二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣后叶脱垂

目的分析总结33例非风湿性二尖瓣后叶脱垂成形手术的效果。方法回顾性分析我院2005年5月至2011年5月行二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣后叶脱垂（除外其他合并畸形、风湿性病变及前叶脱垂）患者33例,男性18例,女性15例,平均年龄46．5岁。术前二尖瓣中重度关闭不全9例、二尖瓣重度关闭不全24例。通过部分瓣叶矩形切除、瓣环环缩及成形环的综合运用修复二尖瓣,同期置入二尖瓣爱德华弹性环28枚。结果全组病例均痊愈出院,无围术期死亡。患者术前心脏彩超检查：左房内径（49．26±17．13）mm,左室内径（60．29±8．32）mm,射血分数（66．1±9．6）％,左室短轴缩短率29．78±6．81。术后1周心脏彩超检查：左房内径（40．23±7．93）mm,左室内径（50．63±4．67）mm,射血分数（53．0±8-3）％,左室短轴缩短率23．50±5．01。术后6个月复查心脏彩超检查：左房内径（36．16±7．46）mm,左室内径（45．61±5．67）mm,射血分数（65．0±7．6）％,左室短轴缩短率29．67±5．91。随诊6-70个月,平均随访18．2个月,二尖瓣功能正常或有微量反流22例,有微少量和少量反流9例,有少中量反流2例。无因二尖瓣关闭不全而再次手术者。结论对于二尖瓣后叶脱垂的病变,术中在经食管超声的帮助下,通过部分瓣叶矩形切除、瓣环环缩及成形环的综合运用,能够修复几乎所有非风湿性所导致的二尖瓣后叶脱垂,避免瓣膜置换。对于非风湿性二尖瓣后叶病变,瓣膜成形技术成熟、可靠,修复效果满意。     

二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 总结二尖瓣关闭不全外科治疗的经验.方法 2001年1月至2007年7月共治疗二尖瓣关闭不全56例,男性25例,女性31例.先天性11例,风湿性3例,非风湿性42例,合并先天性心脏病19例.中度关闭不全18例,中度-重度关闭不全17例,重度关闭不全21例.病变类型腱索异常37例,如腱索断裂,缺如,一根或多根腱索延长;腱索和乳头肌异常11例;瓣叶发育异常16例;感染性心内膜炎造成的二尖瓣关闭不全3例;瓣环扩大54例.手术方式单纯腱索短缩13例,乳头肌劈开腱索包埋短缩8例,瓣叶和腱索移植5例,人工腱索再造2例.前瓣叶楔形切除或折叠9例,后叶矩形切除与sliding技术8例,缘对缘技术1例,感染性心内膜炎造成的二尖瓣损害局部修复3例.自制涤纶带环缩2例,二尖瓣环部分环缩38例,置入Duran环16例.结果 全组没有手术死亡病例.有2例在手术后8个月和15个月发生二尖瓣返流行二尖瓣瓣膜置换术;二尖瓣功能正常29例(51.79%),残留轻度关闭不全14例(25.00%),残留轻-中度关闭不全11例(19.64%).随访1～6年(2.3年),结果良好.结论 外科修复是治疗二尖瓣关闭不全的主要方法,该方法是安全,有效的,早期效果良好.     

巨大心脏患者二尖瓣成形手术疗效评价

目的：总结巨大心脏患者单纯二尖瓣关闭不全施行二尖瓣成形手术的疗效。讨论影响手术疗效的主要危险因素及手术适应证的选择原则。方法：以左心室扩大指数将扩大的心脏分级，结合患者病理改变的类型，对３３例巨大心脏单纯二尖瓣关闭不全的患者行二尖瓣成形术，并对其近、远期结果进行回顾性总结。结果：病理改变为单纯瓣环扩大５例；合并瓣叶脱垂２２例，其中腱索过长１８例，腱索断裂５例，腱索缺如１例，瓣叶裂隙４例；合并瓣叶增厚、腱索乳头肌融合６例。成形方法为单纯瓣环成形９例，合并腱索缩短１１例，脱垂部分切除缝合７例，腱索移植１例，乳头肌切开腱索松解３例，瓣叶裂隙缝合４例，放置人工成形环１４例。术后早期死亡８例（２４．２％）。结论：左心室扩大的程度、二尖瓣病变的类型及手术技术是决定手术疗效的主要因素。左心室扩大指数小于１．５者成形效果较好，１．５～２．０者可成形但应控制其他危险因素的程度，２．０以上者成形手术的疗效较差，应慎重选择手术适应证。     

先天性二尖瓣畸形外科治疗的初步报告

本文报道13例小儿先天性二尖瓣畸形的外科治疗,其中12例二尖瓣关闭不全,1例二尖瓣狭窄。12例合并有其他心内畸形。行二尖瓣DeVega环缩术9例,Reed后交界折褶缝合术3例,腱索缩短术1例,二尖瓣交界轻度粘连切开成形术1例。本文并讨论二尖瓣畸形的发病率。诊断及治疗情况。     

人工腱索加二尖瓣成形环治疗非风湿性二尖瓣关闭不全

目的:评估二尖瓣修补治疗非风湿性二尖瓣反流患者的效果。方法:1997-06至2007-06,本组为301例非风湿性二尖瓣关闭不全的患者施行了二尖瓣成形手术,其中162人为男性,139人为女性,117人为中度关闭不全,184人为重度关闭不全。平均年龄为(53.2±16.4)岁(15～72岁)。术前NYHA心功能Ⅱ级55例,Ⅲ级187例,Ⅳ级59例。99例前瓣脱垂(腱索断裂64例,腱索延长35例),后瓣脱垂139例(腱索断裂88例,腱索延长51例),前、后瓣都脱垂63例。患者中7例合并冠心病,1例合并主动脉瓣关闭不全,12例合并三尖瓣关闭不全,11例合并房间隔缺损(继发孔型)。手术均使用可膨胀聚四氟乙烯缝线替换腱索(4CVGore-Tex缝线)。所有患者都有不同程度的二尖瓣环扩张,都常规使用二尖瓣瓣环成形环施行瓣环成形。所有手术都在全麻、中度低温(28℃～31℃)及体外循环下进行。平均主动脉阻断时间为(76.2±12.3)min。结果:1例术后早期死于多脏器功能衰竭,1例患者术后因重度二尖瓣反流导致溶血而施行了机械瓣置换。除死亡和换瓣者以外,所有患者术后都予以随访(2个月～10年)。除1例外,其余的患者术后心功能...     

自体心包补片延长后瓣治疗婴幼儿后瓣发育不良所致二尖瓣关闭不全的效果观察

目的:探讨自体心包补片延长二尖瓣后瓣技术治疗婴幼儿二尖瓣关闭不全的效果。方法:自2016年1月至2017年12月,我中心采用自体心包补片延长二尖瓣后瓣技术行二尖瓣成形术7例,其中男性4例,女性3例;年龄2～12个月,平均5.9个月;体质量4.7～9kg,平均(6.7±1.6)kg。术前心脏彩超评估二尖瓣重度关闭不全4例,中重度关闭不全3例。单纯二尖瓣关闭不全2例,合并室间隔缺损3例,合并Williams综合征伴左心室室壁瘤1例,合并动脉导管未闭1例。7例患儿术中均采用自体心包补片延长后瓣叶,其他修复技术包括交界环缩、瓣叶楔形切除。术中同时矫治合并畸形。结果:术中经食道超声检查5例无明显反流,2例轻度反流。7例患儿均顺利康复出院。术后随访6个月～2年,7例患儿二尖瓣反流程度无明显变化。结论:采用自体心包补片延长后瓣叶技术治疗以后瓣叶发育不良为主的婴幼儿先天性二尖瓣关闭不全近期效果满意,中远期效果尚需观察。     

多技术综合运用治疗复杂二尖瓣关闭不全13例

目的 总结多技术综合运用治疗复杂二尖瓣关闭不全的临床经验.方法 13例二尖瓣关闭不全且均存在2个以上反流点患者,其中男性9例,女性4例,年龄15～73 岁.病因分别为二尖瓣腱索断裂5例,二尖瓣黏液变性伴瓣叶脱垂6例,先心病继发房缺1例,冠心病伴二尖瓣乳头肌功能不全1例.二尖瓣反流程度中度4例、重度9例.术中联合应用二孔化成形、后瓣矩形切除、腱索转移、腱索缩短、人工腱索置入、人工瓣环置入等技术修补二尖瓣使其恢复功能.结果 本组无住院死亡病例,术后1周心脏彩超复查示二尖瓣无任何反流或微量反流8例,轻度返流5例,随访的患者中1例术后9个月二尖瓣由微量反流增加至中度反流,并患急性重症肝炎死亡.其余患者随访情况良好,心功能明显改善.结论 合理综合应用二孔化成形、人工腱索等多种技术治疗复杂多区域二尖瓣反流,近、中期疗效满意.     

二尖瓣成形术在缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全治疗中的应用

目的总结二尖瓣成形术（MVP）治疗缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全（IMR）的经验。方法21例冠心病合并IMR患者在行冠状动脉搭桥术（CABG）同时行MVP,其中交界环缩4例、人工瓣环成形术7例、双孔成形术5例、腱索修复术3例、双孔成形术＋交界环缩术2例。结果术后早期死亡2例,其余痊愈出院。出院时心功能NYHA分级Ⅰ级13例、Ⅱ级5例、Ⅲ级1例。术中及术后早期超声心动图左室舒张末径和左房内径均较前缩小（P均〈0.05）。结论中度反流以上的IMR应进行积极MVP手术治疗,MVP术式的选择取决于瓣膜病理改变和心功能状态。     

二尖瓣成形术的临床体会

目的总结36例二尖瓣成形术的临床经验。方法实施二尖瓣成形术36例，其中后叶矩形切除13例，“双孔法”3例，后叶腱索转移1例，后叶矩形切除＋“双孔法”4例，前、后交界环缩2例，单纯放人工瓣环11例，瓣叶裂修补1例，二尖瓣肿瘤切除1例。28例置入人工瓣环，其中Edward软环19例、Medtronie软环9例。结果术后经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查，二尖瓣反流消失或微量反流26例，少量反流10例。1例术后第10天发生心律失常死亡。患者术前心脏彩超检查：左房（LA）（49．06±13．79）mm，左室（LV）（59．79±11．23）mm。术后心脏彩超检查：左房（39．47±6．63）mm，左室（50．21±5．07）mm。术后3个月随访心脏彩超检查：左房（35．26±5．42）mm，左室（45．18±4．25）mm。35例随访1～18个月，心功能I级31例、Ⅱ级4例。结论二尖瓣关闭不全采用相应的成形技术，可以取得良好的早、中期治疗效果。     

二尖瓣人工瓣环成形术18例

目的回顾性分析１８例二尖瓣人工瓣环成形术的疗效。方法风湿性病变３例,退行性变１１例,先天性病变４例。重度关闭不全１６例,中度关闭不全２例。根据二尖瓣病理改变对瓣叶和瓣下结构做针对性瓣膜成形术后,均植入人工瓣环。１０例在经食道超声心动图监测下行成形术。结果成形中术后二尖瓣无返流６例,轻度返流９例,中度返流１例。２例改行二尖瓣置换术。随访７个月至６年７个月,平均３．６年,心功能均有显改善。结论对于     

Two dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral insufficiency

One hundred forty patients with clinical mitral insufficiency were studied with two dimensional echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 51 patients; all had mitral insufficiency. Thirty-three patients were surgically treated. An etiologic diagnosis was made in 133 patients. Mitral valve prolapse (41 patients) was the most common cause of mitral insufficiency; the amount of valve insufficiency did not correlate with the leaflet involved or the severity of the prolapse. Patients with rheumatic disease either had combined mitral stenosis and insufficiency (27 patients) or pure mitral insufficiency (10 patients). Echocardiographic measurement of the mitral valve area separated patients with combined lesions from those with pure insufficiency. Fourteen patients had ruptured chordae tendineae; surgical findings were confirmatory in each patient who had valve replacement. Nineteen patients had left ventricular dysfunction; angiographie findings were confirmatory in each patient who underwent cardiac catheterization. Two dimensional echocardiographic findings reliably differentiated mitral insufficiency secondary to valve disease from that secondary to ventricular or papillary muscle dysfunction. Other causes of mitral insufficiency included mitral anular calcification (11 patients), idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (5 patients), cleft anterior mitral leaflet (5 patients) and atrial myxoma (1 patient).     

Mitral valve repair: an in-vitro comparison of the effect of surgical repair on the pressure required to cause mitral valve regurgitation

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to compare mitral valve repair techniques in vitro. Rupture or elongation of the mitral valve chordae tendineae is a known cause of mitral regurgitation, and can be corrected by edge-to-edge repair, chordal replacement, or chordal transposition. METHODS: A test apparatus was used to apply pressure to porcine mitral valves. Mitral valve specimens were tested intact (n = 50), after they had been experimentally damaged, and after repair. Each test was repeated ten times. Experimental damage consisted of severing either the anterior leaflet strut, and attached marginal chordae (n = 30) or posterior leaflet chordae (n = 20). Valves with damaged anterior leaflets were repaired by either: (i) edge-to-edge repair; (ii) chordal replacement; or (iii) chordal transposition. Valves with damaged posterior leaflets were repaired by the first two techniques. Each repair method was repeated on ten specimens. RESULTS: Mitral valves repaired using the edge-to-edge repair (p = 0.002) and chordal replacement (p = 0.038), after rupture to anterior leaflet chordae, recovered significantly better than specimens repaired by chordal transposition. There was no statistical difference in recovery between edge-to-edge repair and chordal replacement (p > 0.05). There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in the recovery of the pressure withstood by valves repaired by edge-to-edge repair and chordal replacement, after rupture of posterior leaflet chordae. CONCLUSION: These results showed that edge-to-edge repair and chordal replacement are well suited for the repair of both the anterior and posterior leaflets.     

Mitral valve repair and the anterior leaflet

Mitral valve repair with annuloplasty has become a widely accepted technique for correction of posterior leaflet mitral valve pathology. Advantages over mitral valve replacement include improved hemodynamic performance and improved ventricular function. Although repairs of the anterior leaflet met with less success initially, recent reports have emphasized the safety and effectiveness of chordal shortening, chordal transposition, and chordal replacement in treating disease of the anterior leaflet. Isolated annuloplasty and creation of double orifice mitral valves show promise for the treatment of mitral insufficiency in conjunction with heart failure and with other complex surgical procedures.     

Anterior leaflet procedures during mitral valve repair do not adversely influence long-term outcome

Objectives. This study was done to assess the impact of anterior mitral leaflet reconstructive procedures on initial and long-term results of mitral valve repair.Background. It has been suggested that involvement of the anterior leaflet in mitral valve disease adversely affects the long-term outcome of mitral valve repair. Our policy has been to aggressively repair such anterior leaflets with procedures that include triangular resections in some cases.Methods. From June 1979 through June 1993, 558 consecutive Carpentier-type mitral valve repairs were performed. The anterior mitral leaflet and chordae tendineae were repaired in 156 patients (mean age 58 years). The procedures included anterior chordal shortening in 78 patients (50%), anterior leaflet resections in 44 (28%), resuspension of the anterior leaflet to secondary chordae in 42 (27%) and anterior chordal transposition in 27 (17%). Concomitant cardiac surgical procedures were performed in 75 patients (48%).Results. The operative mortality rate was 2.5% (2 of 81) for isolated mitral valve anterior leaflet repair and 3.8% (6 of 156) for all mitral valve anterior leaflet repair. Freedom from reoperation at 5 and 10 years was, respectively, 89.7% (n = 160) and 83.4% (n = 24) for the entire series of 558 patients, 91.9% (n = 51) and 81.2% (n = 10) for patients with anterior leaflet procedures, 88.8% (n = 109) and 84.4% (n = 14) for patients without anterior leaflet procedures and 91.7% (n = 118) and 88.9% (n = 18) for patients without rheumatic disease. Logistic regression showed that rheumatic origin of disease (odds ratio 2.99), but not anterior leaflet repair, increased the risk for reoperation.Conclusions. These results demonstrate that expansion of mitral valve techniques to include anterior leaflet disease yields immediate and long-term results equal to those seen in patients with posterior leaflet disease.     

Conservative surgery for mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation: clinical follow-up and noninvasive assessment

To evaluate the result of mitral valve repair in pure regurgitation due to mitral valve prolapse with or without chordal rupture, 11 patients were followed noninvasively for 2.0 to 3.5 years and clinically for at least 5 years in a prospective study. The patients were operated upon before ominous signs of left ventricular dysfunction appeared, all patients being in functional class III, with an ejection fraction of at least 0.50 and mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening above 1.0. There was no operative mortality. No thrombo-embolic episodes occurred during follow-up. Ten of the 11 patients were alive 5 years postoperatively. One patient died 9 months after the initial repair shortly after reoperation for mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. The other patients all showed definite clinical improvement. Confirming the experience of others, the two patients with ruptured chordae to the anterior mitral leaflet and the only patient with a thick anterior mitral leaflet all had moderate mitral regurgitation postoperatively. Complete repair of mitral valve prolapse is feasible and gives a good functional result of long duration. The results of this study support early mitral repair when complete restoration of ventricular size and function is still possible.     

二尖瓣腱索断裂292例临床分析

目的 探讨二尖瓣腱索断裂的临床特征、发病规律及其治疗方法 .方法 对292例二尖瓣腱索断裂住院患者的临床资料及病理检查结果 进行回顾性分析.结果 前叶腱索断裂99例(33.9%),后叶腱索断裂180例(61.6%),前后叶腱索均断裂13例(4.5%).腱索部分断裂266例(91.1%),完全断裂26例(8.9%).214例(73.3%)为特发性腱索断裂,78例(26.7%)为继发性腱索断裂(P<0.05).特发性腱索断裂多为黏液样变性所致,发病年龄较大,多为男性,且以后叶居多;继发性二尖瓣腱索断裂的病因多为感染性心内膜炎、冠心病、先天性心脏病、风湿性心脏病,发病年龄较小,多为男性,且以前叶居多.结论 二尖瓣腱索断裂后叶发病率高于前叶,前后叶腱索均断裂较少见.特发性二尖瓣腱索断裂较继发性腱索断裂多见.     

ePTFE人工腱索二尖瓣成形术

本文介绍了用ePTFE缝线作人工腱索行二尖瓣成形术 14例的体会。 14例中用ePTFE缝线作人工腱索 17根 ,二尖瓣成形主要有四种方法 :瓣叶部分切除、切缘缝合 ,然后再在瓣缘和乳头肌间建立人工腱索。二尖瓣裂隙伴卷曲瓣叶的人工腱索重建。大瓣部分切除、自体心包片修补瓣叶后 ,人工腱索重建。瓣叶矩形切除、瓣环Kay成形术。结果 ,因持续性Hb尿再次手术行二尖瓣置换和晚期死亡各 1例 ,其余患者术后恢复满意。作者认为只要正确选择病例 ,用ePTFE缝线作人工腱索行二尖瓣成形术是安全有效的     

Conservative mitral valve surgery in the treatment of mitral regurgitation due to infective endocarditis. Report of 21 cases

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the feasibility of mitral valve repair in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-seven patients operated for mitral endocarditis between 1995 and 2005; 21 underwent mitral valve repair. The repair was performed for acute endocarditis in seven patients at a median of 14 days after the onset of treatment and 14 patients for healed endocarditis after a median of six months. RESULTS: Mitral valve repair was feasible in 21 patients (45%). This repair involved mitral annuloplasty in 16 patients (76%), shortening or transposition of chordae in 10 patients (48%), a pericardial patch in five patients (24%), and suture of perforation in two patients (9%). Associated procedures were aortic valve replacement in seven patients and tricuspid annuloplasty in two. There were no operative deaths. The mean follow up was five years (one to 11). One patient was reoperated for severe mitral regurgitation and another had a stroke due to cerebrovascular embolism in the first postoperative years. No recurrence of infectious endocarditis occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair in IE gives satisfactory results in terms of survival and symptomatic improvement with a low operative risk. With antibiotic therapy, it provides a cure of mitral lesions even when carried out in the acute phase of endocarditis. Finally, it feasible in several cases with excellent results.     

Transfer of the posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve to the mitral valve

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Coverage of large commissural defects may present a surgical challenge in mitral valve repair, for which the transfer of posterior tricuspid valve leaflet tissue is an attractive approach. METHODS: Five patients aged between 35 and 55 years underwent this procedure. After wide excision of the diseased mitral commissures, the posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve was carefully checked, removed with its subvalvular apparatus, and transferred to the commissural area of the mitral valve. The stress on the papillary muscle suture was relieved by reinforcement of the free edge of the transferred leaflet by natural or artificial chordae. The tricuspid valve was repaired using either a sliding plasty or an annuloplasty. RESULTS: One patient who had no reinforcement of the subvalvular apparatus had a papillary muscle rupture and required mitral valve replacement during the early postoperative period. The four remaining patients remained asymptomatic and had no or trivial mitral regurgitation after a median of 13 months (range: 3-18 months), with excellent result at transesophageal echocardiography. CONCLUSION: We conclude that transfer of the tricuspid valve leaflet allows coverage of large commissural defect, and deserves a place among the surgeon's arsenal of reconstructive techniques for mitral valve repair.     

Significance of mitral valve repair for active-phase infective endocarditis

Mitral valve repair is preferred to replacement in infective endocarditis, but in the active phase, it often requires extensive debridement of infected tissue and complex reconstruction. We investigated 22 consecutive native mitral valve operations during active-phase infective endocarditis. The time from initiation of medical treatment to operation was 16.8 ± 16.4 days. Mitral valve repair was performed in 15 (68.2%) patients, using prosthetic annuloplasty in 14, an autologous pericardial patch in 11, and artificial chordal replacement in 9. Hospital mortality was 9.1% (2 patients), due to subarachnoid hemorrhage and pneumonia. One patient died 26 months after valve replacement due to congestive heart failure. The postoperative left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was significantly smaller (45.7 ± 5.6 vs. 53.3 ± 10.2 mm) and ejection fraction was significantly higher (57.0% ± 14.7% vs. 40.1% ± 8.2%) in patients who underwent valve repair compared to those who had valve replacement. Mitral regurgitation requiring reoperation occurred in 3 patients during follow-up. Mitral valve repair is feasible in active-phase infective endocarditis, and results in improved regression of left ventricular dimensions compared to valve replacement. However, complex mitral valve repair with extensive leaflet resection may not have long-term durability.