卡维地洛治疗肝硬化门静脉高压的研究进展

降低门体压力梯度是预防肝硬化静脉曲张出血的首要目的。卡维地洛具有非选择性阻断β受体、阻断α1受体及阻断钙通道的作用。回顾了卡维地洛在降低门静脉压力梯度方面以及预防静脉曲张出血的作用。分析表明卡维地洛较普萘洛尔可以更有效地降低门体压力梯度。卡维地洛与普萘洛尔或内镜套扎预防静脉曲张首次及再次出血疗效是相似的。未来大样本随机对照试验应该证实这些研究结果。     

脾脏硬度预测肝硬化患者门静脉高压及其并发症的研究现状

肝脏硬度测量在临床上已经广泛应用于门静脉高压的预测。近年来,脾脏硬度测量(SSM)成为一种诊断工具,研究证明其可以预测慢性肝病患者门静脉高压及食管胃静脉曲张出血等并发症,辅助进行门静脉高压和食管胃静脉曲张出血风险分层管理;能够准确预测慢性肝病患者的临床显著性门静脉高压、高危食管胃静脉曲张、失代偿率和病死率。目前大部分研究中SSM数据都来自于使用肝脏设备FibroScan^?(SSM@50 Hz)检测。FibroScan^? 630是新的脾脏专用硬度扫描仪,拥有专用的脾脏硬度测量模式(SSM@100 Hz)。本文将介绍目前脾脏硬度用于预测门静脉高压的意义,并简要介绍新的脾脏硬度检测设备的优缺点。     

肝硬化和门脉高压症无创性诊断方法评价

肝硬化发主要生于慢性肝脏疾病的终末阶段,且常并发门静脉高压症。门脉高压症是引起肝硬化患者发病或死亡的重要因素。本文从实验室指标、瞬时弹性成像和多普勒超声技术等方面综述目前应用于临床的肝硬化和门脉高压症的无创性诊断及预后评估的方法。虽然这些方法尚不能替代侵入性的肝活检和肝静脉压力梯度测量以及胃食管静脉曲张的内镜检查,但是它们可以协助肝硬化和门脉高压症患者的治疗并提供有价值的预后评价。     

肝硬化门静脉高压患者门静脉压力与FibroScan检测值相关性分析

目的探讨应用彩色多普勒超声显像仪以及瞬时弹性成像(Fibro Scan)观察和分析肝硬化患者门静脉压力与Fibro Scan之间的关系。方法选择2012年3月-2014年3月中山市第二人民医院收治的乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者235例,另选健康人100例作为对照,使用彩色超声多普勒显像仪检测门静脉宽度(PVD)、门静脉平均血流速度(PVVmean)、门静脉血流量(PVQ),利用公式门静脉压力(Ppv)=1.895 1+0.001 1PVQ估算出Ppv。同时进行Fibro Scan检测。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,各参数与Ppv关系采用双变量相关分析。结果肝硬化门静脉高压患者PVD、PVQ、Ppv和Fioro Scan值分别为(1.42±0.12)cm、(1238±145.23)ml/min、(3.28±0.17)k Pa和(27.81±7.52)k Pa,明显高于正常对照组(P值均0.05),Fibro Scan值和PVQ与肝硬化患者Ppv呈正相关,相关系数r分别为0.52、0.61,P值均0.001。结论 Fibro Scan测值可作为无创性评估肝硬化Ppv参考指标。     

内镜治疗与断流术治疗门静脉高压的效果比较

目的比较内镜治疗与断流术对门静脉高压的治疗效果。方法收集2010年1月-2012年1月沈阳军区总医院101例肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料,其中内镜下联合治疗53例(内镜组),断流术治疗48例(断流术组),比较两组患者肝功能、脾亢变化以及术后再出血率和并发症情况。计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,计数资料采用例数或百分率表示,两组间比较计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验。结果内镜组术后肝脏储备功能较术前变化不明显(P值均0.05);断流术组术后白蛋白水平与术前比较下降,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.512,P0.05);内镜组术后白细胞、血小板与术前相比变化不明显(P值均0.05),断流术组术后白细胞、血小板与术前相比升高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);两组术后累计再出血率比较3个月7.5%和6.2%(χ2=0.066,P0.05),6个月7.5%和8.3%(χ2=0.021,P0.05)及1年9.4%和8.3%(χ2=0.038,P0.05);两组术后并发症发生率分别为24.5%和50%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.040,P0.05)。结论肝硬化门静脉高压内镜联合治疗与断流术相比,内镜治疗对患者损伤小,术后肝功能变化不明显,术后并发症发生率低;对肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血合并脾功能亢进明显的患者,可行断流术。     

肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的急救处理

目的：探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血急诊抢救治疗的临床经验并评估其疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年12月浙江省湖州市南浔区人民医院收治的11例肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料。结果11例患者上消化道出血24 h内止血比例为9／11,全部11例患者上消化道出血72 h内出血停止。但其中1例患者于治疗后第7天再出血,因拒绝再次三腔二囊管止血而死亡;1例患者上消化道出血后13 d死于肝功能衰竭。治疗总有效率为82％（9／11）,死亡率为18％（2／11）。结论采取内科措施控制出血,将紧急手术转为择期手术,可提高肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血急诊抢救治疗的成功率。     

断流术在肝硬化门静脉高压中的作用及争议

门静脉高压所致的胃-食管静脉曲张破裂出血及脾功能亢进等严重威胁到肝硬化患者的生命。目前外科断流术仍是治疗门静脉高压的重要术式之一,但药物、内镜及介入等治疗方式的兴起,使得断流术在门静脉高压治疗中的作用、手术指征、手术时机以及脾切除与否等受到争议。对断流术的作用及争议进行阐述分析,指出目前断流术仍是不可替代的,而门静脉高压的治疗应以个体化、综合性、微创为原则,尽可能带给患者最小的创伤、最大的受益。     

普萘洛尔对肝硬化门静脉高压患者血流动力学的影响和疗效观察

目的评估短期口服普萘洛尔对肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者是否产生血流动力学应答反应,并进一步探讨其应答状态对预防食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(EGVB)的临床意义。方法收集自2015年3月-2016年10月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院消化科的42例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者的临床资料。在口服普萘洛尔前和服药7 d后分别测定肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG),并对完成2次HVPG测定的患者进行随访,随访终点为发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血事件。HVPG值下降20%以上或绝对值降至12 mm Hg以下被定义血流动力学应答反应。本研究通过配对样本t检验及χ~2检验方法比较服药前后HVPG值改变及应答者和无应答者EGVB的发生率,并通过回归分析探讨EGVB的独立危险因素。结果最终纳入分析的患者共32例,其总体应答率为43. 75%(应答/无应答:14例/18例),总体HVPG值从(18. 3±5. 0) mm Hg下降至(15. 0±4. 9) mm Hg(t=4. 640,P 0. 001)。应答者和无应答者间的年龄、性别、病因、肝功能分级基础HVPG值均无明显差异(P值均 0. 05),应答者的第2次HVPG值明显低于无应答者[(11. 5±3. 5) mm Hg vs (17. 7±5. 0) mm Hg,t=5. 470,P 0. 001]。基于3年随访后,共8例患者出现EGVB;应答者EGVB发生率明显低于无应答者(χ~2=8. 529,P=0. 004)。多因素Cox回归分析显示既往出血史(风险比=12. 917,95%可信区间:1. 861～89. 648,P=0. 010)和第2次HVPG值(风险比=1. 481,95%可信区间:1. 102～1. 990,P=0. 009)均是EGVB的独立危险因素。结论肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者短期口服普萘洛尔后的血流动力学应答率是43. 75%。应答者发生EGVB的风险明显低于无应答者。既往发生过出血或第2次HVPG较高者发生出血的风险明显升高。     

区域性门静脉高压症的临床分析

目的 探讨区域性门静脉高压症(RPH)的病因、临床特点和诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2010年6月收治的26例RPH患者临床资料.分析26例患者的临床首发症状、血常规、肝功能、乙型和丙型肝炎标志物、肿瘤标志物、腹部超声、腹部增强CT、胃镜检查结果,以及16例行腹部CT血管造影(CTA)者的检查结果.结果 胰源性疾病(18例)是RPH主要病因.临床表现为脾肿大26例,无规律性上腹痛14例,上消化道出血10例.内镜检查示孤立性胃底静脉曲张25例,同时合并食管下段静脉曲张1例.4例行内镜下胃底曲张静脉组织胶注射止血,4例行脾脏切除术,2例行脾脏切除+贲门血管离断术,2例行脾脏切除+胰尾切除+脾肾静脉分流术,3例行脾脏栓塞治疗.结论 RPH常伴胰腺疾病,表现为脾肿大、脾功能亢进,但肝功能正常、无肝硬化,孤立性胃底静脉曲张是其特征性表现.良性病因所致的RPH可治愈.伴消化道出血者脾脏切除的疗效优于单纯内镜下止血治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of regional portal hypertension (RPH).Methods The clinical data of 26 patients with RPH treated in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2005 and June 2010 were analyzed with retrospective analysis.The first symptom, routine analysis of blood, liver function test, hepatitis B and C markers, tumor markers, abdominal ultrasound, abdominal enhanced CT, endoscopy findings of 26 patients and the results of abdominal CT angiography (CTA) of 16cases were analyzed.Results Pancreatic disease (18 cases) was the leading cause of RPH.The main clinical manifestations of splenomegaly in 26 cases, irregularly abdominal pain in 14 cases, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 10 cases.Isolated gastric varices were revealed by endoscopy in 25 cases,complicated with lower esophageal varices in 1 case.4 cases with endoscopic tissue glue injection in gastric variceal bleeding, splenectomy in 4 cases, 2 cases with splenectomy and pericardialdevascularization, 2 cases with splenectomy, pancreatic tail resection and spleno-renal shunt, 3 cases with splenic embolization treatment.Conclusions RPH often accompanied by pancreatic disease,manifested as splenomegaly, hypersplenism, but normal liver function, absence of liver cirrhosis.Isolated gastric varices is the characteristic features of RPH.RPH caused by benign diseases is curable.Splenectomy is more effective than simple endoscopic hemostasis in RPH associated with gastrointestinal bleeding.     

肝静脉压力梯度在肝硬化门静脉高压症患者中的临床应用

测量肝静脉压力梯度（HVPG）是评估门静脉高压症最常用的方法。大量研究表明,HVPG可作为食管静脉曲张出血的预测因子,此外,HVPG还可作为一个预后指标,可方便临床医生以其做参考为静脉曲张出血的一级预防和二级预防来制定合适的治疗策略。现阶段的治疗目标是使HVPG下降到12 mm Hg以下或比基线值下降20%,达到此目标的患者其食管静脉曲张的首次出血和再出血的风险均大大降低。对于一级预防,非选择性的β受体阻滞剂,如心得安,临床已广泛应用;然而,再出血的发生率仍然很高,临床上常用包括非选择性β受体阻滞剂在内的药物联合治疗和内镜干预,如经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术（TIPS）、内镜下硬化剂注射和内镜下套扎。主要探讨目前HVPG的测量方法及其临床应用,并重点对在肝硬化中HVPG对食管静脉曲张出血和再出血及治疗反应的预测作用做详细阐述。     

门静脉高压症异位静脉曲张伴出血1例

病例：患者男,53岁,因“反复结肠造瘘口出血半年,乏力伴纳差2周”于2009年2月12日入院。患者既往有大量饮酒史,白酒500g／dx20年,12年前确诊为“酒精性肝硬化．门静脉高压”。2004年2月于我院行脾切除＋断流术．术后饮啤酒2瓶／dx半年。术后反复出现引流管感染,后继发窦道形成和肠瘘,于2007年7月30日行横结肠造瘘术。2008年7月起反复出现造瘘口出血,平均每2个月左右一次,内科处理（凝血酶等）能控制症状。此次入院前2个月内未发生造瘘口出血,近2周来自觉乏力、纳差伴嗜睡,遂入院治疗。     

门静脉高压患者胃静脉曲张的内镜识别和分类

背景：肝硬化门静脉高压的出血原因中，食管和（或）胃静脉曲张破裂出血最为常见。胃静脉曲张的发生率较食管静脉曲张低，但再出血率高，出血量大，死亡率亦较高。尽管如此，胃静脉曲张在临床诊治过程中未受到应有的重视。目的：根据内镜下对食管和胃静脉曲张的识别和分类，了解食管和胃静脉曲张的比例。方法：根据Sarin分类，在内镜直视下将114例门静脉高压患者分为单纯食管静脉曲张、胃食管静脉曲张1型（GOV1型）、胃食管静脉曲张2型（GOV2型）、孤立性胃静脉曲张1型（IGV1型）和孤立性胃静脉曲张2型（IGV2型）五种类型。结果：本组患者中单纯食管静脉曲张42例（36．8％），GOV1型40例（35．1％），GOV2型20例（17．5％），IGV1型12例（10．5％），未见IGV2型。结论：半数门静脉高压患者存在胃静脉曲张，临床工作中仅处理食管静脉曲张是很片面的。须努力开展组织黏合剂、球囊闭塞下逆行经静脉栓塞术（B．RTO）或外科分流等治疗：对有条件的患者应鼓励开展肝移植治疗。     

Risk Factors for Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Cirrhosis Awaiting Liver Transplantation in Shiraz,Iran

Background:

Portal vein thrombosis is a fairly common and potentially life-threatening complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. The risk factors for portal vein thrombosis in these patients are still not fully understood.

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate the associations between various risk factors in cirrhotic patients and the development of portal vein thrombosis.

Patients and Methods:

In this case-control study performed at the Shiraz organ transplantation center, Iran, we studied 219 patients (> 18 years old) with liver cirrhosis, who were awaiting liver transplants in our unit, from November 2010 to May 2011. The patients were evaluated by history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation, Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) mutation, and serum levels of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, homocysteine, factor VIII, and anticardiolipin antibodies.

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference in the assessed hypercoagulable states between patients with or without portal vein thrombosis. A history of previous variceal bleeding with subsequent endoscopic treatment in patients with portal vein thrombosis was significantly higher than in those without it (P = 0.013, OR: 2.526, 95% CI: 1.200 - 5.317).

Conclusions:

In our population of cirrhotic patients, treatment of variceal bleeding predisposed the patients to portal vein thrombosis, but hypercoagulable disorders by themselves were not associated with portal vein thrombosis.     

Noninvasive Diagnosis of Large Esophageal Varices by Fibroscan: Strong Influence of the Cirrhosis Etiology

Background: Large esophageal varices (LOV) were diagnosed by endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis. Noninvasive method would be valuable. Aims: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of Fibroscan for LOV prediction and to investigate the prognostic value of liver stiffness (LS) in cirrhosis. Patients and Methods: One hundred and eighty‐three patients with cirrhosis (103 alcohol, 58 viral, and 22 others) underwent an endoscopy and a Fibroscan. Of those patients, 41 (22.4%) had LOV. Results: Median LS was 33.66 kPa (range: 12–75), higher in patients with LOV than those without (51.24 ± 1.61 vs. 29.81 ± 1.82 kPa, p < 0.0001), and in alcoholic than nonalcoholic (40.39 ± 1.75 vs. 25.73 ± 1.82, p < 0.0001). In whole population, a LS ≥48 kPa predicted LOV with sensitivity, specificity, positive, negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of 73.2, 73.2, 44.1, and 90.4%, respectively, and an area under ROC curve (AUROC) of 0.75 (CI 95%: 0.69–0.82). For alcoholic cirrhosis, LS was ≥47.2 kPa with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of 84.6, 63.6, 44, and 92.5%, respectively, AUROC 0.77 (0.68–0.85). For viral cirrhosis, a LS ≥19.8 kPa generated diagnostic values of 88.9, 55.1, 26.7, and 96.4% and 0.73 (0.60–0.84). Sixteen (8.75%) patients died at 1 year. In multivariate analysis, LS was not predictive of mortality. Conclusions: Etiology of cirrhosis has strong impact on LS cutoff for diagnosis of LOV. Studies should be performed with homogenous cirrhosis etiology.     

胰岛素抵抗与肝硬化门脉高压的关系

胰岛素抵抗与疾病发生的关系受到众多学者的关注 ,胰岛素敏感指数是客观反映胰岛素抵抗的指标。肝硬化患者普遍存在高胰岛素血症现象 ,胰岛素抵抗是否与门脉高压的发生有关值得探讨。我们对 46肝硬化患者的胰岛素敏感指数、门脉内径、血流速度、流量、尿钠浓度进行联合测定 ,并与 12例健康对照者比较。现将结果报道如下。对象与方法1.对象 :( 1)肝硬化组 46例 ,均为 1998～ 1999年住院的肝炎性肝硬化患者 ,按Ｃｈｉｌｄ分级 :Ａ级 16例 ,Ｂ级 18例 ,Ｃ级 12例 ,年龄 35～ 72岁 ,平均年龄 5 3岁。 ( 2 )对照组 12人 ,为健康查体者 ,年龄 2 8…     

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Idiopathic Portal Hypertension: Indications and Outcome

Background: Idiopathic portal hypertension is a rare clinical syndrome which may be associated with a spectrum of histological lesions, including nodular regenerative hyperplasia and incomplete septal cirrhosis. Here, we report eight adult patients with idiopathic portal hypertension who experienced an unusually severe clinical evolution characterized by the development of progressive hepatic failure requiring orthotopic liver transplantation. Our aims are: (a) to stress the distinctive clinical presentation of these patients, (b) to describe their biological and histopathological features, and (c) to evaluate the results of orthotopic liver transplantation in this rare indication. Methods: Complete clinical charts and histological data were available in all patients. All patients were male. Their age at diagnosis ranged from 17 to 59 years. Complications of portal hypertension revealed the disease in all cases. Medical treatment was performed in all patients and portosystemic shunt in three. Results: The development of progressive hepatic failure led to the indication of liver transplantation after a delay ranging from 3 to 10 years. Explanted livers showed pure nodular regenerative hyperplasia in three patients and incomplete septal cirrhosis in five. Recovery was uneventful. All patients are alive, without recurrence of the disease. Conclusions: This report points to the existence of severe cases of idiopathic portal hypertension occurring without underlying or associated systemic disease and characterized by a poor clinical course and requiring liver transplantation.     

肝硬化患者TIPS术后再出血原因分析

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）是缺乏外科手术指征且内镜治疗失败的肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血（EGVB）患者的重要治疗选择.目的：分析TIPS术后再出血患者的出血原因.方法：2006年10月-2010年10月于昆明医学院第二附属医院接受TIPS治疗的124例肝硬化EGVB患者纳入研究,对术后随访中再次发生消化道出血者的再出血原因和相应处理方法进行回顾性分析.结果：TIPS手术成功率和术后即刻止血率为98.4%（122例）.21例（17.2%）患者于术后10h至22个月再次发生消化道出血,再出血原因分别为分流道狭窄、闭塞引起的曲张静脉破裂（66.7%）、食管责门黏膜撕裂综合征（9.5%）、急性胃黏膜病变（14.3%）和抗凝过度（9.5%）.经再次、三次介入治疗或对症治疗后,大部分患者成功止血.结论：分流道狭窄、闭塞是肝硬化患者TIPS术后再出血的主要原因,同时亦应重视其他因素引起的再出血,从而提高,TIPS的远期疗效.     

Clinical Characteristics of Portal Hemodynamics in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis

Background: Low incidence of reversal blood flow at the portal vein has been reported by measurement in larger and extrahepatic blood vessels but not in intrahepatic blood vessels in patients with liver cirrhosis. Moreover, there is little information regarding the incidence of reversal blood on the basis of the cause of liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to measure the reversal blood flow in the portal vein including intrahepatic branches in patients with alcoholic and viral cirrhosis.
Methods: The blood flow in the portal vein and existence of portosystemic shunt were studied in 52 and 27 patients with alcoholic and viral cirrhosis, respectively, by Doppler ultrasonography. The parameters of liver function test and the prevalence of ascites and esophageal varices were compared between patients with and without reversal blood flow.
Results: Reversal blood flow at the portal vein was found only in patients with only alcoholic cirrhosis (17 of 52 patients) but not in any patients with viral cirrhosis (0 of 27 patients; p < 0.05). The incidence of portosystemic ascites and red color of esophageal varices was also higher in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis with reversal blood flow in the portal vein compared with patients without reversal blood flow ( p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Reversal blood flow in the portal vein is a characteristic feature of alcoholic cirrhosis. The presence of reversal blood flow indicates severe liver diseases, and this feature may have prognostic importance for patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.     

冠腔分流联合脾切除术在门静脉高压症中的应用价值

门静脉高压症是肝硬化常见且致命的并发症,其主要发病机制是门静脉系统压力的持续性升高和内脏血流高动力状态的存在,常常导致食管胃底静脉重度曲张并伴随脾大脾功能亢进[1]。我国现有慢性HBV感染者约9300万人,每年因肝硬化门静脉高压症死亡的患者数以万计。由于食管胃底曲张的静脉壁十分薄弱且仅有黏膜覆盖,因此,极容易诱发破裂出血[2]。加之患者往往合并肝炎肝硬化基础疾病,肝储备能力和凝血功能较差,且脾功能亢进使血小板明显减少,因此,出血极难控制且常常反复发生,严重时危及生命[3]。     

多潘立酮对肝硬化患者门脉系统血流量的影响

背景:肝硬化病程迁延且内外科治疗效果均不理想,寻找有效的治疗药物一直是该领域研究的热点。目的:探讨多潘立酮对肝硬化患者门脉系统血流量的影响。方法:以20名健康人作为正常对照,用多普勒超声分别测定32例肝硬化患者服用多潘立酮前和服用2周后的门静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉血流参数。多潘立酮的用法为10mg tid口服。结果:多潘立酮治疗前,肝硬化患者的门静脉血流量(PVF)显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01),脾静脉血流量(SVF)和肠系膜上静脉血流量(SMVF)显著高于正常对照组(p<0.01);治疗后,肝硬化患者的PVF较治疗前无显著差异,SVF和SMVF虽显著低于治疗前(P<0.01),但仍高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论:多潘立酮可能对肝硬化患者的内脏高动力循环状态有改善作用。