上分别给予托吡酯及二甲双胍.分别于干预前、干预后进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估,测量体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WH...     

雷尼替丁防治奥氮平所致体重增加及糖代谢障碍的研究

目的探讨H2受体拮抗剂雷尼替丁防治奥氮平所致体重增加的效果及对血糖的影响。方法将68例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(35例)和对照组(33例),在奥氮平单药治疗的基础上,研究组合并雷尼替丁,对照组合并安慰剂,疗程10周;于治疗前及治疗后2、4、6、8、10周测定体重、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、腰臀比等体重指标;治疗前及治疗10周后测定空腹血糖,并评定阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)。结果研究组和对照组之间治疗10周后BMI、腰围、腰臀比及体重变化的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中研究组治疗6～8周及8～10周期间体重变化量明显低于对照组(P<0.01);2组治疗后血糖均显著高于治疗前(P<0.05),但尚在正常范围;2组间PANSS减分率、TESS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论初步结果提示,雷尼替丁可早期预防抗精神病药物奥氮平所致的体重增加,且不影响抗精神病治疗的疗效及耐受性。     

综合干预对抗精神病药所致精神分裂症患者体质量增加及糖脂代谢的影响

目的:探讨综合干预对精神分裂症患者因抗精神病药所致体质量增加及糖脂代谢的影响。方法:将120例因抗精神病药导致体质量增加的患者随机分为两组,研究组给予综合干预36周,依次进行心理行为干预、合并二甲双胍750 mg/d及更换抗精神病药3个阶段,每个阶段12周;对照组不干预直接随访;分别于入组前及入组后每12周测量体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂及进行阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分。结果:110例完成观察(研究组52例,对照组58例)。经36周干预后,研究组29例(48.3%)BMI恢复正常,体质量、BMI、腰围、FBG、胆固醇(TC)水平较干预前明显下降(P0.05或P0.01);而对照组三酰甘油较观察前显著增加(P0.05)。研究组干预前后体质量、BMI、腰围、FBG、TC差值显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);两组干预前后PANSS评分差异无统计学意义。结论:综合干预措施能降低抗精神病药所致体质量增加,改善糖脂代谢。     

降糖药联合行为干预治疗非典型抗精神病药所致代谢综合征的研究

目的 验证降糖药二甲双胍与行为干预联合治疗非典型抗精神病药所致代谢综合征的疗效.方法 将抗精神病药所致体质量增加≥10%的128例精神分裂症患者随机分为四组:二甲双胍(750 mg/d)联合行为干预组(以下简称A组,32例);二甲双胍(750 mg/d)组(以下简称B组,32例);行为干预联合安慰剂组(以下简称C组,32例);安慰剂对照组(以下简称D组,32例);治疗观察期均为12周.结果 A、B、C组患者治疗后的体质量、BMI、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及IRI均明显低于治疗前(P(0.05);D组患者的体质量、BMI、腰围、空腹胰岛素、IRI治疗后均明显高于治疗前(P<0.05).结论 二甲双胍与行为干预单一或联合治疗均能有效减轻非典型抗精神病药所致的代谢综合征,二甲双胍联合行为干预的疗效最好.     

二甲双胍联合行为干预治疗抗精神病药所致体质量增加及糖代谢紊乱的研究

目的验证二甲双胍与行为干预单一或联合治疗抗精神病药所致的体质量增加及糖代谢紊乱的疗效。方法将抗精神病药所致体质量增加≥10％的128例精神分裂症患者随机分为四组：二甲双胍（750mg／d）联合行为于预组（以下简称A组，32例）；二甲双胍（750mg／d）组（以下简称B组，32例）；行为干预联合安慰剂组（以下简称C组，32例）；安慰剂对照组（以下简称D组，32例）；治疗观察期均为12周。四组患者于治疗前及治疗后第4，8，12周末测定空腹血糖、胰岛素、身高、体质量、腰围，计算体质量指数（BMI）及胰岛素抵抗指数（IRI）并进行比较。结果（1）A、B、C组患者治疗后的体质量、BMI、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及IRI均明显低于治疗前（P〈0．05）；D组患者的体质量、BMI、腰围、空腹胰岛素、IRI治疗后均明显高于治疗前（P〈0，05）。（2）治疗4周末，A组与B组体质量、BMI的下降程度相同，但均明显高于C组。治疗12周末，体质量、BMI的下降程度以A组最高，其次为B组和C组。治疗后各时点，A组与B组的空腹胰岛素、IRI的下降程度相同，均明显高于C组。结论二甲双胍与行为干预单一或联合治疗均能有效减轻抗精神病药所致的体质量增加及胰岛素抵抗，二甲双胍联合行为干预的疗效最好。单用二甲双胍与二甲双胍联合行为干预治疗缓解抗精神病药引起的胰岛素抵抗的疗效相同。     

二甲双胍合并行为干预疗法对氯氮平治疗精神分裂症患者体重、血糖、血脂的影响

目的探讨二甲双胍合并行为干预疗法对氯氮平治疗精神分裂症患者体重、血糖、血脂的影响。方法将60例开始单独服用氯氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,研究组采用氯氮平（250～400mg/d）联合二甲双胍（750mg/d）及实施行为干预治疗,对照组则单用氯氮平（250～400mg/d）,未实施任何干预措施,治疗12周。两组患者分别于入组时和治疗后第4、8及12周末测定空腹血糖（FBG）、血脂（TC、TG、HDL、LDL）、身高、体重、腰围,计算体重指数（BMI）以及治疗12周末体重增加大于7%的人数比率。用阴性与阳性症状量表（PANSS）于治疗前和治疗12周末评定疗效。结果治疗12周末,研究组与对照组体重较治疗前分别增加为（2.03±1.26）kg、（4.98±3.09）kg;BMI较治疗前分别增加为（0.54±0.62）kg/m2、（2.03±1.02）kg/m2,体重、BMI的升高程度对照组高于研究组（P〈0.05）,体重增加大于7%的患者研究组为6例（20%）、对照组为16例（53%）,对照组明显高于研究组（P〈0.05）。两组患者治疗后空腹血糖、血脂各项的升高程度对照组明显高于研究组（P〈0.05）。结论二甲双胍合并行为干预疗法能有效减轻氯氮平治疗精神分裂症患者所致的体重增加及血糖、血脂升高。     

瑞舒伐他汀治疗精神分裂症患者高LDL-C血症的疗效研究

目的 探讨瑞舒伐他汀对精神分裂症伴高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）血症患者的疗效及安全性.方法 选取64例精神分裂症伴高LDL-C血症患者随机分为两组,分别接受抗精神病药物合并瑞舒伐他汀治疗（研究组31例）和单纯抗精神病药物治疗（对照组33例）,于入组前及治疗后第4、8周末应用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定患者的精神症状和不良反应情况,入组时及治疗后第2、4、6、8周末进行LDL-C、空腹血糖、腰围、体质量的测量,评定患者的代谢指标变化.结果 治疗后第8周末研究组PANSS阴性症状因子分与入组时比较显著降低（P＜0.05）.治疗后第8周末研究组体质量、腰围、LDL-C与入组时比较显著降低（P＜0.01）;两组间比较,治疗后第6、8周末研究组LDL-C显著低于对照组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;治疗后第8周末研究组体质量、腰围显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 瑞舒伐他汀能改善精神分裂症伴高LDL-C血症患者的代谢指标且不良反应少.     

血清瘦素与抗精神病药源性肥胖及糖尿病的相关性研究

目的　调查和探讨长期使用抗精神病药患者血瘦素水平及其与服用抗精神病药后体重 增加、肥胖及糖尿病之间的关系。方法　对符合入组标准的308例长期服用抗精神病药的精神分裂症 患者分为对照组、肥胖组、糖耐量减低组及糖尿病组,比较血清瘦素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数、血清甘油三 酯及总胆固醇水平。结果　(1)肥胖组、糖耐量减低组及糖尿病组患者的血清瘦素水平、胰岛素抵抗指 数、血清甘油三酯及总胆固醇水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。(2)长期应用抗精神病药患者血瘦 素水平与体重指数、简易胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖、血甘油三酯及胆固醇均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01 ～0.0001),而与餐后2h血糖水平及用药时间无相关性。结论　长期应用抗精神病药患者血瘦素水 平在肥胖、糖耐量降低及糖尿病患者中显著升高,且与体重指数、简易胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖水平等 均呈显著正相关,提示高血清瘦素水平是长期应用抗精神病药所致的代谢紊乱综合征的重要指征之一。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.