Prolonged impairment of cell-mediated immunity after major abdominal surgery in malnourished patients

The effect of the nutritional status on postoperative impairment of the immune response was studied in adults undergoing major abdominal surgery. The immune function was evaluated by measuring in vitro the lymphocytic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in whole blood cultures, and in vivo delayed skin hypersensitivity to candida, mumps, streptokinase-streptodornase and PPD. Nutritional assessment was carried out by evaluating recent weight loss, the weight for height index and by measuring the arm muscle circumference (AMC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), the creatinine-height index (CHI) and the serum concentration of albumin and prealbumin. The patient was considered malnourished, if at least three of these criteria were abnormal. The immune parameters were measured preoperatively, at the end of the surgery and five days after operation. Before the operation both malnourished and well-nourished patients had normal lymphocytic responses, but the malnourished patients had a slower recovery of immune responses after the operation and they had an increased number of postoperative complications. No significant differences in the incidence of anergy were observed between the well and malnourished patients pre or postoperatively.     

Immune function during intravenous administration of a soybean oil emulsion

The effect of a continuous infusion of a soybean oil emulsion on immune function was evaluated in 40 malnourished patients who were randomized to receive preoperatively either a 25% glucose-5% amino acid solution (group G) or a 15% glucose-3.3% Intralipid-5% amino acid solution (group G-F). Average length of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was 10.3 +/- 0.9 days for group G and 9.0 +/- 0.8 days for group G-F. Initial nutritional status and response to TPN were similar for both groups. Immune function was assessed before TPN and after nutritional repletion prior to surgery for each patient. The levels of immunoglobulins, C3, C4, circulating B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, suppressor T lymphocytes, natural killer cell activity, and monocytes were normal before TPN and after nutritional therapy. However, the total number of T cells and helper T cells were low before TPN and remained so after TPN. In addition, lymphocyte function measured by the lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was depressed prior to TPN and was not improved by either regimen. Neutrophil chemotaxis and bactericidal activity were not affected by either nutritional regimen while neutrophil phagocytosis was enhanced before TPN and remained elevated throughout TPN with either regimen. There were no differences in infection rates during TPN. The addition of Intralipid to the TPN regimen did not alter immune function in these patients who showed depressed cell-mediated immunity before TPN compared with the standard glucose TPN regimen.     

The effect of preoperative total parenteral nutrition on surgery outcomes

The effect of preoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on morbidity and mortality was studied in medical records of discharged surgical patients. Patients were classified into two groups on the basis of their ability to meet established criteria for malnutrition and the use of preoperative or postoperative TPN. The control group consisted of 44 patients who received TPN only after surgery or for less than 5 days preoperatively. The experimental group consisted of 26 patients who received treatment for at least 5 days before surgery and/or after surgery. Nutrition parameters measured included serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, weight, and percent weight loss. Major septic complications (MSC) considered were intra-abdominal sepsis, wound dehiscence, septicemia, and pneumonia. Other complications included respiratory failure, congestive heart failure, fistulas, urinary tract infection, shock, and death. The experimental group showed improvements after surgery in the nutritional parameters listed and had a lower incidence of morbidity and mortality. Deficits in serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, and weight losses greater than or equal to 10% have been significantly (p less than .01) linked to the incidence of MSC. MSC also has been more frequently noted among patients who did not have TPN prior to surgery and who died following surgery. Therefore, preoperative TPN does appear to make a difference in the outcome of surgery.     

TPN联合重组人生长激素在腹部大手术的应用

目的 研究腹部大手术后联合使用重组人生长激素（ｒｈＧＨ）和ＴＰＮ对病人氮平衡及营养状况的影响,方法 选择２７例接受腹部大手术和完全胃肠外营养的病人,随机分为研究组（１５例）和对照组（１２例）术后连续７天,每天皮下注射重组人生长激素４单位或安慰剂（等渗盐水）,结果：ｒｈＧＨ＋ＴＰＮ显著促进了氮平衡的恢复,提高了血浆白蛋白和转转蛋白水平,增加了体重和肌酐／身高指数,并降低了血尿素氮,但对肱三头肌皮皱厚     

生长激素在高龄病人腹部手术后的应用

目的:探讨高龄病人腹部手术后生长激素的应用. 方法:将近2年我院收治26例腹部手术的高龄病人随机分为治疗组及对照组,于手术后第2天开始,每天皮下分别注射重组人生长激素8 U或等渗盐水2 ml,连续7天,并应用肠外营养.术前及术后第3、8天测体重、血清清蛋白、右手握力、睡眠时间及拆线天数. 结果:术后血清清蛋白水平提高、体重增加、右手握力及睡眠时间的恢复,实验组均明显优于对照组(P<0.01).拆线时间实验组也短于对照组. 结论:生长激素能使高龄病人蛋白质合成增加,促进切口愈合,并可减轻术后疲劳综合征.     

Postoperative parenteral nutrition while proactively minimizing insulin resistance

OBJECTIVE: We compared the metabolic effects of postoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and hypocaloric glucose after treatment with oral carbohydrates preoperatively and epidural anesthesia to proactively minimize postoperative insulin resistance. METHODS: Thirteen patients undergoing colorectal resections were given oral carbohydrates preoperatively and epidural anesthesia and randomized to TPN or hypocaloric glucose during and after surgery. Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic clamp [0.8 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1)], normoglycemic clamps [4.5 mM]), and glucose kinetics (6,6(2)H2-D-glucose), were studied before and on postoperative day 3. Indirect calorimetry was performed and nitrogen excretion in urine was measured. Values are presented as mean +/- standard deviation. Analysis of variance, planned comparison, and Bonferroni's correction were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Three days after surgery insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal decreased by 24 +/- 11% versus 28 +/- 23% in patients receiving TPN and hypocaloric glucose, respectively (P < 0.05 for both, not significant between groups). Endogenous glucose production during insulin stimulation was increased only in the glucose group after surgery (P < 0.05 versus before). After surgery, insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was higher after treatment with TPN, whereas fat oxidation was lower (P < 0.05 for both versus glucose treatment). Fat oxidation increased in the glucose group at basal after surgery (P < 0.05 versus before). Nitrogen balance was less negative after treatment with TPN (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with TPN does not seem to improve postoperative peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with minor insulin resistance after pretreatment with preoperative carbohydrates and perioperative epidural anesthesia. Hypocaloric nutrition results in changes in substrate utilization and nitrogen balance resembling starvation, whereas TPN attenuates these changes.     

Effect of Intralipid on some immunological parameters and leukocyte functions in patients with esophageal and gastric cancer

This study has been undertaken to investigate if the intravenous (i.v.) infusion of fat emulsions may be associated with impairment of some immunological functions thus increasing the risk of septic complications. Fifteen malnourished patients with advanced gastric or esophageal cancer received for 2 weeks preoperatively and 1 week after surgery an isocaloric and isonitrogenous TPN treatment with Intralipid (group A: n=8) or glucose alone (group B: n=7) as energy substrate. Cluster analysis of 11 nutritional parameters and some tests of the humoral and cellular immunity (IgG, IgM, C3c, Factor B; polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, total lymphocytes, T and B lymphocyte counts; 'in vitro' PMN chemotaxis, adherence to nylon fibers, phagocytosis of latex particles) were sequentially determined. The incidence and severity of post-operative infections were investigated and a 'sepsis score' was calculated for each patient. Pre- and postoperative TPN were not associated with an improvement of the nutritional status. The humoral and cellular immune parameters showed the same behaviour in patients receiving Intralipid and in controls. The chemotactic activity of PMN cells was constantly normal, granulocyte adherence fluctuated below the normality range in controls, whereas phagocytosis of latex was similar in both groups. Post-operative infectious episodes were less severe in patients receiving Intralipid. Our results do not confirm that Intralipid adversely affects some aspects of the humoral and cellular immune response.     

Modulating effects of the feeding route on stress response and endotoxin translocation in severely stressed patients receiving thoracic esophagectomy

Experimental studies have demonstrated that the route of nutritional supply impacts the systemic metabolic responses after surgical injury. Intestinal mucosal atrophy, as induced by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or prolonged bowel rest, has been reported to enhance bowel endotoxin translocation. The operative procedure for thoracic esophageal cancer, including thoracotomy, laparotomy, and three-field lymph-node dissection, is a particularly stressful surgery that requires long-term aggressive nutritional support and often results in the postoperative hypermetabolic state, leading to perturbation of postoperative immune function. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in host inflammatory responses, whereas IL-10 is linked to suppression of cellular immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate how the antecedent nutritional routes influence systemic IL-6 and IL-10 responses and endotoxin translocation after an operation for thoracic esophageal cancer. Twenty-nine patients who underwent esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy were investigated. They were assigned to groups receiving either TPN (n = 18) or enteral nutrition (EN; n = 11) providing 35 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1) of energy and approximately 1.2-1.5 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) of amino acids. These nutritional supports were conducted from 1 wk before the operation to 14 d after the operation. Serum IL-6, IL-10, and endotoxin concentration were measured before and during the operation and at 2 h and 1, 3, and 7 d after the operation. IL-6 in sera was significantly higher after the operation in both groups. In the EN group, however, significantly less IL-6 production was observed on the third and seventh postoperative days when compared with those patients in the TPN group. Similarly, serum IL-10 concentration in the TPN group showed a significantly higher level than that in the EN group. Serum IL-6 showed a significant positive correlation with IL-10 at 2 h and at 7 d after the operation, suggesting that the reduced inflammatory responses were related to the inhibition of the development of postoperative immunosuppression. Endotoxin concentration in sera was significantly lower in the EN group after the operation than in the TPN group. Perioperative EN provides better regulation of inflammatory cytokine responses and may contribute less to immunosuppression after major surgery than parenteral nutrition. The attenuated production of endotoxin induced by EN may play an important role in these phenomena.     

肠内免疫营养对胃癌手术病人免疫功能和急性炎性反应的调理作用

目的 :观察胃癌病人围手术期使用肿瘤特异性肠内免疫营养物 Supportan对病人的营养、免疫和急性炎性反应的调理作用。　方法 :本研究是一个前瞻、随机、单盲、对照的临床研究。30例营养不良择期手术的胃癌病人 ,随机分为两组 :1、免疫营养组 (Supportan,n=15 ) ,2、标准营养组 (能全素 Nutrison,n=15 )。两组使用等热量肠内营养 ,12 5 k J(30 kcal) / (kg· d)。术前置鼻胃管 ,使用 7天。术中均行空肠造口 ,术后 12小时开始空肠输注肠内营养 ,连续 7天。术前第 8、1天 ;术后第 1、8天抽取静脉血 ,检测血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、T淋巴细胞亚群、血清免疫球蛋白、血清 IL - 6、CRP、PGE2 浓度。　结果 :两组病人术后均有急性炎性反应的发生和免疫功能的降低。但免疫营养组比标准营养组的术后第 1、8天的 CD4/ CD8比值、血清 Ig G水平有显著增加 ;血清 IL- 6、CRP、PGE2 有显著下降 ;术后第 8天血清前白蛋白浓度有显著增加。　结论 :胃癌合并营养不良的病人围手术期使用肠内免疫营养物 Supportan可以改善手术后免疫功能的低下 ,缓解急性相炎性反应和增加内脏蛋白的合成。     

Effect of glutamine dipeptide on hepatic regeneration in partially hepatectomized malnourished rats

Glutamine promotes hepatic regeneration in nourished (N) rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on liver regeneration in malnourished (MN) rats.Seventy-two male Wistar rats ( congruent with 270 g) were assigned to one of two groups: N and MN. Each group was then subdivided into three groups: the first underwent partial hepatectomy (PH) and received standard TPN enriched with L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln); the second also underwent PH and received standard TPN, but enriched with a solution containing proline and alanine (Ala-Pro); and the third underwent no surgical procedure (control group). All experimental groups received isocaloric (188 kcal. kg(-1). d(-1)) and isonitrogenous (1.12 g of nitrogen. kg(-1). d(-1)) TPN for 96 h. All animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine 2 h before death. The hepatic regeneration index (HRI), hepatic growth percentage (HG) and hepatic morphology were analyzed.In MN rats, HRI and HG were higher with glutamine enrichment (HRI = 81 and HG = 190) than with proline-containing TPN (HRI = 66 and HG = 154; P < 0.05) and HRI was 100 times higher in animals that underwent PH than in control animals. Morphologic analysis of hepatic tissue showed no difference among the six groups.Glutamine-enriched TPN promoted growth of the remnant liver in MN rats after PH, maintained cellular proliferation in the various experimental groups after surgery, and maintained hepatic morphology of MN rats after surgery.     

Effects of surgery and nutritional support on some lymphocyte and PMN leucocyte functions in man

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect on some leucocyte functions of 1) an elective surgical procedure; 2) nutritional repletion provided by parenteral alimentation (TPN). The rates of cellular proliferation and protein synthesis in lymphocyte cultures were measured by the incorporation of respectively 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine; both measures were performed without and with additions of mitogenic agents. Random migration and chemotaxis of PMN leucocytes were measured under agarose. In 10 well-nourished patients, both lymphocyte proliferation and protein synthesis in stimulated cultures decreased after elective surgery, respectively by 50% (p < 0.01) and by 32% (p < 0.05) while random migration of PMN leucocytes was increased by 50% (p < 0.02). Stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and protein synthesis measured in 10 nutritionally depleted non-cancer patients prior to TPN were lower in comparison to the values obtained in a control population (respectively p < 0.006 and p < 0.04). These parameters rose progressively during TPN and reached the normal range after 3 weeks. Before TPN, PMN leucocyte random migration was slower in depleted patients than in control subjects; this parameter reached normal values after one week of TPN, while chemotaxis tended to decrease. Both parameters were in the normal range after 3 weeks of TPN. Conclusions 1) an elective operation depresses lymphocyte functions but stimulates PMN leucocyte random migration in well-nourished patients; 2) in depleted patients, previously depressed leucocyte responses are restored within 3 weeks of adequate nutritional support.     

Nutritional status of preoperative colorectal cancer patients

Background: The present study aimed to determine the extent of malnutrition in preoperative colorectal cancer patients. Malnutrition has been shown to affect post‐operative outcome, so it would be beneficial to identify those who are malnourished or who are at risk of becoming so preoperatively. We examine whether weight loss is related to the length of stay or changes in fat free mass. Methods: Patients were enrolled consecutively from outpatients 2–4 weeks prior to surgery. Assessments included body mass index, percentage weight loss, dynamometry, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, Subjective Global Assessment and bioelectrical impedance. Cancer staging and hospital length of stay were recorded. Results: One hundred and thirty‐two patients were eligible and 87 enrolled. Sixty‐seven patients were weight losing and 20% had lost >10% of their usual body weight. Handgrip strength was lower in malnourished patients compared to those who had not lost weight (mean 19.4 and 27.3 kg, respectively, P = 0.013). Mean (SD) fat free mass in patients with a weight loss >10% was 39.7 (13.5) kg and, in those with <10% weight loss, was 51.9 (12.0) kg (P = 0.001). This difference was not demonstrated for fat. Conclusions: Over half of these patients had lost weight prior to surgery and one in five were malnourished. Body composition measurements demonstrated that malnourished patients had significantly less fat free mass compared to patients who were not clinically malnourished. Nutritional screening would be beneficial in this group preoperatively to identify weight‐losing patients at an early stage in the care pathway when they initially enter the secondary care system.     

丙二醇对预防5.5 Gy 60Co γ射线全身照射小鼠辐射损伤的初步探讨

目的 初步探讨小分子化合物丙二醇对C57BL/6J小鼠辐射损伤的防护作用。方法 将40只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为5组：正常组、照射组、丙二醇照射前1h给药组、照射前3 h给药组和照射前6h给药组,5.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ射线全身照射后10 d采集外周血,检测外周血WBC,RBC,PLT的变化。将36只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为3组：对照组、照射组和丙二醇照射前1 h给药组。在照射后7 d,10 d,18 d称量小鼠体重,处死小鼠,计算脾脏指数和胸腺指数;观察照射后10 d小鼠脾脏结构的病理变化;检测照射后7 d的小鼠血清总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平。结果 丙二醇照射前1 h给药显著升高照射后10 d小鼠外周血WBC,PLT（t=2.53、3.72,P<0.05）。丙二醇照射前1h给药显著提高5.5 Gy照射后10 d小鼠的体重（t=2.86,P<0.05）;提高照射后7 d小鼠的脾脏指数（t=2.95,P<0.05）,和照射后7 d、18 d小鼠的胸腺指数（t=2.74,6.81,P<0.05）;减轻辐射导致的小鼠脾脏损伤,对辐射导致的小鼠血清SOD减少有缓解作用,但无统计学意义。结论 丙二醇照射前1 h给药对⁶⁰Co γ射线照射导致的小鼠辐射损伤具有一定的保护作用,其保护作用机制可能是提高机体造血、免疫功能,降低氧化应激。     

Influence of total parenteral nutrition on tumor growth and polyamine biosynthesis of fibrosarcoma-bearing rats after induced cachexia

The effect of a protein-free diet (PF) or a restricted intake of chow (RI) and subsequent host repletion with total parenteral nutrition (PF-TPN, RI-TPN) on tumor growth and polyamine metabolism of fibrosarcoma-bearing rats was examined. Host weight was significantly reduced by PF and RI. Tumor growth was reduced in malnourished rats with the PF regimen resulting in the greatest decrease. Rats receiving TPN after 14 days of the RI or PF regimens had higher host weight and plasma albumin levels than malnourished rats. Tumor growth during TPN was evaluated as the percent increase and compared with that of the respective malnourished rats. The percent increase for RI-TPN rats was significantly greater although a trend toward an increase was also evident for PF-TPN rats. Tumor ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and putrescine levels were increased for PF rats and decreased for RI rats while tumor ODC activity was consistently increased by TPN. Tumor growth, ODC activity, and putrescine levels were simultaneously increased only for those rats fed the RI regimen prior to TPN. These results show a disparity in tumor ODC activity, putrescine levels, and tumor growth in malnourished rats. The results of this study suggest that the nutritional origin of cachexia influences the response of the tumor to TPN and emphasizes the importance of considering the methods to induce malnutrition in designing therapuetic regimens.     

Muscle protein degradation in severely malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subject to short-term total parenteral nutrition.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often lose weight and muscle mass with progression of the disease. Muscle protein degradation in patients with COPD has never been examined before and during hypercaloric feeding. Eight severely malnourished patients with COPD were examined at home consuming their usual intake, in the hospital after 3 days of a meat-free regular oral diet (period B), and during a hypercaloric (55 kcal/kg) high-lipid (55%) parenteral formula (total parenteral nutrition [TPN]). During period B, 8 well-nourished patients and 10 malnourished cancer patients were used as control groups. Measurements included plasma assays, leg blood flow, leg exchange (of 3-methylhistidine [3MeH], glucose, lactate, and oxygen) and urinary measures of 3MeH, creatinine, and nitrogen. During period B, net release of 3MeH across the leg in patients with COPD was similar to that in well-nourished control subjects and cachectic cancer patients. In COPD patients, there was only a transient decrease in leg exchange values of 3MeH with administration of TPN. COPD patients demonstrated a reduction (p less than .01) in urinary 3MeH excretion and an increase in nitrogen balance (p less than .01) with TPN compared with period B. The decrease in muscle protein degradation with administration of TPN accounts for about 50% of the increase in nitrogen retention in patients with COPD. These data suggest that in severely malnourished patients with COPD the weight loss is not dependent on increased rates of skeletal muscle protein degradation; nevertheless, degradation rates attenuate with a positive nitrogen balance during nutrition repletion.     

结直肠癌病人用加速康复外科理念行腹腔镜手术对机体免疫功能的影响

目的:观察加速康复外科(FTS)联合腹腔镜技术对结直肠癌根治手术病人机体免疫功能的影响。方法:将122例结直肠癌根治术病人随机分成三组,即常规剖腹对照组(Ⅰ组,39例),应用传统围手术期处理行剖腹手术;加速康复剖腹组(Ⅱ组,42例),应用FTS理念行剖腹手术;加速康复腔镜组(Ⅲ组,41例),应用FTS理念行腹腔镜手术。三组分别于术前、术后第3和第7天取外周静脉血,测定C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgM、IgG)以及T细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+比值)等。结果:三组病人术后第3和第7天CRP、IL-6较术前均明显升高(P<0.01),与Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比,Ⅰ组术后第3天、第7天CRP、IL-6升高更明显(P<0.01),与Ⅲ组比,Ⅱ组亦有明显升高(P<0.05)。三组病人免疫球蛋白于术后第3天较术前均明显降低(P<0.05),与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比,Ⅰ组降低更明显(P<0.05),术后第7天,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组免疫球蛋白恢复至术前水平,但Ⅰ组仍明显低于术前(P<0.05)。三组病人术后第3天T细胞亚群较术前明显降低(P<0.01),与Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比,Ⅰ组降低更明显(P<0.05),Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组术后第7天均恢复至术前水平,但Ⅰ组仍明显低于术前(P<0.05)。结论:结直肠癌病人应用FTS理念行腹腔镜手术,可更有效地缓解术后的炎性反应,保护免疫功能,对病人术后的加速恢复起到了积极的作用。     

Early Enteral Nutrition is Associated with Faster Post-Esophagectomy Recovery in Chinese Esophageal Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

We retrospectively examined a large cohort of esophageal carcinoma patients who received early enteral nutrition (EEN) to clarify the validity of EEN compared with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Included were a total of 665 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction; and all patients underwent esophagectomy. The patients were divided into two groups: TPN (n = 262) and EEN (n = 403). The TPN group consisted of patients who only received intravenous nutrition support after operation. The postoperative length of hospital stay (PLOS), anastomotic leakage, mortality after surgery, and hospital charges were reviewed and analyzed. Compared with the TPN group, the EEN group had significantly shorter mean PLOS (15.6 days vs. 22.5 days; P < 0.01). Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed EEN to be associated with shorter PLOS even after adjustment for tumor histology, tumor location, type of esophagectomy, and postoperative albumin infusion. Hospital charges were also significantly less for those in the EEN group than the TPN group. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the complication of anastomotic leakage and clinical outcome after surgery. These findings suggest that EEN reduces PLOS and hospital charges of Chinese esophageal cancer patients who had an esophagectomy.     

谷氨酰胺对短肠综合征大鼠残留小肠、结肠形态的影响

目的：观察谷氨酰胺（Gln)对短肠综合征大鼠残留小肠、结肠形态的影响。方法：23只雄性SD大鼠切除80%小肠,随机分为三组：饮食组（n=8)大鼠术后自由进食;全胃肠外营养（TPN）组（n=8)输TPN标准液;Gln组（n=7）输TPN Gln液;正常大鼠8只,作为正常对照组。术后第7天,称体重,取残留空肠、回肠、结肠进行组织学检查（包括光镜和电镜）。结果：饮食组和Gln组术前体重无明显差异,但术后体重有明显差异;饮食组空肠粘膜绒毛高度（VH）和粘膜厚度（MT）、回肠粘膜的VH均明显大于正常组;TPN组空肠粘膜VH、MT明显小于正常组;回肠粘膜隐窝浓度（CD）、MT亦明显小于正常组;Gln组空肠和回肠粘膜VH、CD和MT明显大于TPN组;饮食组结肠MT明显大于正常组,Gln组结肠MT明显大于TPN组。结论：80%小肠切除后,残留小肠发生代偿性改变,食物刺激是残留小肠代偿的重要因素;但这种代偿不完全,TPN可维持机体体重,但可引起残留小肠粘膜萎缩;Gln能阻止TPN引起残留小肠粘膜萎缩,促进残留小肠代偿;同时Gln还促结肠粘膜增生。     

胰腺手术后营养支持方式的比较

目的 :研究胰腺疾病手术后营养支持的疗效以及肠外、肠内阶段性营养支持与完全胃肠外营养支持的优缺点。　方法 :将 2 2例胰腺疾患病人按病种随机分为肠外、肠内阶段性营养支持 (PN+EN)和完全胃肠外营养支持(TPN)两组 ,每组 11例 ,均给予等热量、氮量的营养支持 ,检验两组病人术后 1、5、10、2 0天的代谢变化。　结果 :两组在术后各期体重均略降低 ,但差异不明显 ,血淀粉酶显著下降 ,肝、肾功能好转 ,血糖趋于正常 ,两组无显著差异 ,血清蛋白 Alb、TFN、PAB水平均明显提高 (P<0 .0 1) ,除术后 10天 PAB外两组间无显著差异 ;而 PN+EN组术后并发症少 ,肠功能恢复早 ,营养费用少于 TPN组。　结论 :胰腺手术后肠外、肠内阶段性营养支持与完全胃肠外营养支持一样安全有效 ,并有利于肠功能恢复 ,减少感染 ,降低营养费用     

围手术期联合应用四君子汤和大黄的早期肠内营养对胃癌术后近期免疫功能的影响

目的评价在围手术期应用中药大黄的基础上,术后早期联合应用四君子汤和肠内营养对胃癌患者免疫功能的影响。方法将40例胃癌手术患者随机分为常规肠内营养组(对照组)和大黄、四君子汤干预肠内营养组(研究组)。研究组术前1天、术后18、36小时,经鼻饲管给予中药大黄,对照组给予相同剂量的生理盐水;两组患者均于术后第36小时开始给予等热量、等氮肠内营养支持至术后第10天,研究组在予以肠内营养的同时,经鼻肠管予以四君子汤治疗,并持续应用至术后第10天,对照组经鼻肠管予以相同剂量的生理盐水。两组分别于术前1天,术后第1、10天检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8),免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)浓度。结果研究组术后10天CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8及IgG水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论同手术后单独应用肠内营养相比,围手术期联合应用中药的肠内营养具有显著的细胞免疫增强作用,可有效纠正胃癌患者术后细胞免疫抑制状态。