X线透视导航下动力髋(髁)螺钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨X线透视导航技术在动力髋(髁)螺钉系统治疗股骨转子间骨折中的临床应用。方法应用连接在标准动力髋(髁)器械上的适配器,X线透视导航辅助完成术中松质骨拉力螺钉在股骨颈通道内的入点选择及拉力螺钉的置入。结果8例股骨转子间骨折的应用结果令人满意。手术时间平均为48.8min,X线图像采集平均3.4次。术中和术后无并发症发生。结论肯定了X线透视导航技术在动力髋(髁)螺钉系统治疗股骨转子间骨折中应用的可行性。术中只需1次X线成像就能做出虚拟的手术环境和路径;导航的瞬时追踪功能使术者能实时监测,减少了X线辐射量,缩短了手术时间,提高了拉力螺钉置入的准确度,减小了手术创伤。     

透视图像导航下微创动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨在X线透视导航下微创置入动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床应用。方法自2005年12月～2006年6月,笔者应用导航下微创方法置入DHS治疗老年股骨转子间骨折18例,男5例,女13例;年龄60～92岁,平均76岁。结果术后随访5～12个月,平均9个月。18例股骨转子间骨折的应用结果令人满意。手术时间平均为105min。X线图像采集平均5次。术中和术后无并发症发生。结论使用导航系统微创置入DHS不仅进针方向精确、拉力螺钉位置好、切口小,而且还可以减少术者的X线暴露时间,是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的理想方法。     

不稳定型转子周围骨折的临床治疗分析

目的比较不稳定型转子周围骨折采用亚太型Gamma钉(Gamma-AP钉)和动力髋螺钉(DHS)固定的手术疗效。方法68例不稳定型骨折患中，31例使用Gamma-AP钉固定，37例使用DHS固定，并对手术资料、术后并发症及髋关节功能进行临床随访分析。结果Gamma钉手术切口长度、术中出血量较DHS手术小，而且患可早期下床负重而不增加术后并发症发生率。结论Gamma钉手术创伤小，适用性强，是治疗不稳定型转子周围骨折的理想方法之一。     

Gamma3治疗股骨转子间骨折失败1例报道

目的探讨Gamma3治疗股骨转子间骨折术后拉力螺钉轴向内移切割发生的原因、预防及处理。方法报告1例Gamma3治疗股骨转子间骨折术后发生拉力螺钉轴向内移位并穿透股骨头进入髋臼的特殊切割失败病例。结果本例股骨转子间骨折采用闭合复位Gamma3内固定术,术后2个月发生拉力螺钉轴向内移位明显,穿透股骨头并进入髋臼,行更换短拉力螺钉翻修术。翻修术后5个月发生股骨头无菌性坏死,再次行全髋关节置换术进行翻修,术后患者髋关节疼痛消失,活动良好,能维持既往日常生活,髋关节Harris评分92分。结论对于股骨转子间骨折髓内钉固定,需要良好复位,保持合理尖顶距,避免拉力螺钉末端过短卡压在股骨外侧壁,这样可降低头颈螺钉轴向内移切割的发生。一旦发生头拉力螺钉轴向内移位切割失效,可采用全髋关节置换术或更换头颈螺钉进行翻修,能取得良好的疗效。     

股骨转子周围骨折的髓内钉固定96例

应用国产Gamma钉治疗股骨转子周围骨折 96例 (97髋 )的疗效。对稳定性骨折 4 0例、不稳定性股骨转子周围骨折 56例 (57髋 )采用亚太型Gamma钉治疗。平均随访 1 2个月 ,骨折愈合率 98% ,髋关节功能优良率 90 2 %。并发症 :股骨干骨折、拉力螺钉切出股骨头及退出各 1例 ,迟发感染 3例。Gamma钉可用于各种类型的股骨转子周围骨折 ,具有操作简便、手术损伤小、出血少、固定牢固等优点。熟练掌握Gamma钉技术 ,术中认真、细致操作 ,有些并发症是可以避免的。Gamma钉是治疗股骨转子周围骨折的理想方法之一。     

Gamma-3髓内钉微创治疗股骨转子间骨折疗效分析

目的探讨Gamma-3髓内钉微创治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对120例股骨转子间骨折患者行闭合复位、Gamma-3髓内钉固定。术后早期功能锻炼。结果 120例均获随访,时间6～18个月。患者骨折全部愈合,时间3～6个月。患髋行Harris髋关节功能评分:优31例,良71例,中18例,差0例,优良率为85%。未发生股骨干骨折、拉力螺钉切割出股骨头、髋内翻畸形等严重并发症。结论采用Gamma-3髓内钉微创治疗股骨转子间骨折,术后可早期功能锻炼,并发症低,创伤小,疗效好。     

股骨转子间骨折Gamma钉内固定术后髋内翻的发生原因及预防

目的 探讨股骨转子间骨折Gamma钉内固定术后髋内翻的发生原因及预防方法. 方法 回顾性分析2006年6月至201 1年6月采用闭合复位Gamma钉内固定术治疗的184例股骨转子间骨折患者资料,其中20例患者发生不同程度的髋内翻畸形,男9例,女11例;年龄73 ～93岁,平均65.0岁.髋内翻发生时间为术后6 ～20个月,平均13个月.髋内翻畸形角度为5°～10°者有9例,10°以上11例.11例行人工股骨头置换术;5例调整拉力螺钉长度和位置,重新置入拉力螺钉;4例因合并内科疾病而未行翻修手术,仅做对症观察处理.结果 股骨转子间骨折Gamma钉内固定术后髋内翻的发生率为10.9％ (20/184).髋内翻的发生原因:拉力螺钉切出股骨头11例,骨折复位不好、颈干角小于110°9例.20例患者术后获3 ～36个月(平均29个月)随访.16例行翻修术的患者术后髋内翻均得以纠正,髋关节活动在正常范围.11例行人工股骨头置换术患者术后髋关节Harris评分为91～ 94分,平均92.4分.5例重新调整拉力螺钉患者术后髋关节Harris评分为77 ～ 91分,平均85.1分.4例未手术患者髋关节Harris评分为40～62分,平均48.0分;其中2例患者分别于术后1.0、1.4年死于内科疾病.结论 骨质疏松、拉力螺钉切出股骨头、骨折复位不佳及Gamma钉本身的缺陷是股骨转子间骨折Gamma钉内固定术后髋内翻发生的主要原因.正确判断骨折类型、术中良好复位及合理运用内固定术等能有效降低髋内翻畸形的发生率.     

经皮Gamma钉固定在股骨转子周围骨折中的应用

[目的]探讨应用经皮Gamma钉固定治疗股骨转子周围骨折的疗效。[方法]对12例股骨转子周围骨折患者进行经皮Gamma钉内固定术。所有患者均在骨科手术床牵引下整复骨折及C型臂X线机透视下经皮手术。根据切口情况、全身情况以及合并骨质疏松的程度决定何时下床活动及负重量的大小。[结果]随访10—36个月，骨折全部愈合，髋关节功能优良率94％。未出现股骨干骨折、拉力螺钉切出股骨头及退出，无锁钉及主钉断裂，有1例出现轻度的髋内翻。[结论]经皮Gamma钉固定可用于各种类型的股骨转子周围骨折，具有操作简便、手术损伤小、出血少、固定牢固，患者下床早等优点。Gamma钉是治疗股骨转子周围骨折的理想方法。     

Gamma3 型髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折手术并发症的原因分析

 目的 分析 Gamma3 型髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折术后发生并发症的原因。方法 回顾性分析 2006 年 5 月至 2011 年 7 月应用 Gamma3 型髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折 186 例患者资料,其中 24 例出现手术并发症,男 19 例,女 5 例;年龄 42～81 岁,平均（69.00±3.27）岁。根据 AO/OTA 分型：A1 型 8 例,A2.1 型 1 例,A3 型 15 例;稳定性骨折 9 例,占 37.5%（9/24）;不稳定性骨折 15 例,占 62.5%（15/24）;均为新鲜骨折,排除病理性骨折。手术均采用闭合复位的方式进行固定,内固定器材为史赛克公司生产的短 Gamma3 型髓内钉。入院至手术时间为 3～12 d,平均 6 d;术后 3～16 d 出院。根据术中、术后随访的 X 线片及 Harris 功能评价标准对术后疗效进行评价,总结 Gamma3 型髓内钉在股骨转子间骨折应用中的并发症。结果 24 例患者手术时间为 45～160 min,平均 80 min;失血量为 300～800 ml,平均 600 ml;下地时间为术后 35～106 d。Harris 评分为 75～92 分,平均 81 分。24 例患者术后发生并发症的原因：1 例因未安装保护套筒而导致防旋钉进入大腿内侧肌间隙;3 例在闭合复位时进钉点偏外,扩髓时造成股骨外侧壁缺失;5 例因插入主钉前扩髓不充分而导致进钉时股骨干近端劈裂;6 例反转子间粉碎骨折,小转子嵌入骨折断端,致非解剖复位下置钉,对位欠佳;2 例难复型骨折术后出现再移位;3 例股骨外侧壁骨折,术后骨折移位;3 例骨折粉碎严重、大小转子分离移位明显者选用短 Gamma3 钉固定,术后发生拉力钉切出;1 例股骨干远端锁钉处再骨折。结论 对于 AO 分型中某些特殊类型的骨折,闭合复位短 Gamma3 钉固定具有较高并发症发生率,这多由复位方法、适应证选择不当以及非规范化使用器械造成,因此应明确长、短不同 Gamma 钉的适用范围及复位方法,尽量规避并发症发生。     

第三代Gamma钉微创治疗股骨转子周围骨折

目的 探讨第三代Gamma钉微创治疗股骨转子周围骨折的方法.方法 2006年5月至2006年12月,采用第三代Gamma钉治疗股骨转子周围骨折患者20例,男14例,女6例;年龄19～83岁,平均65.5岁.受伤原因:车祸伤2例,高处坠落伤2例,步行跌伤16例.AO分型:A1型3例,A2型13例,A3型4例.采用Singh分级评定骨质量:Ⅵ级5例,Ⅴ级4例,Ⅳ级9例,Ⅲ级2例.骨折采用闭合复位,第三代Gamma钉固定术.结果 平均手术时间38.3 min(30～70 min).术中平均失血量170 ml(100～500 ml).5例患者术中须扩髓后放入主钉,15例患者无须扩髓即可放入主钉.17例患者静力交锁远端螺钉,3例患者未交锁远端螺钉.患者平均部分负重时间7.4 d(2～23 d).TAD平均值是23.5mm(12.5～36.1 mm).随访时间6.7～13.4个月,平均9.6个月.20例患者伤口均一期愈合,无一例出现皮缘坏死和伤口感染.20例患者主钉入点切口平均2.73 cm(2～3.5 cm).骨折愈合时间3.2～5.9个月,平均4.6个月.全部患者的术后功能均恢复到伤前水平.1例患者术后出现拉力螺钉切出移动,1例患者主钉入点偏外导致10°内翻畸形,1例患者主诉患侧臀部和大转子区疼痛.结论 通过微创操作技术,第三代Gamma钉可以安全地固定股骨转子周围骨折.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.