糖尿病视网膜病变102例的临床分析

目的探讨糖尿病与视网膜病变发生发展规律及科学的防治方法。方法对102例糖尿病视网膜病变病人进行回顾性分析总结。结果102例糖尿病视网膜病变患者中61例早发现早治疗并坚持正规治疗，糖尿病视网膜病变发生较晚且轻，41例血糖控制差的患者视网膜病变程度较重。结论血糖控制达标可以减少视网膜病变，提高患者生活质量。     

2型糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变的调查分析

目的 通过对糖尿病视网膜病变的调查分析，提高对糖尿病视网膜病变的认识。强调糖尿病患者眼底常规检查的重要性，降低糖尿病视网膜病变的发病率。方法 观察2型糖尿病患者418例，眼科检查包括视力、裂隙灯、眼压、眼底、彩色眼底照相，视野。结果 418例糖尿病患者中有164例(39．2％)发生糖尿病视网膜病变，其中148例为单纯型，16例为增殖型。结论 (1)糖网的发生与病程长短、血糖的高低、治疗及时与否有关。(2)对糖尿病病程长及年龄大以及血糖持续高水平的患者，应定期检查眼科，做到早期发现、早期治疗，长期观察。以减少糖尿病视网膜病变的发生和糖尿病视网膜病变的致盲率。(3)减少糖尿病性盲的关键是积极防治糖尿病。     

早期糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变发生率的调查分析

为调查早期糖尿病患者（病程＜５年）糖尿病视网膜病变的发生率。对本院内分泌科住院治疗的糖尿病患者（经ＷＨＯＩＤＤＭ诊断标准确诊，病程＜５年）７２例１４４只眼，双眼散瞳详细检查眼底，对可疑及有明确病变的患者行ＦＦＡ检查确诊。结果：７２例患者１４４只眼中眼底镜下有明确病变的４例５只眼，可疑１４例，该１８例患者行眼底荧光血管造影（ＦＦＡ）检查，最后确诊有糖尿病视网膜病变的６例７只眼，占８．３％。结论：要高度重视早期糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变的发生     

糖尿病患者人工晶体植入术的疗效观察

糖尿病患者人工晶体植入术的疗效观察陈裕峰海军四○四医院眼科（２６４２００）１９９０—１９９６年，我院共完成５００例白内障现代囊外摘除及后房人工晶体植入术，其中３０例（３０眼）为糖尿病患者，并与采用相同手术的３０眼非糖尿病白内障对照，对两组手术并发症进...     

血浆内皮素—1与糖尿病视网膜病变发病关系的临床研究

为探索血浆内皮素－１（ＥＴ１）与糖尿病视网病变发生发展的关系，我们用放射免疫法对确诊的糖尿病视网病变患者４４例，糖尿病无视网病变患者１２例以及下沉对照组３０例血浆ＥＴ１水平进行了检测及分析，结果糖尿病患者血浆ＥＴ１浓度显著高于正常对照组，而糖多病变组又明显高于糖再会我视网的变组，其中以增型糖尿 病视网膜病变组血浆ＥＴ１浓度最高。表明糖尿病视网膜病变的发生发展与血浆中ＥＴ１浓度的增加有关。     

首钢职工糖尿病现网膜病变流行病学调查

对首钢所属年龄在３０岁以上人群２９９３８例糖尿病视网膜病变的发生率及其危险因素进行调查。方法对确诊为糖尿病的９５５例中的５３４例进行系统眼部检查，部分眼底荧光血管造影。结果糖尿病患者５３４例中，９０例有糖尿病视网膜病变。     

糖尿病肾病对糖尿病视网膜病变手术治疗时机及疗效的评估价值

目的探讨肾脏疾病对2型糖尿病视网膜病变手术治疗时机及其疗效的评估价值。方法回顾性分析19例行眼底检查的2型糖尿病肾病的临床资料，并根据蛋白尿和肾功能情况，将有视网膜病变患者分为3组。分析糖尿病视网膜病变在各组2型糖尿病肾病中的发生情况和手术治疗效果。结果19例2型糖尿病肾病中15例（78．9％）伴有糖尿病视网膜病变，4例（21．1％）不伴有糖尿病视网膜病变。随着肾功能损伤程度的加重，糖尿病视网膜病变从非增生性进入增生性，重症患者激光或玻璃体切除手术后视功能无改善，病情仍会继续恶化。结论糖尿病视网膜病变的类型与分期与2型糖尿病肾病的严重程度相一致，后者可指导糖尿病视网膜病变手术时机的选择并有助于预后的判断，特别是在眼底无法查清的情况下，糖尿病肾病的临床表现对视网膜玻璃体手术的意义更为重要。     

糖尿病视网膜病变的早期预防及治疗

目的 探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)检查及早期预防诊治的必要性。方法 采用查视力、裂隙灯显微镜和散瞳检查眼底已确诊的糖尿病患者212例(424眼)。结果 在212例糖尿病中共查出81例(152眼)为糖尿病视网膜病变患者，其中9例(18眼)经行氩离子激光治疗，7例(14眼)因继发严重并发症而致不可逆盲目。结论 糖尿病性视网膜病变的检查、治疗应成为糖尿病系统联合治疗的一部分。早期发现、严格正规的内科治疗，将血糖水平控制在正常范围内，对已经发生糖尿病性视网膜病变后应6—12个月做1次眼科检查。早期诊治、长期随访、及时激光光凝治疗，可预防糖尿病视网膜病变盲目的发生。     

首钢职工糖尿病视网膜病变流行病学调查

目的对首钢所属年龄在３０岁以上人群２９９３８例糖尿病视网膜病变的发生率及其危险因素进行调查。方法对确诊为糖尿病的９５５例（３．１９％）中的５３４例进行系统眼部检查，部分行眼底荧光血管造影。结果糖尿病患者５３４例中，９０例有糖尿病视网膜病变（１６．９％）。结论糖尿病视网膜病变与糖尿病病程、治疗方法和空腹血糖水平显著相关。多因素逻辑回归分析表明，糖尿病病程和空腹血糖水平是视网膜病变发生的最主要危险因素。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病性视网膜病变患者角膜内皮细胞结构变化的研究

目的：探讨非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并视网膜病变后其内皮细胞密度及形态学的变化。方法：选择40例糖尿病视网膜病变患者，分为增殖型视网膜病变组和非增殖型视网膜病变组。观察其内皮细胞密度及形态学变化，并与正常对照组进行比较，统计学分析。结果：糖尿病增殖型视网膜病变患者角膜内皮细胞密度及六边形细胞百分比明显降低，变异系数增加，糖尿病非增殖型视网膜病变患者角膜内皮细胞密度降低，形态学与下对照组比较差异无显著性。结论：非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病视网膜病变患者其角膜内皮细胞结构有异常变化。     

Diabetic retinopathy II. The course of retinopathy in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents and diet regime alone. A one year epidemiological cohort study of diabetes mellitus. The Island of Falster, Denmark

The course of diabetic retinopathy was investigated in 273 out of 306 diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) and 60 out of 72 diet-treated diabetics in an epidemiological cohort study in a period of one year. In the OHA-treated diabetics the allover prevalence of retinopathy did not change (P greater than 0.10) after one year (125/306 = 40.9% vs 122/273 = 44.7%). The one year incidence of new and deteriorated background was 3.7% and 6.6%, respectively. New cases of proliferative retinopathy developed in 1.1% and a worsening of pre-existing proliferative retinopathy in 1.8%. Among diabetics with pre-existing background retinopathy (n = 93) progressed, and 2% became proliferative. A worsening of retinopathy occurred more frequently (P less than 0.01) in diabetics with an onset age less than 60 years and with a duration greater than 5 years. The incidence of partial sight and legal blindness due to retinopathy was 2.2% and 1.9%, respectively, among all diabetics. Among diet-treated diabetics, 2 diabetics (3.3%) developed background retinopathy. None with pre-existing background retinopathy showed any deterioration.     

马来亚大学医学中心门诊糖尿病患者视网膜病变的发病率(英文)

目的:评估马来亚大学医学中心眼科门诊的糖尿病性视网膜病变的发病率和它在糖尿病患者中的危险因素。方法:该横向研究包括100例近期被诊断为糖尿病患者的200眼。采集有关的眼部和全身病史并对所有的眼进行彻底散瞳眼底检查。视网膜病变的状况根据早期糖尿病性视网膜病变治疗研究(ETDRS)的结果进行分类。造成视网膜病变的危险因素是通过卡方检验进行分析的,P<0.05被认为有意义。结果:在我们的研究中,近期被诊断为糖尿病人群中糖尿病性视网膜病变的发病率为28%,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者中非增殖性视网膜病变的发病率(36%)比Ⅰ型糖尿病患者高(24%)。在两种类型的糖尿病患者中,视网膜病变的发病率与性别、年龄、种族、社会经济状况、糖尿病类型和体重指数无关。糖尿病病史较长并控制不良的患者,高血压者,伴有神经病变者,高脂血症以及有吸烟史者,视网膜病变的发病率明显高。结论:对糖尿病患者进行视网膜病变的基线筛查是可取的,因为早期发现,规律随访,合理的推荐给眼科医生并进行有效的治疗将减少以及避免患者严重的视力丧失。     

Diabetic retinopathy and insulin therapy in a rural diabetic population

The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was lower in a rural diabetic population when compared to the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in medical center clinic populations. Adult-onset (Type II) diabetics were at greater risk for developing diabetic retinopathy shortly after diagnosis than newly diagnosed cases of juvenile diabetes (Type I). The use of insulin positively correlated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in this rural population.     

血清肿瘤坏死因子-α、血管内皮生长因子与糖尿病视网膜病变

目的:探讨血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。方法:将108例糖尿病患者分为糖尿病视网膜病变组(DR,60例)、非糖尿病视网膜病变组(NDR,48例),DR组又分为非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变亚组(NPDR,34例)、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变亚组(PDR,26例)。健康对照组40例。采用ELISA法检测血清TNF-α和VEGF水平,分析对比。结果:糖尿病患者血清TNF-α和VEGF水平与健康对照组比较,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。DR组血清TNF-α和VEGF水平显著高于NDR组(P<0.01);PDR组血清TNF-α和VEGF水平显著高于NPDR组(P<0.05)。结论:血清TNF-α和VEGF可能参与了DR的发生、发展,血清TNF-α、VEGF水平可反映DR病情严重程度。     

Analysis of aqueous humor calcium and phosphate from cataract eyes with and without diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: To compare the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetics and non-diabetics. METHODS: We divided patients into two groups: seventy-six non-diabetic cataract patients and fifty-two diabetic cataract patients. The diabetic group was divided again into three subgroups: twenty-six patients with no diabetic retinopathy, thirteen patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and thirteen patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The authors compared the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the serum and aqueous humor of cataract patients. Statistic analysis was performed to form two comparisons: 1) a comparison between non-diabetics and diabetics and 2) a comparison among non-diabetics and the three subgroups of diabetics. RESULTS: In serum, calcium levels did not statistically differ between non-diabetics and diabetics. The phosphorus level was also not significantly different. In the aqueous humor, however, while calcium levels did not differ significantly, the phosphorus levels in diabetics were considerably higher than those in non-diabetics. When non-diabetics were compared to the three diabetic subgroups, calcium levels did not differ in serum or aqueous humor, but the phosphorus levels in diabetics with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were significantly higher than those in non-diabetics, diabetics without diabetic retinopathy, and diabetics with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The level of phosphorus in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetics was significantly increased, especially in diabetics with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This result may be related to hydrophilic acrylic IOL opacification. Future studies regarding the pathogenic role of a high concentration of aqueous humor and serum phosphorus are required.     

糖尿病患者白内障摘除及人工晶体植入与糖尿病性视网膜病变的关系

为了解糖尿病患者白内障摘除及人工晶体植入与糖尿病性视网膜病变的关系，随诊４７例（７１只眼）糖尿病患者白内障摘除及人工晶体植入的术后视力和并发症。结果表明：糖尿病组与非糖尿病组的术后最后随诊视力差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。影响糖尿病患者白内障术后视力的主要原因为增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变（Ｐ〈０．００１）。糖尿病组未合并糖尿病性视网膜病变及合并单纯性糖尿病性视网膜病变的视力，与非糖尿病组差异无显著性     

糖尿病视网膜病变相关血液检测指标

目的:探询与糖尿病视网膜病变发生发展相关的可定量血液检测指标,以便对发生增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的高危患者进行监测,为适时的预防性激光光凝治疗提供依据.方法:抽取无增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变的糖尿病患者、增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者及无糖尿患者群静脉血,检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血清C反应蛋白(CRP)及血管粘附因子(sICAM-1)水平,比较各组之间统计学差异.结果:HbA1c水平在正常对照与糖尿病患者之间有显著性差异,在无增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变的糖尿病患者组与增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者组之间无显著性差异,正常对照分别与另两组比较均有显著性差异.CRP水平在增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者组与另两组均有统计学差异.sICAM-1水平各组比较无显著性统计学意义.结论:血HbA1c和CRP水平可能对糖尿病视网膜病变发生和发展有提示意义.     

Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics

AIMS—To study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a population of patients attending a diabetic clinic and to evaluate the medical risk factors underlying its development.
METHODS—500 randomly selected diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic in Al Buraimi hospital were referred to the ophthalmology department where they were fully evaluated for the absence or presence of retinopathy. Any retinopathy present was graded as mild non-proliferative retinopathy (NPR), moderate-severe NPR, and proliferative retinopathy. Several risk factors were then evaluated in order to delineate those related to occurrence of retinopathy in general as well as to the different grades of retinopathy in particular.
RESULTS—Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 212 patients (42.4%), with mild NPR present in 128 patient (25.6% of the total population), moderate-severe NPR in 20 patients (4%), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy present in 64 patients (12.8%). Factors significantly related to occurrence of retinopathy were age of the patient, duration of diabetes, presence of ischaemic heart disease, presence of hypertension, a high fasting capillary glucose level as well as elevated serum levels of urea, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides. After adjustment for covariates, it was found that duration of diabetes was the only risk factor associated with mild NPR, while high diastolic blood pressure and high levels of serum creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly associated with the occurrence of proliferative retinopathy.
CONCLUSIONS—In addition to glycaemic control, lowering of blood lipids as well as diastolic blood pressure (in hypertensive patients) may be effective in lowering the incidence of retinopathy in compromised patients.

Keywords: diabetic retinopathy; Oman; diabetics     

Corneal changes in type II diabetes mellitus in Malaysia

AIM: To compare corneal endothelial structure and central corneal thickness (CCT) between type II diabetics and non-diabetic control patients. To look for correlations between diabetic status and corneal findings. METHODS: Hospital-based, observational study. 200 eyes (from 100 type II diabetic patients and 100 controls) were included. Specular microscopy and pachymetry were used to measure endothelial cell density, size, coefficient of variation in cell area, hexagonality as well as corneal thickness. Independent t-tests were used to compare variables between diabetics and controls. Pearson correlation tests were used to evaluate correlations between corneal findings and diabetic status such as duration of diabetes, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level and severity of diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS: Endothelial cell density in the diabetic group (2541.6±516.4 cells/mm2) was significantly lower than that in the control group (2660.1±515.5 cells/mm2, P <0.05). The average size of endothelial cells, standard deviation (SD) of cell size and coefficient of variation (CV) of cell area were all significantly higher in diabetics. Hexagonality was significantly lower in diabetics (41.1%±19.6%) compared to non- diabetics (45.2%±20.6%). CCT was higher in diabetics but not significant (P >0.05). Duration of diabetes, HbA1c level and severity of diabetic retinopathy were not significantly correlated with corneal endothelial findings. CONCLUSION: Type II diabetes causes a significant alteration in the state of the cornea including reduction in endothelial cell density and increased pleomorphism and polymegathism. Central corneal thickness is unaffected.     

The characteristics of the course of diabetic retinopathy in myopia

A total of 220 diabetics (428 eyes) aged 16 to 79, 144 females and 76 males, have been examined to define the incidence rate and the clinical manifestations of diabetic involvement of the retina. There were 88 eyes with myopia, 142 with hypermetropia, and 198 with emmetropia. Diabetic changes of the retina were detected in 40.9% of myopic refraction cases, in 65.2% of emmetropia and in 70.4% of hypermetropia cases. The severity of the involvement was lesser in myopia than in other types of refraction. In medium-severity myopia no proliferative stages of diabetic retinopathy were observed, and in high myopia (10 eyes) no diabetic involvements of the fundus oculi were revealed. In anisometropia diabetic symptoms on the myopic side were either absent or poorly manifest. These findings point to the role of intraocular status in the pathogenesis of diabetic involvement of the retina and their progress.