Mannich bases of hydroxycoumarins: synthesis,DFT/QTAIM computational study and assessment of biological activity

The synthesis of six Mannich bases derived from hydroxycoumarins was carried out in moderate yields, two of these derivatives were described for the first time. Conformational analysis was performed through DFT theoretical calculations explaining the formation of stable six membered rings based on intramolecular hydrogen bonds within the structure. These findings were correlated with the antiproliferative activity. The biological activity of the Mannich bases through their antiproliferative activity in the HeLa cancer cell line is described for the first time, showing that the compounds were able to inhibit proliferation in cervical cancer by more than 60%. Likewise, the theoretical modeling of the photophysical properties was realized with promising results, showing that the HOMO–LUMO energies of the new compounds present the lowest electronic gap values for those with donor groups in their structure, which makes them potential fluorophores.

Mannich bases derived from hydroxycoumarins as interesting scaffolds for several applications.     

Synthesis,characterization, and sorption activity of novel azo-colorants derived from phloroglucinol and antipyrine and their metal complexes

Two novel azo-colorants derived from phloroglucinol and antipyrine as well as 10 metal complexes with Co(ii), Ni(ii), Zn(ii), Cu(ii), and Cd(ii) were isolated and studied by a set of methods (¹H, ¹³C NMR, IR, UV-VIS, EPR, X-ray structure determination). The azo-coupling of phloroglucinol with a 5-pyrazolone amino-derivative led to the isolation of a colorant H₃L¹ which was presented in the hydroxy-azo tautomeric form. At nitrosation of H₃L¹, the product H₃L² was isolated, which can be described as tri-oxo di-hydroxylamino hydrazone. According to the X-ray structure determination, the Cd-complex of H₃L¹ exhibited the dimeric form with two unionized organic ligands in the inner sphere. It was also found that chloride anions bridge two cadmium cations to form dimers. According to EPR spectra, the Cu-complex with H₃L¹ exhibited distorted tetragonal symmetry associated with the d_x²−y² ground state rather than d_z², and the corresponding Cu–H₃L² complex was described by a cubic symmetry of the coordination medium. Both H₃L¹, H₃L², and their metal complexes show coloristic activity towards wool, polyamide, and polyacetate fibers, which are strongly resistant towards UV-irradiation. The H₃L² compound possessed good sorption activity towards heavy metal cations from aqueous solutions of trace concentrations both under static and dynamic conditions.

Two novel azo-colorants derived from phloroglucinol and antipyrine, and 10 metal complexes were studied. Both the ligands and their metal complexes show coloristic activity, while the H₃L² compound possesses good sorption activity.     

Dihydronaphthofurans: synthetic strategies and applications

Dihydronaphthofurans (DHNs) are an important class of arene ring-fused furans which are widely found in many natural and non-natural products and drug candidates with relevant biological and pharmacological activities. Furthermore, vinylidene-naphthofurans exhibit photochromic properties when exposed to UV or sun light at room temperature. For these reasons, a vast array of synthetic procedures for the preparation of dihydronaphthofurans including annulation of naphthols with various reagents, cycloaddition reactions ([3 + 2], [4 + 1] and Diels–Alder), intramolecular transannulation, Friedel–Crafts, Wittig, Claisen rearrangement, neophyl rearrangement and other reactions under various conditions have been developed over the past decades. This review aims to describe the different strategies developed so far for the synthesis of dihydronaphthofurans and their applications. After a brief introduction to the types of dihydronaphthofurans and their biological activities, the different synthetic approaches such as chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical, methods are described and organized on the basis of the catalysts and the other reagents employed in the syntheses. The subsequent section focuses on biological and pharmacological applications and photochromic properties of the target compounds.

Dihydronaphthofurans (DHNs) are an important class of arene ring-fused furans which are widely found in many natural and non-natural products and drug candidates with relevant biological and pharmacological activities.     

异种生物衍生骨支架材料的制备及性能

背景：异种骨来源丰富,价格低廉,处理相对简单容易,处理后骨支架保留原有骨的微结构,具有良好的促成骨、骨传导及骨诱导活性。目的：检测自制生物衍生骨支架材料的理化性质及体外细胞相容性。方法：通过脱蛋白、脱脂、脱钙,深低温冻存制备猪源性松质骨支架材料。组织学检测松质骨处理前后的变化,扫描电镜观察材料结构及计算孔隙直径,采用液体置换法检测支架材料的孔隙率,体外降解速度,能谱分析及体外复合兔骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞相容性。结果与结论：处理后的松质骨支架材料具有三维多孔结构,孔隙直径150.8-306.7μm,孔隙率84.5%-89.7%。材料在前6周降解速度稍慢,6周后材料降解率曲线基本呈线性且降解速度明显加快,10周时材料接近完全降解,降解率达92.8%。松质骨支架材料孔隙大小适合骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附和增殖。表明生物衍生骨支架材料性能良好,细胞相容性良好,适用于构建组织工程骨。     

Synthesis of Schiff and Mannich bases of new s-triazole derivatives and their potential applications for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution and as antimicrobial agents

An efficient, simple, and one-pot double Mannich reaction was performed for the synthesis of cyclized 2-methyl-6-substituted-6,7-dihydro-5H-s-triazolo[5,1-b]-1,3,5-thiadiazines via a reaction of 5-methyl-1H-s-triazole-3-thiol (1) with formaldehyde and primary aliphatic amines in ethanol at room temperature, while with primary aromatic amines, uncyclized 3-methyl-1-((substituted-amino)methyl)-1H-s-triazole-5-thiols were produced. Under Mannich reaction conditions, 4-amino-3-methyl-s-triazole-5-thiol (8) reacted with formaldehyde only in boiling ethanol or at room temperature to afford 3-methyl-5,6-dihydro-s-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole without incorporation of secondary amine. Furthermore, after reaction of compound 8 with aromatic aldehydes under different reaction conditions, uncyclized Schiff''s bases were produced. Therefore, reaction of these Schiff''s bases with primary or secondary amines with formaldehyde in ethanol at room temperature afforded the corresponding Mannich bases 13–14. The structures of all new compounds were confirmed using spectral analysis. Furthermore, most of the synthesized derivatives showed high efficiency for removal of Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ from aqueous solutions, as well as antimicrobial activity.

An efficient synthesis of Schiff and Mannich bases of new s-triazole derivatives under mild conditions has been developed for the removal of Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ from aqueous solutions and as antimicrobial agents.     

不同冻存保护剂对脐血造血细胞生物学特性的影响

目的 探索有效低温保存脐血造血细胞的冻存保护剂。方法 对比４种不同的联合低温保护地脐血有核细胞（ＴＮＣ）的保护作用,并在冻存后１,２,３及４个月分别检测其复苏后脐血ＣＤＥ３４＾＋细胞及集落形成细胞（ＣＦＣ）数。结果 ４种不同联合的低温保护剂对脐血ＴＮＣ,ＣＤ３４＾＋细胞及ＣＦＣ的保护作用判别显,依次为右旋糖酐－４０（Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ－４０）＋二甲基亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）〉生理盐水＋ＤＭＳＯ〉ＤＭＳＯ＋自     

Polysulfonates derived from metal thiolate complexes as inhibitors of HIV-1 and various other enveloped viruses in vitro

Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate reacts with the metal ions Pd(II), Pt(II), Ag(I), Cd(II) and Zn(II) to yield complexes containing multiple anionic sulfonate sites. On the basis of spectroscopic and other analytical data the complexes were assigned the tentative molecular formulas: Pd6(SCH2CH2SO3Na)12, Ptn(SCH2CH2SO3Na)2n+2, Agn(SCH2CH2SO3Na)n, Na2Zn4(SCH2CH2SO3Na)10, and Na2Cd4(SCH2CH2SO3Na)10. The complexes displayed a variety of differences in activity towards DNA and RNA viruses. The platinum complex showed no measurable cytotoxicity and exhibited a spectrum of antiviral activity resembling that of dextran sulfate. It was active against HIV-1 and HIV-2, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-1, human cytomegalovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Sindbis virus, Junin virus and Tacaribe virus. The palladium complex also showed no measurable cytotoxicity, but was completely inactive against most viruses, with one notable exception: both HIV-1 and HIV-2 were substantially inhibited by the palladium complex. The silver complex showed significantly less antiviral activity and greater cytotoxicity than the platinum complex but did show some selectivity against RSV. The zinc complex showed only modest activity against VSV, RSV, Junin virus, and Tacaribe virus, and like the silver compound was more cytotoxic than either the platinum or palladium complex. The cadmium complex was toxic to all of the cell lines used for in vitro evaluation of antiviral activity. Based on these results, the platinum and palladium compounds appear to be promising candidates for further studies, that is, as vaginal microbicides in the prevention of genital HIV and/or HSV transmission.     

Comparison of porous carbons derived from sodium alginate and calcium alginate and their electrochemical properties

Here, sodium alginate and calcium alginate which have the same carbon-forming component (alginic acid) and different regulation component (sodium/calcium) were used to prepare porous carbons, and comparisons were made of the microstructures and electrochemical properties of the obtained charcoals. The morphology was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results show that porous carbons can inherit plane or concave structures from their corresponding carbonized samples. The Horvath–Kawazoe (HK) method was used to analyze micropore size distributions, and the results show that, under the same mass ratio of potassium hydroxide to carbonized sample (KOH/C), the positions of extreme points on the two curves are similar, but the extreme values are different, and new extreme points appear at larger pore sizes with increases in the KOH/C ratio. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD) tests show that the capacitance of sodium alginate-derived porous carbon is greater than that of porous carbon derived from calcium alginate when the KOH/C ratios are 2 and 4, and the size relationship is reversed when the KOH/C ratio is 3. The results of cycling performance tests show that the cycle numbers corresponding to the three stages on the two curves are similar under the same KOH/C ratio, but the cycle numbers at the same stage are significantly different under different KOH/C ratios.

Comparisons of the microstructures and electrochemical properties of porous carbons derived from the carbon-forming component alginic acid under the action of Na/Ca.     

天然及合成尿道重建支架材料的生物相容性及力学性能

背景：目前应用何种尿道组织工程修复重建支架材料更为合适的争论仍不断出现,其生物相容性及力学特性的评估也鲜见报道。目的：评估应用于尿道修复重建多种生物材料的力学特性及生物相容性。方法：脱细胞法制备小肠黏膜下层组织、膀胱脱细胞基质以及脱细胞尿道海绵体基质,同时编织法制备聚乙醇酸支架。单轴拉伸测试测定各类支架生物力学特性,光镜及扫描电镜测定支架表面孔径大小。线粒体代谢活性MTT法检测各种生物材料的细胞毒性。所有支架表面接种海绵体平滑肌细胞,体外培养14d后进一步评估细胞渗透情况。结果与结论：生物力学评估显示脱细胞尿道海绵体基质在弹性模量以及断裂强度方面的检测结果明显优于其余材料（P〈0.05）。MTT结果显示所有支架材料均支持正常的细胞生长代谢,并未发现存在明显的细胞毒性。聚乙醇酸在扫描电镜中显示出最大的孔径（〉200μm）,同时脱细胞尿道海绵体基质的尿道面（〈5μm）和海绵体面（〉10μm）观察到明显不同的孔径大小。细胞接种14d后聚乙醇酸材料的内部可见种子细胞的广泛分布,在膀胱脱细胞基质以及脱细胞尿道海绵体基质的尿道面未发现有明显的细胞渗透迹象,而小肠黏膜下层组织和脱细胞尿道海绵体基质的海绵体面观察到明显的细胞渗透生长表现。提示所有支架材料显示出良好的生物相容性,同时在力学特性方面也与正常尿道组织相仿,但脱细胞尿道海绵体基质在力学和组织学的诸多参数上具有一定的优越性。     

天然及合成尿道重建支架材料的生物相容性及力学性能

背景:目前应用何种尿道组织工程修复重建支架材料更为合适的争论仍不断出现,其生物相容性及力学特性的评估也鲜见报道。目的:评估应用于尿道修复重建多种生物材料的力学特性及生物相容性。方法:脱细胞法制备小肠黏膜下层组织、膀胱脱细胞基质以及脱细胞尿道海绵体基质,同时编织法制备聚乙醇酸支架。单轴拉伸测试测定各类支架生物力学特性,光镜及扫描电镜测定支架表面孔径大小。线粒体代谢活性MTT法检测各种生物材料的细胞毒性。所有支架表面接种海绵体平滑肌细胞,体外培养14d后进一步评估细胞渗透情况。结果与结论:生物力学评估显示脱细胞尿道海绵体基质在弹性模量以及断裂强度方面的检测结果明显优于其余材料(P<0.05)。MTT结果显示所有支架材料均支持正常的细胞生长代谢,并未发现存在明显的细胞毒性。聚乙醇酸在扫描电镜中显示出最大的孔径(>200μm),同时脱细胞尿道海绵体基质的尿道面(<5μm)和海绵体面(>10μm)观察到明显不同的孔径大小。细胞接种14d后聚乙醇酸材料的内部可见种子细胞的广泛分布,在膀胱脱细胞基质以及脱细胞尿道海绵体基质的尿道面未发现有明显的细胞渗透迹象,而小肠黏膜下层组织和脱细胞尿道海绵体基质的海绵体面观察到明显的细胞渗透生长表现。提示所有支架材料显示出良好的生物相容性,同时在力学特性方面也与正常尿道组织相仿,但脱细胞尿道海绵体基质在力学和组织学的诸多参数上具有一定的优越性。     

Iron-based single-atom electrocatalysts: synthetic strategies and applications

The performance and cost of electrocatalysts play an important role in the development and application prospects of energy conversion technology. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have constituted a new frontier in the field of catalytic science in recent years. As a non-precious metal, iron (Fe)-SACs show great potential in the field of electrocatalysis, which is comparable to or even better than the performance of precious metal catalysts. However, a robust, generic synthetic strategy toward atomically dispersed Fe catalysts is still lacking, which is still a formidable challenge to maintain the dispersion of Fe atoms at high temperatures and to obtain high catalytic activity. In this review, the latest progress in the synthesis of Fe-SACs is introduced and summarized, and the electrochemical applications of Fe-SACs are further summarized and discussed. Herein, the relationship between the structural characteristics and performance of Fe-SACs is further introduced and discussed. Finally, the existing problems and development prospects of Fe-SACs are discussed.

The performance and cost of electrocatalysts play an important role in the development and application prospects of energy conversion technology.     

Synthesis of histidine kinase inhibitors and their biological properties

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a significant and ever-increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. There is thus an urgent need to develop efficient and well-tolerated antibacterials targeting unique cellular processes. Numerous studies have led to the identification of new biological targets to fight bacterial resistance. Two-component signal transduction systems are widely employed by bacteria to translate external and cellular signals into a cellular response. They are ubiquitous in bacteria, absent in the animal kingdom and are integrated into various virulence pathways. Several chemical series, including isothiazolidones, imidazolium salts, benzoxazines, salicylanilides, thiophenes, thiazolidiones, benzimidazoles, and other derivatives deduced by different approaches have been reported in the literature to have histidine kinase (HK) inhibitory activity. In this review, we report on the design and the synthesis of these HKs inhibitors and their potential to serve as antibacterial agents.     

alpha-Amido boronic acids: a synthetic challenge and their properties as serine protease inhibitors

This review includes a personal account of the history of the development of the alpha-amido boronic acid synthesis and related chemistry in the author's laboratory, as well as a review of some of the more significant developments that have occurred elsewhere more recently. The simple initial target, suggested by biochemist G. E. Lienhard, proved much more elusive to reach than anticipated. The circuitous effort that ultimately revealed the deceptively simple successful route, for which there is still no alternative, will be described. The properties of these compounds as enzyme inhibitors will be described very briefly. More extensive reviews of the enzyme inhibiting properties of alpha-amido boronic acids have appeared recently.     

DNA delivery systems based on complexes of DNA with synthetic polycations and their copolymers.

Block and graft copolymers of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) with 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl methacrylate were synthesised and used for preparation of polyelectrolyte complexes with calf thymus DNA intended for targeted delivery of genes in vivo. In this study the effects of the speed of component mixing, total concentration of polymers, ionic strength of solvents, copolymer structure and content of HPMA in the copolymers on parameters of the polyelectrolyte complexes was investigated. Static and dynamic light scattering methods were used as a main tool for characterising these complexes. The presence of HPMA units in the polycation had no significant effect on its ability to form complexes with DNA, but did affect molecular parameters and aggregation (precipitation) of the complexes. The size of the complexes increases whereas their molecular weight decreases with increasing content of HPMA units. The density of the complexes decreases with increasing HPMA content independently of the copolymer structure. In order to prepare stable DNA complexes containing single DNA molecule, the following rules should be observed: (1) copolymers should have a content of HPMA units higher than 40%; (2) the DNA concentrations in solutions should be kept below 4 x 10(-5) g/ml and (3) both components should be mixed together in deionized water. The stability of the complexes against precipitation in 0.15 M NaCl and the resistance of the complexed DNA to the action of nucleases was also studied. Whereas DNA complexes of all copolymers showed very good nuclease stability, the presence of a sufficiently high content of HPMA is necessary for their good stability in 0.15 M NaCl. The investigation of the stability and the interaction of DNA complexes in aqueous solutions of serum albumin and dilute human blood serum revealed adsorption of biomacromolecules on DNA complexes accompanied by significant changes in the zeta-potential which finally resulted in formation of a "protein layer" and in undesirable precipitation of DNA complexes. In in vitro transfection experiments, the transfection efficiency of DNA complexes with copolymers was always higher than that of the cationic homopolymer slightly increasing with increasing content of HPMA in the copolymers but being about 10-100-times lower than the complexes DNA-poly(L-lysine. In the cytoplasmic injections, it was observed that DNA complexes produced greater gene expression than a direct microinjection of free DNA. The block copolymer complexes were also found to be more efficient than the corresponding simple polycation complexes. In the nuclear microinjection, precisely the opposite behaviour was observed.     

New dinuclear zinc(ii) complexes with Schiff bases obtained from o-phenylenediamine and their application as fluorescent materials in spin coating deposition

Two Zn(ii) complexes, K1 and K2, obtained from the template reaction of zinc(ii) acetate dihydrate with o-phenylenediamine and 2-hydroxy-5-methylisophthalaldehyde (K1) or 2-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxaldehyde (K2), respectively, were characterized by X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic (UV-vis, fluorescence and IR), and thermal methods. In the complex [Zn₂(MeO)_1.4(OH)_0.6(L1)]·2H₂O K1, there are two binding sites in the macrocyclic ligand and they are occupied by zinc(ii) cations found in slightly distorted square pyramidal environment. The zinc(ii) cations are connected by slightly asymmetric oxo bridges with a Zn1–O14–Zn1[−x, −y + 1, −z + 1] angle of 104.8(2)°. In the dimer [Zn₂(CH₃COO)₂(L2)]·2EtOH K2, there are two crystallographically independent binding sites both occupied by zinc(ii) cations. There is a significant difference between both complexes, since in K1 only one site is independent and the second is occupied due to the application of symmetry rules, and the geometry of both sites is identical. Thin layers of the obtained Zn(ii) complexes were deposited on Si(111) by the spin coating method and studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence spectroscopy and ellipsometry. In the non-absorbing range, the value of the refractive index exhibits normal dispersion between 1.8 and 2.1 for K1_1–K1_3; and between 2.3 and 2.6 for the K2 series of samples established for long wavelengths (longer than 500 nm). The Zn(ii) complexes and their thin layers exhibited fluorescence between 534–573 nm and 495–572 nm for the compounds and the layers, respectively. The highest quantum yield of fluorescence was achieved for K2 in benzene and in the solid state ϕ = 0.78 and 0.58, respectively. The influence of the solvent polarity on the fluorescence properties of the obtained complexes was studied. Additionally, DFT calculations were performed to explain the structures and electronic spectral properties of the complexes.

Tin fluorescent materials were obtained using a spin coating method.     

Synthesis and cytotoxicity against tumor cells of pincer N-heterocyclic ligands and their transition metal complexes

The complexes: [CoL₂](ClO₄)₂ (1), [FeL₂](ClO₄)₂ (2), [NiL₂](ClO₄)₂ (3) and [MnLCl₂] (4), with L = diethyl-1,1′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate), were synthesized and fully characterized. Structural analysis revealed two distinct patterns influenced by the counter ions where L acts as a tridentate chelating ligand. The in vitro antitumor activity of L and L′ (diethyl 2,2′-(pyridine-2,6-diylbis(5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,1-diyl)) diacetate) as well as their metal complexes, was tested by the measurement of their cytostatic and cytotoxic properties towards the blood cancer mastocytoma cell line P815. We have also investigated their interactions with the antioxidant enzyme system. As a result, [MnL′Cl₂] (1′) exhibited the strongest activity compared to reference cis-platin with no cytotoxicity towards normal cells PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells). On the other hand, the antioxidant enzyme activity showed that the efficiency of metal complex 1′ against P815 tumor cells was via the rise in the SOD activity and inhibition of CAT enzyme activity. This proof of concept study allows disclosure of a new class of molecules in cancer therapeutics.

The complexes: [CoL₂](ClO₄)₂ (1), [FeL₂](ClO₄)₂ (2), [NiL₂](ClO₄)₂ (3) and [MnLCl₂] (4), with L = diethyl-1,1′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate), were synthesized and fully characterized.     

人正常皮肤和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的培养及生物学差异

背景:成纤维细胞是创伤愈合过程中的主要效应细胞,对瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞进行培养可为体外研究瘢痕疙瘩提供基础.目的:比较体外培养的人正常皮肤和瘢痕疙瘩来源的成纤维细胞生物学特性的差异,为体外研究瘢痕疙瘩提供平台.方法:应用组织微粒贴壁法,对人正常皮肤和瘢痕疙瘩来源的成纤维细胞进行原代培养、传代培养、冻存及复苏,观察二者的生长增殖情况及差异.结果与结论:瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的生长增殖与正常皮肤来源的成纤维细胞无明显差异,二者进入对数生长期的时间大致相同;体外培养的成纤维细胞在液氮中冻存后,细胞复苏状态良好,接种后绝大部分细胞存活,与冻存前无明显差异.说明瘢痕疙瘩来源的成纤维细胞及正常皮肤来源的成纤维细胞生长增殖无明显差异,且均可成功冻存和复苏.     

Platinum-based anticancer agents: innovative design strategies and biological perspectives

The impact of cisplatin on cancer chemotherapy cannot be denied. Over the past 20 years, much effort has been dedicated to discover new platinum-based anticancer agents that are superior to cisplatin or its analogue, carboplatin. Most structural modifications are based on changing one or both of the ligand types coordinated to platinum. Altering the leaving group can influence tissue and intracellular distribution of the drug, whereas the carrier ligand usually determines the structure of adducts formed with DNA. DNA-Pt adducts produced by cisplatin and many of its classical analogues are almost identical, and would explain their similar patterns of tumor sensitivity and susceptibility to resistance. Recently some highly innovative design strategies have emerged, aimed at overcoming platinum resistance and/or to introduce novel mechanisms of antitumor action. Platinum compounds bearing the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane carrier ligand; and those of multinuclear Pt complexes giving rise to radically different DNA-Pt adducts, have resulted in novel anticancer agents capable of circumventing cisplatin resistance. Other strategies have focused on integrating biologically active ligands with platinum moieties intended to selectively localizing the anticancer properties. With the rapid advance in molecular biology, combined with innovation, it is possible new Pt-based anticancer agents will materialize in the near future.     

A new human trophoblast antigen isolated from immune complexes derived from placental blood and membranes

Immune complexes were prepared from human trophoblast membranes, placental blood serum, non-pregnant female serum and normal male serum by precipitation, gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The purified complexes were subjected to analysis by SDS-PAGE and one common antigenic species was identified. This antigen (mol. wt. 82.8 +/- 2.4 K) was designated the putative trophoblast antigen (TA) and shown to exhibit discrete antigenic homology with human immunoglobulin and HLA molecules.