Frequency of cardiac troponin-t elevation after successful direct stenting

Direct stenting (stenting without balloon predilation) is a novel approach in percutaneous treatment of coronary artery lesions.This approach may also significantly lower the rate of procedural ischaemic complications by reducing aggression to the vessel wall and immediately sealing the dissections created due to balloon inflation by the endoprosthesis. However, the incidence of minor myocardial infarction after direct stenting is unknown.The purpose of this study was to measure cTnT, creatine kinase and its isoform, CK-MB after apparently successful elective stent implantation without balloon predilation. Enzyme levels were measured just before and 16 hours after the procedures. A second-generation commercial ELISA cTnT assay (Boehringer Mannheim Corporation) was used to measure cTnT with a cutoff of 0.1 ng/dl. There was no abnormality in all three enzymes before the procedure. CTnT was elevated in 6 patients (13.6%), CK and CK-MB were elevated in 1 (2.3%) patient at 16 hours after the procedure. Both CK and CK-MB elevation were observed in the patient with side branch occlusion. In all others cTnT measurements in addition to CK-MB measurements are needed to detect this minor myocardial damage.To the best of our knowledge this is the first report evaluating the incidence of myocardial injury after direct stenting. Direct stenting by avoiding balloon-induced complications may decrease procedural myocardial necrosis. Randomized studies with larger patient populations should be conducted to compare this approach with conventional stenting. CTnT measurements in addition to CKMB measurements are essential in detecting this minor myocardial damage.     

Comparison of outcomes of direct stenting versus stenting after balloon predilation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIRAMI)

Due to recent advances in stent design, stenting without balloon predilation (direct stenting) has become more extensively used in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We performed a randomized study with broad inclusion criteria and early randomization after presentation to compare direct stenting with stenting after balloon predilation in patients with AMI. A total of 248 patients was randomized. After exclusion of patients not suitable for stenting, the final study group comprised 217 patients. Direct stenting strategy was feasible in 88% of patients with no meaningful complications. Final Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow (96% vs 94%), final Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction myocardial perfusion grade 2 or 3 (68% vs 61%), and average ST-segment resolution after the procedure (49% vs 51%) were similar in the direct stenting and predilation groups, respectively (p = NS). Rate of in-stent restenosis was higher in the direct stenting group (30% vs 16%, p = 0.024), which was due to a worse angiographic result after the procedure. At 5 years, a composite of cardiac death, reinfarction, and target lesion revascularization had occurred in 39% in the direct stenting group and 34% in the predilated group (p = 0.40). In conclusion, although at 5 years clinical outcome did not differ significantly between groups, direct stenting was associated with a higher incidence of in-stent restenosis at 1 year. Direct stenting did not improve epicardial and myocardial reperfusion indexes. Direct stenting strategy should not be recommended in all patients with AMI as an alternative strategy to stenting after predilation.     

直接冠状动脉内支架对急性心肌梗死“心肌无复流”的影响

目的评价直接置入冠脉内支架对急性心肌梗死（AMI）血管再通后“心肌无复流”现象的影响。方法将100例ST段抬高型AMI随机分为直接置入冠脉内支架组（直接支架组）和球囊预扩张置入冠脉内支架组（预扩张支架组）,应用单光子发射型计算机断层心肌灌注显像（SPECT）、心肌梗死溶栓治疗试验（TIMI）血流分级、心肌呈色分级（MBG）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CKMB）峰值和峰值时间及6个月临床随访来评价两种方法对AMI患者的心肌灌注情况及临床疗效。结果两组虽然术后即刻TIMI血流分级、术后24h内左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）及左室收缩末期容积（LVESV）差异无统计学意义[分别为96％、（48．14±4．43）％、（96．38土10．31）ml、（49．52±4．91）ml出境 vs 92％、（47．94±4．47）％、（99．66±13．26）ml、（48．18±5．32）ml,P〉0．05];但直接支架组与预扩张组比较,术后即刻MBG分级2～3级明显增高（90％VS74％,P〈0．05）、无复流发生率达10％ vs 26％（P〈0．05）,术后24h内SPECT心肌灌注积分（MPDS）明显降低（3．68±1．52 vs 4．93±1．84;P〈0．05）、CK-MB峰值明显减少[（217．2±96．86）U／L vs （260．22±97．78）U／L;P〈0．05）、CK-MB峰值时间明显提前[（11．72±2．67）hVS（13．7±2．06）h;P〈0．05）,而手术时间、X线曝光时间、造影剂用量显著减少[分别为（40．48土7．18）min、（12．84±3．77）min、（134．82±55．05）ml vs （44．54±6．2）min、（15．82±5．08）min、（158．12±53．9）ml;P〈0．05];随访6个月后,与预扩张组比较,直接支架组LVEF明显增高[（52．19±3．36）％ vs （50．2±5．32）％;P〈0．05],MPDS、LVEDV、LVESV显著减低[分别为2．39士1．50、（92．2±5．8）ml、（44．76±3．28）ml vs 3．11±1．74、（95．41±7．79）ml、（47．05±5．54）ml;P〈0．05]、纽约心脏病学会（NYHA）心功能分级≥2级明显减少（8％ vs 24％,P〈0．05）。结论直接置入冠脉内支架可降低AMI血管再通后心肌无复流的发生、缩小梗死面积、减轻左室重构,并可改善远期心功能。     

Efficacy and safety of direct stenting in coronary angioplasty

BACKGROUND: Direct stenting is the deployment of an intracoronary stent without lesion predilation. Potential advantages include shorter procedural time, lower contrast dose and reduced spiral dissections. There is also the potential financial benefit of less balloon and/or stent usage. Concern still exists among some operators, however, regarding failure of stent deployment and local complications. METHODS: Of 467 consecutive angioplasty cases at the Alfred Hospital between August 1, 1997 and May 22, 1998, direct stenting was attempted in 93 patients (20%). Interventionalist preference determined whether direct stenting was attempted. Vessels with excessive calcification, severe proximal tortuosity or small caliber were typically considered unsuitable for direct stenting. RESULTS: A total of 102 lesions (38 type A, 60 type B, and 4 type C) were treated with direct stenting. Initial deployment was successful in 98 of 102 lesions, with a further 3 lesions successfully stented following predilation. A stent was unable to be deployed in only 1 case; however, the lesion was treated with balloon angioplasty alone. The majority of lesions required only 1 stent (an average of 1.1 stents were used per lesion). Distal complications occurred in 5 patients. In 3 patients, a small distal dissection was successfully stented, and in 1 case embolization of debris occurred down the distal vessel, resulting in a small procedural myocardial infarction. Only 1 patient out of 93 (1%) developed a large distal dissection requiring the deployment of multiple stents, compared with 22 of the remaining 374 patients (5.9%) who underwent conventional angioplasty. This was a significant difference in favor of direct stenting (Chi-square, p < 0.05). When compared with a cohort of patients matched by lesion grade treated with conventional stenting, direct stenting used significantly less contrast per case (154 +/- 7.6 ml compared with 202 +/- 9.5 ml for conventional stenting; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Direct stenting is a safe and effective method for treating coronary artery disease. In appropriately selected cases, it has a low rate of procedural failure and results in less contrast usage and fewer distal complications than conventional angioplasty and stenting.     

Immediate and late outcomes after direct stent implantation without balloon predilation

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to compare the in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes of direct coronary stenting with balloon predilation followed by stent placement. BACKGROUND: With improvement in stent designs, the practice of direct stenting without balloon predilation has become more widespread. METHODS: We analyzed the Mayo Clinic Coronary Intervention data base between January 1, 1995 and March 5, 1999 and identified 777 patients who were treated with direct stenting (DS) and 3,176 patients treated with balloon angioplasty plus stenting (BA+S). RESULTS: The procedural success rates between the DS and BA+S groups were not significantly different (96.3% vs. 96.4%). The ability to deliver the stent in a subgroup of patients who had DS was 95%, with 5% requiring crossover to predilation. Multivariate analysis showed no significant differences with respect to in-hospital death (odds ratio [OR] 0.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5 to 1.8), in-hospital myocardial infarction (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.2) or revascularization (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.5) in the DS compared with the BA+S group. Long-term outcomes were not significantly different between the DS and BA+S groups. The procedural duration was significantly shorter in the DS group, and there was a decreased utilization of contrast agent, balloons and wires. CONCLUSIONS: The in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes in patients undergoing a coronary intervention are equivalent when comparing stenting without balloon predilation with balloon angioplasty followed by stenting. Direct stenting is associated with decreased utilization of contrast agent and equipment and shorter procedure times. A randomized study should be performed to better determine the impact of this technique on short- and long-term procedural outcomes.     

急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的临床特征及冠状动脉造影特点分析

目的分析急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的临床特征及冠状动脉造影特点,为该并发症的防治提供证据。方法对46例急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂患者的临床特征、冠状动脉造影特点、保守或外科手术疗效与生存率等数据资料进行回顾性分析,采用SPSS11．0软件统计。结果急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的发病率约为1．88％;好发因素有：高龄（61～70岁）,未行再灌注治疗,无既往心绞痛／心肌梗死史,伴随高血压及高血脂等;易于发生室间隔破裂的最常见梗死部位为同时累及前壁和下壁的大面积梗死;大多数患者中性粒细胞比例、C反应蛋白及红细胞沉降率升高。胸片肺水肿者约30％,约半数患者入院时血流动力学不稳定（心功能Killip分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级）。累及前壁梗死者其破裂部位多为前间隔远段,下壁＋后壁／右心室梗死者破裂部位多为后间隔基底段。冠状动脉造影提示室间隔破裂者多为前降支单支或三支病变,侧支循环少见。罪犯血管以前降支最为多见,其中又以前降支中段居多。保守治疗的住院死亡率高达65％,外科手术治疗的住院死亡率仅3．85％。结论尽早、成功的再灌注治疗是预防其发生的关键,心脏超声是敏感且简便易行的确诊手段,外科手术治疗明显提高生存率,早期外科手术（梗死后1个月左右）可行。     

Coronary artery disease in patients aged 30 and younger

Twenty-four male patients aged 18-30 (mean = 27.4) years were catheterized either after myocardial infarction (22 patients) or because of angina pectoris (2 patients). In this highly-selected group, 18 of 24 smoked but only 5 had elevated cholesterol levels. Of 14 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (AMI), 7 had a significant left anterior descending obstruction while the other 7 had nonsignificant or no coronary stenosis. In 8 patients with inferior MI (IMI), 4 had significant multivessel disease. Five of 6 patients with multivessel disease smoked while 4 had hypercholesterolemia. Risk factors were absent in 3 of 16 patients with single or no coronary lesions. We conclude that angina pectoris and inferior MI carry high risk of multivessel coronary disease; there is often one or more risk factor in this subgroup. Finally, routine catheterization in young patients with AMI is not warranted.     

Coronary angioplasty with direct stenting: assessment of primary results and some economical aspects

Comparison of immediate angiographical and clinical results of direct coronary stenting and stenting after predilation was carried out in 68 patients. Groups of patients subjected to direct stenting and stenting with predilation had similar clinical and angiographical characteristics. Direct stenting was successful in 100%, stenting with predilation--in 97.2% of patients with residual stenosis 5.1 and 4.9%, respectively. There were no cases of stent loss, death or emergent bypass grafting during neither the procedure nor period of hospitalization. There was 1 Q-wave myocardial infarction (2.8%) and 2 non-Q wave myocardial infarctions (1 in each group). Compared with stenting with predilation procedure of direct stenting was associated with significantly shorter procedure duration (39-/+7.1 min, 60-/+12.5 min, respectively), radiation exposure time (7.9-/+6.3 and 13.5-/+8.9 min, respectively), lower workload of the laboratory (4.9-/+3.5 and 6.1-/+2.0 patients/day, respectively), decreased consumption of contrast medium (200-/+71 and 275-/+75.9 ml, respectively), and thus lower overall cost of the procedure. CONCLUSION: Direct coronary stenting is a convenient, safe and economically justified method of stent implantation.     

Direct coronary stenting without balloon or device pretreatment: acute success and long-term results.

Improvements in coronary stents have made planned direct coronary stenting technically feasible, though safety, acute success, cost-effectiveness, and long-term results remain to be determined. Sequential patients eligible for direct stenting were prospectively characterized and treated with either direct or secondary stenting. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel ischemia, or revascularization (TVR) were followed for 6 months post-PCI. Enrollment included 128 direct (1.38 lesions/patient) and 69 secondary (1.39 lesions/patient) stented patients. Direct stenting was successful in 99% (with 5% crossover to secondary stenting) without major procedural complications and with a similar rate of vessel wall dissection or no-reflow phenomenon (2.3% vs. 2.1%; P > 0.05) as the secondary stenting group. There was a trend toward less postprocedural CPK-MB elevation in the nonacute MI patients with direct vs. secondary stenting (3% vs. 11%, respectively). At 6 months, there were no statistically significant differences in overall MACE. Direct stenting has a high success rate, low complication rate, and durable long-term results. Procedural cost and time savings, less contrast use and radiation exposure make direct stenting attractive in properly selected patients.     

Export aspiration catheter thrombosuction before actual angioplasty in primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in lesions with a large thrombus load increases the procedural complication rate. We describe a thrombus reduction technique in this setting using the Export aspiration catheter (EAC) for primary thrombosuction before actual angioplasty. The EAC is a component of the GuardWire Plus system (PercuSurge, Sunnyvale, CA), which was originally developed for emboli containment in saphenous vein graft and peripheral vessel interventions. Primary EAC thrombosuction was performed successfully in 12 patients undergoing primary PCI, and gross thrombi were obtained from 9 patients (75%). After definitive treatment with balloon angioplasty and/or stenting, TIMI 3 flow was restored in all target vessels. There was no angiographic evidence of distal branch loss or vessel injury. No major procedural or in-hospital complication occurred in any patients. This primary EAC thrombosuction technique may offer a new, potentially effective method for thrombus burden reduction in treating AMI patients.     

Direct coronary stenting versus predilatation followed by stent placement

Direct stenting without antecedent dilatation may reduce procedural time, costs, and radiation exposure, and may result in less vessel injury. The purpose of this investigation was to compare immediate and long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes of direct stenting with stent placement after initial balloon dilation. Three hundred thirty-five symptomatic patients with single or multiple coronary lesions (diameter reduction 60% to 95%) of < or =30 mm length and with a vessel diameter of 2.5 to 4.0 mm were randomized either to direct stenting (group A, n = 171) or stenting after predilation (group B, n = 164). Patients with vessels with excessive calcification, severe proximal tortuosity, or occlusion were excluded. All patients were asked to return for routine repeat angiography at 6 months, irrespective of symptoms. Feasibility of direct stenting was 95% in group A, with 5% requiring crossover to predilation. Successful stent placement after predilation was performed in all 164 patients in group B. Direct stenting was associated with less procedural duration (group A 42.1 +/- 18.7 minutes vs group B 51.5 +/- 23.8 minutes, p = 0.004), radiation exposure time (group A 10.3 +/- 7.7 minutes vs group B 12.5 +/- 6.4 minutes, p = 0.002), amount of contrast dye used (group A 163 +/- 69 ml vs group B 197 +/- 84 ml, p <0.0001), and lower procedural costs (group A 845 +/- 167 vs group B 1,064 +/- 175, p <0.0001). Immediate angiographic results and in-hospital clinical outcomes (death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization) were not significantly different between both strategies. However, at 6-month follow-up, direct stenting was associated with a lower angiographic restenosis (group A 20% vs group B 31%, p = 0.048) and target lesion revascularization rates (group A 18% vs group B 28%; p = 0.03). This study demonstrates the feasibility, safety, and outcomes of direct stenting in eligible coronary lesions. In appropriately selected cases, direct stenting has a lower rate of angiographic restenosis up to 6 months after the procedure, resulting in fewer coronary reinterventions compared with the conventional strategy of stenting with antecedent dilatation.     

心电图诊断急性下壁，前壁心肌梗塞相关动脉的价值

目的：分析急性下壁、前壁心肌梗塞患者心电图表现及梗塞相关动脉的分布特点,评价心电图诊断急性下壁、前壁心肌梗塞相关动脉的价值。方法：对26例急性下壁心肌梗塞、29例急性前壁心肌梗塞患者的心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行回顾性比较分析。结果：急性下壁心肌梗塞（26例）的梗塞相关动脉为右冠状动脉（RCA）者19例（73％）。回旋支（LCX）6例（23％）;急性前壁心肌梗塞（29例）的梗塞相关动脉为前降支（LAD）者26例（90％）;下壁心肌梗塞相关动脉为RCA的19例中Ⅱ、Ⅲ,aVF导联ST段上移18例（94％）,STⅢ↑／STⅡ↑〉1者16例（84%）。结论：急性下壁、前壁心肌梗塞的心电图表现与梗塞相关动脉有关,有较高的临床诊断价值。     

Selective use of abciximab in coronary stenting: overall outcomes can still be equivalent to those in the EPISTENT treatment group

BACKGROUND: The EPISTENT trial reported improved early outcomes with routine use of abciximab after coronary stenting. Increasing use of stents means that routine abciximab adds significantly to costs of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This paper reports the results of a protocol encouraging restriction therapy to high-risk patients only. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively over a 34-month period for patients undergoing PCI with stenting. In addition to those who fulfilled criteria for inclusion in the EPISTENT trial, patients treated in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied. Demographic data, procedural details and early clinical outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Of 808 patients studied, 601 fulfilled EPISTENT inclusion criteria and comprised 367 patients (45%) treated for stable angina and 234 (30%) treated for unstable or post-infarct angina. The additional 207 patients (25%) were treated during AMI. The 808 patients received a total of 981 stents. Abciximab was given in only 88 cases (10.9%). Major adverse clinical events occurred in 39 patients (4.8%). CONCLUSION: Selective use of abciximab for patients undergoing coronary stenting can be associated with outcomes equivalent to those reported for routine use, but with significant cost savings.     

Value of exercise electrocardiography to predict additional jeopardized myocardial regions remote from site of previous myocardial infarction

In order to evaluate the efficacy of exercise electrocardiography (ECG) to identify jeopardized myocardial regions remote from the site of previous infarction, exercise ECG, left ventriculography, and coronary arteriography were performed in 90 patients with previous transmural myocardial infarction (MI). Of the 90 patients, angiographic studies revealed jeopardized myocardial regions in 47 patients. Exercise ECG correctly identified 32 of these 47 patients for a sensitivity value of 68%. There were 43 patients without any additional jeopardized myocardial regions. Exercise ECG correctly identifed only 24 of these 43 patients for a specificity value of 56%. The sensitivity and specificity values were similar in patients with prior anterior and inferior wall MI. It is concluded that relatively low sensitivity and specificity values preclude the ability of exercise ECG to accurately identify patients with jeopardized myocardial regions distant from the site of previous MI. Moreover, when such patients were correctly detected, exercise ECG was rather poor in localizing these additional jeopardized myocardial areas.     

Mini-invasive strategy in acute coronary syndromes: direct coronary stenting using 5 Fr guiding catheters and transradial approach.

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of direct coronary stenting in acute coronary syndromes using 5 Fr guiding catheters by transradial approach. A series of 119 patients with an acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, n = 55; acute myocardial infarction, n = 45; recent acute myocardial infarction, n = 19) explored by transradial approach and eligible for direct stenting were included. A large proportion of patients (52%) was treated during the procedure by platelet IIb/IIIa receptor blockade. Only Medtronic 5 Fr guiding catheters were used in this study. Direct coronary stenting was attempted in all 119 highly selected patients. Failure of direct stenting was observed in only five cases (3.9%) and the stent successfully retrieved in each case in the 5 Fr guiding catheter. In these five cases, balloon predilation was performed and then the stent implanted successfully. Different stents were used: ACS stent (54%), AVE stent (33%), Velocity stent (10%), Nir stent (3%), with diameter ranging from 2.5 to 4 mm. In four cases, the dilation was finally performed using 6 Fr guiding catheters because the backup of the 5 Fr catheter was considered to be too low (3%). No vascular access site complications occurred in this series of patients. We conclude that direct coronary stenting using transradial approach and 5 Fr guiding catheters yields excellent procedural success rate. In the setting of acute coronary syndromes requiring platelet IIb/IIIa receptor blockade or after failure of thrombolysis, this mini-invasive strategy is very attractive because of the low risk of access site complications.     

Multi-vessel coronary stenting--procedural results and late clinical outcomes: a comparison with single-vessel stenting

The purpose of this study was to assess the 1-year clinical outcome of patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent coronary stenting, and to compare the results with single-vessel coronary stenting carried out during the same period. We evaluated the in-hospital and 12-month clinical outcomes [death, Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) and repeat revascularization rates at one year] in 384 consecutive patients treated with coronary stents in 2 (92% of patients) or 3 of the native coronary arteries and compared the outcome to 624 consecutive patients undergoing stenting in a single coronary artery between January 1, 1997 and January 31, 1999. The overall procedural success was obtained in 99% of patients with 2- or 3-vessel stenting and 98% of patients with single-vessel stenting. Procedural complications were similar (2.9% vs 2.6%; p = 0.12). During follow-up, target lesion revascularization was 16% in multi-vessel and 14% in single-vessel stenting (p = 0.38) and repeat revascularization was also similar for both groups (19% vs. 20%; p = 0.73). There was no difference in death (0.8% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.31) and Q-wave MI (0.7% vs. 1.4%; p = 0. 16) in the 2 groups. Overall cardiac event-free survival was similar for both groups (76% vs. 78%; p = 0.54). Multi-vessel stenting in carefully selected patients in our experience had a high procedural success with very low complication rates. The one-year clinical outcomes were acceptable and were similar to the results of single-vessel stenting.     

老年急性心肌梗死患者发病时间与梗死部位及ST段偏移的相关性

目的 探讨老年急性心肌梗死患者发病时间与梗死部位及ST段偏移的相关性. 方法 对909例老年急性心肌梗死患者(其中包括412例前壁和423例下壁的急性心肌梗死患者)发病时间、部位和ST段抬高及冠状动脉造影等临床资料进行分析. 结果 老年急性心肌梗死患者在清晨6时至中午12时发病为525例(57.8%).24时至清晨6时发生下壁心肌梗死138例(32.6%),与其他时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),从清晨6时至中午12时,发生前壁心肌梗死156例(37.9%),与其他时间段比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),516例冠状动脉造影的AMI患者中,24时至清晨6时发病的急性下壁心肌梗死118例,其病变累及右冠状动脉多于累及左冠状动脉[分别为85.6%(101/118)和14.0%(17/118),P<0/013,清晨6时至24时发病的急性下壁心肌梗死275例,其病变累及右冠状动脉与左冠状动脉分别为54/2%(149/275)和45.8%(126/275)(P>0.05);732例急性ST段抬高患者在清晨6时至中午12时发病率最高为44.0%(263/644),265例非ST段抬高的心肌梗死24时至清晨6时发病率最高为36.6%(96/265). 结论 老年急性心肌梗死患者中,夜间非ST段抬高的发生率高于ST段抬高.由于夜间右冠状动脉闭塞所引起的急性下壁心肌梗死多于左冠状动脉,所以睡眠对老年患者的左冠状动脉累及和急性非ST段抬高性心肌梗死的保护作用是有限的.     

无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术20例临床观察

目的：探讨无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术的可行性、临床效果及其优越性。方法：将46例冠心病病人随机分为无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术组(观察组)20例，与传统的经球囊预扩张后冠状动脉内支架置入术组(对照组)26例进行对比分析。结果：两组病人手术操作成功率相似，均能获得满意的支架置入后冠状动脉造影结果；缓解心绞痛的效果两组无差异：随访期间两组均未发生死亡、急性心肌梗死等心脏急性事件；但观察组可缩短手术时间34．87％，减少X线曝光时间26．76％，减少造影剂用量35．80％，降低治疗费用27．62％。结论：无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术是一种安全有效的治疗方法，在某些方面优于传统的经球囊预扩张后冠状动脉内支架置入术。     

Comparison of direct stenting versus conventional stent implantation on blood flow in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

As compared with balloon angioplasty, stent implantation in treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) reduces abrupt vessel closure, restenosis, and reocclusion rate. However, a few studies have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of direct stenting compared to conventional stent implantation technique. This study was designed to compare possible advantages of direct stenting with conventional stent implantation on immediate coronary blood flow and short-term clinical benefits in patients with AMI. Fifty patients with AMI who underwent mechanical revascularization were eligible for the study. The patients were randomly assigned to undergo either direct stenting (n = 25) or conventional stent implantation (n = 25). Before and after the procedure thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow and postprocedural corrected TIMI frame count (cTFC) of the infarct-related artery were measured. There was no difference in TIMI flow distribution at baseline between the 2 groups. TIMI 3 flow rate significantly increased after procedure in both groups compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Postprocedural cTFC was found significantly lower in the direct stent arm compared to conventional stenting (p < 0.001). Both during and after the procedure the complication rate and procedural time were lower in the direct stenting arm. Direct stenting provides better immediate coronary blood flow and is a safe and feasible method compared with conventional stenting in patients with AMI. Improvement in coronary blood flow measured by the corrected TIMI frame count method may suggests a significant reduction of microvascular injury.     

Does pre-treatment with aspirin and loading dose clopidogrel obviate the need for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists during elective coronary stenting? A focus on peri-procedural myonecrosis.

AIMS: Although full platelet inhibition with aspirin and thienopyridines before coronary stenting has significantly reduced the risk of acute stent thrombosis, peri-procedural myonecrosis still occurs frequently and is associated with increased death rate. Whether further inhibition of platelet aggregation by a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist may provide an additional cardioprotection is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 200 patients pre-treated with aspirin and a loading dose of clopidogrel (450 mg) were randomized just before coronary intervention (percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI) to treatment with or without abciximab. Platelet aggregation was assessed in samples collected during the procedure and the degree of platelet aggregation inhibition was correlated with cardiac enzyme release post-PCI. Abciximab treatment achieved a more complete inhibition of aggregation than dual oral antiplatelet therapy alone (median value of 1 vs. 50%, normal 100%). Any pathological increase in creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) post-PCI was present in 21% of the abciximab group and in 22% of the no-abciximab group (P = 0.9). Also the occurrence of clinically relevant myonecrosis [myocardial infarction (MI) = CK-MB > 3x upper limit of normal] was not significantly influenced by treatment assignment: 9 vs. 10% (P = 0.9). In a multiple logistic regression model including clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics, post-PCI myonecrosis was not correlated with the degree of platelet aggregation inhibition but with procedural features (such as long inflation time) and with the presence of multi-vessel disease. There were no cases of acute or subacute stent thrombosis. At 6 months, major adverse cardiac events, including cardiac death, non-fatal MI, or target lesion revascularization occurred in 13% of abciximab patients and in 16% of the control patients (P = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: In the studied patients scheduled for elective coronary stenting and pre-treated with aspirin and a loading dose of clopidogrel, further inhibition of platelet aggregation by abciximab does not afford additional cardioprotection. Our data suggest that distal athero-embolization rather than thrombo-embolization is involved in the phenomenon of myonecrosis post-elective stenting.