A simple electrochemical sensor based on rGO/MoS2/CS modified GCE for highly sensitive detection of Pb(ii) in tobacco leaves

High-performance electrode modification materials play a crucial role in improving the sensitivity of sensor detection in electrochemical determination of heavy metals. In this study, a rGO/MoS₂/CS nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used to construct a sensitive sensor for detecting lead ions in tobacco leaves. The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used to increase the conductivity of the sensor, and the nano-flowered MoS₂ could provide a large reaction specific surface area and a certain active site for heavy metal reaction. Chitosan (CS) was used to improve the enrichment ability of heavy metals and increase the electrocatalytic activity of electrode. Thus, an electrochemical sensor with excellent performance in reproducibility, stability and anti-interference ability was established. The stripping behavior of Pb(ii) and the application conditions of the sensor were studied by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The investigation indicated that the sensor exhibited high detection sensitivity in the range of 0.005–0.05–2.0 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0016 μM. This work can provide a fast and effective method for determination of Pb(ii) in samples with low content, such as tobacco leaves.

High-performance electrode modification materials play a crucial role in improving the sensitivity of sensor detection in electrochemical determination of heavy metals.     

A voltammetric sensor based on reduced graphene oxide-hemin-Ag nanocomposites for sensitive determination of tyrosine

A novel voltammetric sensor was designed and used for the determination of l-tyrosine (l-Tyr) by surface modification of a glassy carbon electrode with reduced graphene oxide-hemin-Ag (rGO-H-Ag) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method and characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The determination of l-Tyr was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and further quantified using differential pulse voltammetry. The results revealed a significant enhanced electrochemical oxidation effect for l-Tyr at the nanocomposites modified electrode. Two linear ranges from 0.1 to 100 μM and 100 to 1000 μM as well as a low detection limit of 30 nM (S/N = 3) were obtained. In addition, the sensor also demonstrated good selectivity, reproducibility and stability.

A novel electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of l-Tyr was designed with a rGO-H-Ag nanocomposite modified electrode.     

Electro-spinning fabrication of nitrogen,phosphorus co-doped porous carbon nanofiber as an electro-chemiluminescent sensor for the determination of cyproheptadine

Nitrogen, phosphorus co-doped porous carbon nanofiber (N, P-PCNF) is prepared by electrospinning the mixed solution of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and phosphoric acid followed by carbonization. The N, P-PCNF as a modified electrode material is directly used to fabricate an electro-chemiluminescent sensor for determination of cyproheptadine, and owing to the large specific area, more active sites and promotion of electron transfer, the sensor exhibits high electro-catalytic activity, high sensitivity, a good linear relationship ranging from 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ and a low detection limit (2.89 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹). In addition, the good recoveries indicate that the sensor is a promising device for the detection of cyproheptadine in real samples.

Nitrogen, phosphorus co-doped porous carbon nanofiber is as electrode modified material to fabricate an electro-chemiluminescent sensor for detecting cyproheptadine.     

Simultaneous detection of acetaminophen,catechol and hydroquinone using a graphene-assisted electrochemical sensor

Simple, rapid and sensitive analysis of drug-derived pollutants is critically valuable for environmental monitoring. Here, taking acetaminophen, hydroquinone and catechol as a study example, a sensor based on an ITO/APTES/r-GO@Au electrode was developed for separate and simultaneous determination of phenolic pollutants. ITO electrodes that are modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), graphene (GO) and Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) can significantly enhance the electronic transport of phenolic pollutants at the electrode surface. The redox mechanisms of phenolic pollutants include the electron transfer with the enhancement of r-GO@Au. The modified ITO electrode exhibits excellent electrical properties to phenolic pollutants and a good linear relationship between ECL intensity and the concentration of phenolic pollutants, with a limit of detection of 0.82, 1.41 and 1.95 μM, respectively. The separate and simultaneous determination of AP, CC and HQ is feasible with the ITO/APTES/r-GO@Au electrode. The sensor shows great promise as a low-lost, sensitive, and rapid method for simultaneous determination of drug-derived pollutants.

Simple, rapid and sensitive analysis of drug-derived pollutants is critically valuable for environmental monitoring.     

A screen printed carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles as a sensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of thiamphenicol residue in milk

Antibiotic residues in milk are of great concern for health regulatory agencies, milk consumers, and dairy farmers due to their destructive effects, ranging from allergic reactions, antibiotic resistance and the ability to interfere with the production of fermented products (i.e. cheese and yogurt). Therefore, a reliable, fast, and simple method needs to be developed to monitor antibiotic residues in milk samples before distribution to consumers. In this study, the first sensitive electrochemical sensor is presented for the determination of thiamphenicol (TAP), a broad-spectrum antibiotic in bovine milk. In the fabrication process, a screen printed electrode (SPE) was modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using ethylenediamine (en) as a cross linker. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed an adsorptive control process for the electro-oxidation of TAP at −0.1 V on the modified electrode of SPE/CNT/en/AuNPs. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was applied for the quantitative determination of TAP under optimized conditions (0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 6.0, accumulation potential −0.7 V, and accumulation time 150 s). A DPV study for TAP shows a wide linear calibration range of 0.1–30 μM with the detection limit of 0.003 μM. Furthermore, the developed sensor displays high sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and good stability for the detection of TAP. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of spiked TAP in bovine milk with satisfactory results.

The first portable electrochemical sensor was constructed for monitoring of thiamphenicol residue in fresh milk based on electro-oxidation of thiamphenicol on the surface of CNTs and AuNPs.     

Sensitive and selective detection of the highly toxic pesticide carbofuran in vegetable samples by a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor with signal enhancement by AuNPs

An imprinted electrochemical sensor was constructed for the detection of carbofuran with high sensitivity and selectivity. AuNPs were used as the electron wire for signal amplification, and molecularly imprinted polymer was used as the recognition element. The preparation process of the modified electrode was optimized, and the electrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The results proved that the prepared sensor can selectively detect carbofuran and the AuNPs can increase its sensitivity. The method validation included the systematic evaluation of the linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and stability. The optimized sensor showed a wide linear response to carbofuran in the range from 5.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ with a low detection limit of 2.4 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹. The sensor also exhibited a high selectivity to carbofuran. The real sample analysis for vegetable samples suggested its potential application in the analysis of vegetable samples.

An imprinted electrochemical sensor was constructed for the detection of carbofuran with high sensitivity and selectivity.     

Hybrid ZnO–graphene electrode with palladium nanoparticles on Ni foam and application to self-powered nonenzymatic glucose sensing

A self-powered nonenzymatic glucose sensor electrode boasts the advantages of both a glucose sensor and fuel cell. Herein, an electrode composed of ZnO–graphene hybrid materials on nickel foam (NF) is prepared by electrodeposition of Pd NPs. The electrode is characterized systematically and the dependence of electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose on the concentrations of KOH and glucose, temperature, and potential limit in the anodic direction is investigated. The Pd/NF-ZnO–G electrode shows high catalytic activity, sensitivity, stability, and selectivity in glucose detection, as exemplified by an electrocatalytic glucose oxidation current of 222.2 mA cm⁻² under alkaline conditions, high linearity in the glucose concentration range from 5 μM to 6 mM (R² = 0.98), and high sensitivity of 129.44 μA mM⁻¹⁻¹ cm⁻². The Pd/NF-ZnO–G electrode which exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity under alkaline conditions has large potential in nonenzymatic glucose sensing and direct glucose fuel cells and is suitable for miniaturized self-powered nonenzymatic glucose sensing.

A self-powered nonenzymatic glucose sensor electrode boasts the advantages of both a glucose sensor and fuel cell.     

A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on cobalt nitride nanoarray electrode for the sensitive detection of bisphenol S

A substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) has endocrine disruptive and toxic effects and could pose potential risk on human health and the environment. Herein, we fabricated a sensitive molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence (MIECL) sensor for the determination of BPS. CoN nanoarray with outstanding electrical conductivity was prepared and it directly served as the sensor platform. Especially, due to the high surface area of the porous CoN nanoarray, the ECL probe of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ could be absorbed on the electrode. By means of the cation exchange of Nafion membrane and utilizing tripropylamine (TPrA) as co-reactant, boosted ECL signals were obtained. Meanwhile, by combining with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), the constructed sensor achieved specific recognition of BPS. On the basis of the superior properties of the CoN nanoarray-based electrode, the ECL signal of the proposed sensor was linearly proportional to the BPS concentration from 2.4 × 10⁻⁹ to 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ (R² = 0.9965) with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 8.1 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹ (S/N = 3). To test the accuracy of the proposed method, the HPLC method was adopted to analyze drinking water samples as a comparison. The t-test result proved that discrepancies between HPLC analysis and the method using the fabricated MIECL sensor were acceptable. The developed MIECL sensor with the sensitive, selective, reproducible, and stable analytical performance provides a potential pathway for the detection of BPS and other BPA substitutes in drinking water samples.

Sensitive molecularly imprinted ECL sensor for the determination of BPS based on the CoN nanoarray electrode directly used as the ECL sensing platform was fabricated for the first time.     

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of levodopa and piroxicam using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite

A highly conductive electrochemical sensor was constructed for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of levodopa and piroxicam by modification of a glassy carbon electrode with a ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite (GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs). The ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite was synthesized by the sol–gel procedure and was characterized by EDAX, MAP and SEM. The sensor was shown to improve the oxidation signal of levodopa and piroxicam by ∼70.2-fold and ∼41.5-fold, respectively. This marks the first time that the electrochemical behavior of levodopa and piroxicam have been investigated at the surface of GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs. The voltammogram showed a quasi-reversible signal and an irreversible redox signal for electro-oxidation of levodopa and piroxicam, respectively. The GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs showed a linear dynamic range of 0.6 to 100.0 μM (at a potential of ∼180 mV) and 0.1 to 90 μM (at a potential of ∼480 mV) with detection limits of 0.08 and 0.04 μM for the determination of levodopa and piroxicam, respectively. GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs were then applied for the determination of levodopa and piroxicam in real samples.

A highly conductive electrochemical sensor was constructed for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of levodopa and piroxicam by modification of a glassy carbon electrode with a ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite (GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs).     

A ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide coated titanium electrode for pH measurement

This paper reports the pH sensing capability of a ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) and iridium oxide (IrO₂) coated titanium (ROIOT) electrode. The characterization results indicated that the ROIOT electrode had a cracked morphology. The RuO₂ and IrO₂ particles were decorated on the surface of the electrode. The ROIOT electrode showed near-Nernstian sensitivity of −50.8 mV pH⁻¹, with a wide detection range of pH 2–12. The response time was 4.0–13.5 s, which was fast and very sensitive to the pH change. The ROIOT electrode also demonstrated great detection reversibility and stability in various pH conditions. In the long-term experiment of 30 d, potential measurements using the ROIOT electrode had a minor fluctuation of 1.5 mV d⁻¹. The practical application of the ROIOT electrode was demonstrated by measuring the pH values of various buffer solutions and complex samples. With the advantages of low cost and simple production, it is believed that the ROIOT electrode could be a promising candidate for use as a sensing material for pH sensor development.

A ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide coated titanium electrode could be a good pH sensing material candidate.     

Novel porous iron phthalocyanine based metal–organic framework electrochemical sensor for sensitive vanillin detection

Vanillin is widely used as a flavor enhancer and is known to have numerous other interesting properties, including antidepressant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, as excess vanillin consumption can affect liver and kidney function, simple and rapid detection methods for vanillin are required. Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of vanillin was fabricated using an iron phthalocyanine (FePc)-based metal–organic framework (MOF). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the FePc MOF has a hollow porous structure and a large surface area, which impart this material with high adsorption performance. A glassy carbon electrode modified with the FePc MOF exhibited good electrocatalytic performance for the detection of vanillin. In particular, this vanillin sensor had a wide linear range of 0.22–29.14 μM with a low detection limit of 0.05 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to the determination of vanillin in real samples such as vanillin tablets and human serum.

A novel electrochemical sensor based on an iron phthalocyanine (FePc) MOF for the sensitive detection of vanillin.     

Determination of cesium ions in environmental water samples with a magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube imprinted potentiometric sensor

A potentiometric sensor, based on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/cesium ion-imprinted polymer composite (MMWCNTs@Cs-IIP), is introduced for the detection of cesium(i). The IIP was synthesized using cesium ions as the template ions, chitosan as the functional monomer and glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The membrane, which was coated on the surface of the GCE, was prepared using MMWCNTs@Cs(i)-IIP as the modifier, PVC as the neutral carrier, 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether as the plasticizer and sodium tetraphenylborate as the lipophilic salt. The proposed sensor exhibited a Nernstian slope of 0.05954 V dec⁻¹ in a working concentration range of 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 1 × 10⁻⁴ M (mol L⁻¹) with a detection limit of 4 × 10⁻⁸ M. The sensor exhibited high selectivity for cesium ions and was successfully applied for the determination of Cs(i) in real samples.

A Cs(i)-selective potentiometric microsensor based on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/cesium ion-imprinted polymer has been developed.     

A hybrid nanocomposite of CeO2–ZnO–chitosan as an enhanced sensing platform for highly sensitive voltammetric determination of paracetamol and its degradation product p-aminophenol

For the determination of paracetamol (PAR) and its primary degradation product (p-aminophenol, PAP) a highly selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated. A glassy carbon microspheres paste electrode (GCMPE) was modified with a CeO₂–ZnO–chitosan hybrid nanocomposite (CeO₂–ZnO–CS) which was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The CeO₂–ZnO–CS/GCMPE was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The modified GCMPE exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for the determination of PAR and PAP separately or simultaneously, typically at working potentials of 0.38 and 0.09 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The square wave voltammetric response in solutions of near-neutral pH value increases linearly in the 20 nM to 1.8 μM PAR concentration range, and the lower LOD is 0.86 nM. The sensor is shown to enable the determination of PAR even in the presence of a 180-fold excess of PAP. PAR and PAP can also be simultaneously determined, and the LODs for PAR and PAP are 0.98 nM and 9.5 nM, respectively. The results agreed well with data obtained using other electrodes. The sensor is reproducible and stable over eight weeks, and interference by biologically essential compounds is negligible. The method was applied to the determination of PAR in pharmaceutical formulations and in spiked blood serum and urine samples. The relative standard deviations ranged from 97.5 to 102.0%.

A highly selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on CeO₂–ZnO–chitosan hybrid nanocomposite modified electrode and was successfully applied for the determination of PAR in pharmaceutical formulations.     

N-Hydroxysuccinimide crosslinked graphene oxide–gold nanoflower modified SPE electrode for sensitive detection of chloramphenicol antibiotic

Here we introduce a composite material that consists of graphene oxide (GO) sheets crosslinked with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and functionalized with gold nanoflowers (AuNFs). Furthermore, a screen printed electrode (SPE) modified with the introduced composite is electrochemically reduced to obtain an SPE/rGO–NHS–AuNFs electrode for sensitive and selective determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic drug. The morphological structure of the as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed sensor demonstrated excellent performance with a linear concentration range of 0.05 to 100 μM and a detection limit of 1 nM. The proposed electrode offers a high level of selectivity, stability, reproducibility and a satisfactory recovery rate for electrochemical detection of CAP in real samples such as blood serum, poultry feed, milk, eggs, honey and powdered milk samples. This further demonstrates the practical feasibility of the proposed sensor in food analysis.

Here we introduce a composite material that consists of graphene oxide (GO) sheets crosslinked with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and functionalized with gold nanoflowers (AuNFs).     

Construction and application of highly sensitive spinel nanocrystalline zinc chromite decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube modified carbon paste electrode (ZnCr2O4@MWCNTs/CPE) for electrochemical determination of alogliptin benzoate in bulk and its dosage form: green chemistry assessment

A new sensor for alogliptin benzoate (ALG) estimation based on a simple and sensitive method was evolved on multiwalled-carbon-nanotube modified nanocrystalline zinc chromite carbon paste electrodes (ZnCr₂O₄@MWCNTs/CPEs). ALG electrochemical behavior was evaluated using a cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The new electrode materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) for elemental analysis and mapping, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. All these measurements exhibiting enhanced activity and high conductivity compared to the bare electrode without modification. The calibration curves obtained for ALG were in the ranges of 0.1–20 μmol L⁻¹ with a quantification and detection limits of 0.09 and 0.03 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. The prepared sensor showed a good sensitivity and selectivity with less over potential for ALG determination. Finally, the presented method was successfully applied as a simple, precise and selective electrochemical electrode for the estimation of ALG in its pharmaceutical dosage form.

A new sensor for alogliptin benzoate (ALG) estimation based on a simple and sensitive method was evolved on multiwalled-carbon-nanotube modified nanocrystalline zinc chromite carbon paste electrodes (ZnCr₂O₄@MWCNTs/CPEs).     

4-Pentenoyl-isoleucyl-chitosan oligosaccharide and acrylamide functional monomer-dependent hybrid bilayer molecularly imprinted membrane for sensitive electrochemical sensing of bisphenol A

In this work, an electrochemical sensor was designed for trace monitoring of bisphenol A (BPA) by decorating a hybrid bilayer molecularly imprinted membrane (MIM) on a multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode. When BPA in the MIM was eluted, a composite molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was constructed. Under optimal conditions, the developed sensor showed two linear relationships between ΔI_p and BPA concentration in the range of 0.04 μM to 8 μM, as well as good selectivity and stability, and was also applied to detect BPA in water samples with desirable recoveries ranging from 92.0% to 107.0%.

A hybrid bilayer molecularly imprinted membrane-dependent electrochemical sensor was developed for bisphenol A assay based on 4-pentenoyl-isoleucyl-chitosan oligosaccharide and acrylamide functional monomers.     

A dopamine electrochemical sensor based on a platinum–silver graphene nanocomposite modified electrode

A platinum–silver graphene (Pt–Ag/Gr) nanocomposite modified electrode was fabricated for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA). Electrochemical studies of the Pt–Ag/Gr nanocomposite towards DA detection were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The CV analysis showed that Pt–Ag/Gr/GCE had enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards DA oxidation due to the synergistic effects between the platinum–silver nanoparticles and graphene. The DPV results showed that the modified sensor demonstrated a linear concentration range between 0.1 and 60 μM with a limit of detection of 0.012 μM. The Pt–Ag/Gr/GCE presented satisfactory results for reproducibility, stability and selectivity. The prepared sensor also showed acceptable recoveries for a real sample study.

A platinum–silver graphene nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized. A nanocomposite modified electrode was fabricated in order to investigate the electrochemical detection of dopamine.     

A thio-β-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene/gold nanoparticle electrochemical sensor: a study of the size effect of the gold nanoparticles and the determination of tetrabromobisphenol A

In this study, a novel tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) sensor was fabricated based on a CTAB-capped gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-thio-β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD)/graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The peak current of TBBPA was dramatically enhanced by the AuNPs with a diameter of 6.2 nm on the modified electrodes compared with the other sized particles (10.1 or 16.1 nm). To further improve the electrochemical performance of the modified electrode, the influence of pH of the buffer solution and the accumulation time on the determination were investigated. The optimum pH and accumulation time were 7.0 and 180 s, respectively. The developed sensor exhibited good reproducibility, and excellent sensitivity and selectivity, showing a low detection limit (1.2 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹) and a linear range from 1.5 × 10⁻⁸ to 7 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹. In addition, a possible oxidization mechanism of TBBPA was also discussed. Finally, this sensor was successfully applied to detect TBBPA in water samples, and the results were consistent with those acquired by high-performance liquid chromatography.

In this study, a novel tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) sensor was fabricated based on a CTAB-capped gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-thio-β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD)/graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE).     

Reduced graphene oxide-supported methylene blue nanocomposite as a glucose oxidase-mimetic for electrochemical glucose sensing

In this paper, a hybrid nanocomposite (MB-rGO) was synthesized based on the π–π stacking interactions between methylene blue (MB) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The as-synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-vis and XPS spectra. UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemical tests suggested the MB-rGO modified on the electrode exhibited glucose oxidase-mimetic catalytic activity towards glucose, and displayed excellent electrocatalytic performance for electrochemical detection of glucose with a wide linear range from 1.04 to 17.44 mM, a low detection limit of 45.8 μM and a large sensitivity of 13.08 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻². The proposed glucose sensor also showed high stability, reproducibility and good abilities of anti-interference to dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid. Moreover, the modified electrode was used to determine glucose concentration in human blood serum samples with satisfactory results.

A novel electrochemical glucose sensor based on methylene blue-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite was constructed, and the sensor exhibited good glucose oxidase-mimetic electrocatalytic activity towards glucose and practical applicability.     

Platinum nanoparticles decorating a biomass porous carbon nanocomposite-modified electrode for the electrocatalytic sensing of luteolin and application

A sensitive electrochemical method was proposed for the determination of luteolin based on platinum (Pt) nanoparticles decorating a biomass porous carbon (BPC) composite-modified carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE). For Pt–BPC/CILE, a pair of well-defined redox peaks of luteolin appeared with enhanced peak currents and the positive movement of peak potentials, proving the electrocatalytic activity of the Pt–BPC nanocomposite for redox reaction. The results can be ascribed to the porous structure of BPC, the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles and their synergistic effects. Electrochemical parameters were calculated via cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The results showed that the oxidation peak currents increased linearly with the concentration of luteolin in the range from 0.008 to 100.0 μmol L⁻¹, with a detection limit of 2.6 ± 0.054 nmol L⁻¹. The analytical performance of this sensor was checked by the detection of luteolin contents in a real Duyiwei capsule sample with satisfactory results.

A Pt–BPC nanocomposite-modified electrode was fabricated for luteolin detection.