抗癫痫药物临床应用

目的 探讨抗癫痫药物治疗疗效,以指导临床用药.方法 回顾分析100例癫痫患者,对常用的几种抗癫痫药物疗效进行比较.结论 根据发作类型来选择疗效高、毒性小、价格低廉的药物.目前认为以单一用药为宜,不仅疗效可靠,而且便于观察药物的副作用,还可减少慢性中毒.     

左乙拉西坦单药治疗小儿癫痫疗效观察

目前小儿癫痫的患病率仍然很高,治疗癫痫的主要手段是药物治疗,新型抗癫痫药物在安全性、疗效等方面优于传统药物,因此,探讨新型抗癫痫药物在临床中的疗效,是必要的。左乙拉西坦（LEV）是一种新型抗癫痫药物,自2007年在我国上市应用,该药物以其独特的抗癫痫机制,为广大癫痫患儿的治疗又增添了一个新手段。     

治疗药物监测在抗癫痫药物临床治疗中的作用

目的:探讨治疗药物监测在抗癫痫药物临床治疗中的作用.方法:查阅国内外大量最近文献,并进行归纳,分析.结果:在抗癫痫药物临床治疗的6种情况下需要进行药物监测.结论:治疗药物监测(TDM)仍是临床上治疗癫痫的有用工具,需要有选择和适当地使用.     

2013—2015年武汉大学人民医院神经内科抗癫痫药物的使用情况分析

目的 了解武汉大学人民医院抗癫痫药物的使用情况,为医护人员提供参考.方法 选取武汉大学人民医院2013年7月-2015年8月151份症状性癫痫病历进行回顾性分析,对患者的性别及年龄、病因、用药方案、抗癫痫药物的使用情况以及不良反应进行分类统计.结果 151例症状性癫痫患者中,男性多于女性;年龄多集中在51～64岁的患者;病因复杂,多集中在脑血管疾病、脑外伤、颅内感染3大原因;癫痫形式主要为全身性发作的强直阵挛性发作,抗癫痫治疗方案多采用单一用药的形式,而且丙戊酸钠和奥卡西平是临床上最常用的抗癫痫药物.结论 从药物流行病学角度考察了武汉大学人民医院神经内科抗癫痫药物的药物利用模式,对临床制定抗癫痫治疗方案具有积极的意义.     

布立西坦治疗癫痫的研究进展

药物治疗是癫痫的主要治疗手段,然而传统抗癫痫药物不良反应明显,患者耐受性较差,限制了其在临床中的应用。布立西坦作为第3代新型抗癫痫药物,主要用于局灶性癫痫的添加治疗和单药治疗,也是治疗全面性癫痫和癫痫持续状态的潜在选择。与传统抗癫痫药物相比,布立西坦具有更高的安全性和耐受性。本文综述了布立西坦的作用机制、药动学特征、疗效和安全性,以期为癫痫治疗提供更有效的选择。     

儿童抗癫痫药物研究进展

目前,使用抗癫痫药物仍然是儿童癫痫治疗主要手段. 由于儿童处于快速生长发育阶段,其机体器官功能、药动学与成人显著不同,且选药、疗效评估、预后具有特殊性. 较成人而言,儿童由于大脑兴奋性和抑制性尚未达到平衡,更易罹患癫痫,且抗癫痫药物不合理使用也更易发生认知功能障碍. 如何合理应用抗癫痫药物,达到满意的治疗效果,已经引起广大医务工作者的广泛注意. 因此,不仅要遵循抗癫痫药物治疗原则选药、对患者进行定期疗效评估,还必须尽可能选择对认知功能损害小的抗癫痫药物,积极检测不良反应,这对儿童癫痫药物治疗具有重要意义.     

出血性卒中急性期并发癫痫临床分析

目的探讨出血性卒中急性期并发癫痫临床治疗措施。方法回顾分析270例患者的临床资料。结果本组患者在治疗脑出血的同时,配以抗癫痫药物治疗。其中8例在急性期2周内死于颅内高压、再出血、脑疝及上消化道出血。其余22例经抗癫痫治疗发作得到控制。患者出院后随访三月未复发。结论在抢救脑出血的同时,选择有效药物,进行抗癫痫治疗,控制癫痫发作,是成功抢救此类患者的重要措施。脑卒中后癫痫,特别是频繁的强直-阵挛发作,持续状态如不及时控制,会加重病情,应及时治疗,抗癫痫药物对卒中后癫痫治疗大多有效,疗效满意。     

苯妥英钠预防白消安致癫痫发作失败病例分析

目的探讨白消安致癫痫的预防及治疗的应用及优化。方法通过对1例苯妥英钠预防白消安致癫痫发作失败的病例进行深入分析,从药学监护角度就白消安剂型选择、预防性抗癫痫治疗的必要性、起始抗癫痫治疗的时机和抗癫痫药物的选择等问题进行讨论。结果调研认为该患者预防性抗癫痫治疗的理由充分,但白消安口服剂型对其血药浓度的影响及苯妥英钠治疗不充分可能是导致患者癫痫发作的原因之一,苯妥英钠作为预防白消安所致的癫痫发作并不是唯一选择。结论临床药师对白消安/环磷酰胺预处理方案下抗癫痫治疗方案进行探讨及优化,为临床治疗提供细节的依据。     

西比灵与抗癫痫药物配合治疗40例癫痫患者

观察辅助性抗癫痫药西比灵与治疗癫痫的常用药物德巴金或卡马西平合用对癫痫的作用和疗效。选择经临床和脑电图确诊的典型癫痫患者40例，定期观察临床发作情况及脑电图。     

抗癫痫药物的临床应用进展

目的：介绍国内外新上市的抗癫痫药物,为临床用药提供参考。方法：对近年来的有关文献进行分析、归纳和综述。结果：１０种新的抗癫痫药物疗效好,尤其对难治性癫痫有效,耐受性较好。结论：新一代抗癫痫药物将以其优良的特性逐步取代传统的治疗药物,为患者带来福音。     

神经外科病人预防癫痫发生的用药分析

目的 分析某医院收治的颅脑疾病病人预防癫痫发生的具体用药情况.方法 对某医院神经外科的出院病例进行回顾性调查,分析病人疾病种类、是否手术及具体手术类别,预防癫痫发作的药物使用情况.结果 所调查146例使用抗癫痫药物的病例中,以脑出血病人预防用抗癫痫药为多数;平均住院天数12.6 d;手术病例96例,平均手术时间是3.18 h;非手术病人50例.手术病人大多术后即刻或者术前1~3 d预防使用丙戊酸钠,住院期间预防用丙戊酸钠后无癫痫发作,术后无预防的癫痫发生率为6.8%.结论 该医院颅脑疾病病人预防癫痫发作以使用抗癫痫药丙戊酸钠为主,手术病人术后即刻或者术前预防用抗癫痫药术后癫痫的发生率明显降低.     

Alternatives to atypical antipsychotics for the management of dementia-related agitation

Numerous recent studies have challenged the widely held belief that atypical antipsychotics are safe and effective options for the treatment of behavioural problems such as agitation in patients with dementia. Accordingly, there is a need to reconsider the place of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with dementia. The present article is intended to assist clinicians with the assessment and pharmacological management of agitation in patients with dementia. We review the risk-benefit evidence for the use of atypical antipsychotics in patients with dementia-related agitation (DRA). Emerging evidence indicates that, for patients with dementia, the risks associated with atypical antipsychotics may outweigh the benefits except for patients with severe agitation who require short-term chemical restraint. We then discuss the importance of a careful assessment to rule out potentially reversible factors contributing to DRA. Finally, we summarize the evidence supporting the use of medications other than antipsychotics to treat DRA. There is wide variability in the levels of evidence supporting the use of non-antipsychotic medication for the treatment of DRA. The best evidence currently exists for cholinesterase inhibitors and serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Emerging reports suggest that numerous other medications, for example, antiepileptics, lithium, anxiolytics, analgesics, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, cannabinoid receptor agonists and hormonal agents, may prove to be viable alternatives to antipsychotics for the treatment of severe DRA and more research is urgently needed to help assess the effectiveness of these agents. A comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment and treatment plan is likely the most effective way to manage DRA.     

Pharmacokinetics and interactions of headache medications, part II: prophylactic treatments

The present part II review highlights pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (excluding those of minor severity) of medications used in prophylactic treatment of the main primary headaches (migraine, tension-type and cluster headache). The principles of pharmacokinetics and metabolism, and the interactions of medications for acute treatment are examined in part I. The overall goal of this series of two reviews is to increase the awareness of physicians, primary care providers and specialists regarding pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of headache medications. The aim of prophylactic treatment is to reduce the frequency of headache attacks using beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, antidepressants, antiepileptics, lithium, serotonin antagonists, corticosteroids and muscle relaxants, which must be taken daily for long periods. During treatment the patient often continues to take symptomatic drugs for the attack, and may need other medications for associated or new-onset illnesses. DDIs can, therefore, occur. As a whole, DDIs of clinical relevance concerning prophylactic drugs are a limited number. Their effects can be prevented by starting the treatment with low dosages, which should be gradually increased depending on response and side effects, while frequently monitoring the patient and plasma levels of other possible coadministered drugs with a narrow therapeutic range. Most headache medications are substrates of CYP2D6 (e.g., beta-blockers, antidepressants) or CYP3A4 (e.g., calcium-channel blockers, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, corticosteroids). The inducers and, especially, the inhibitors of these isoenzymes should be carefully coadministered.     

Influence of antiepileptics on efficacy of antidepressant drugs in forced swimming test

Antidepressant medications are indicated in a variety of sustained mood disorders, including depression, and in epileptic patients. On the other hand, some antiepileptics are also used in the treatment of affective disorders. Therefore, some interactions may appear between antiepileptics and antidepressant drugs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the treatment with antiepileptic drugs on the antidepressants' activity in mice (forced swimming test or assessment of locomotor activity). The animals received intraperitoneally (ip) antiepileptics: phenytoin (PHT) at 6 or 12 mg/kg, valproate (VAL) at 50, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg, carbamazepine (CBZ) at 4, 6 or 9 mg/kg, vigabatrin (VGB) at 50, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg or lamotrigine (LTG) at 12.5 or 25 mg/kg, 30, 60 or 90 min before the injection of antidepressants: imipramine (IMI, 20 mg/kg) amitriptyline (AMI, 10 mg/kg), maprotiline (MAP, 10 mg/kg), mianserin (MIA, 15 mg/kg), fluoxetine (FLX, 40 mg/kg) or fluvoxamine (FLV, 20 mg/kg). It was shown that the acute administration of antidepressant drugs significantly reduced the immobility time in forced swimming test in mice. Antiepileptics, given in a single dose, caused did not change the behavior of mice in this test, however, they abolished the characteristic effect of antidepressant drugs. Each antidepressant, given at a single dose, shortening the immobility time in forced swimming test and reduced the locomotor activity of mice. This sedative effect of antidepressants was intensified by antiepileptics. The present results suggest that antiepileptics can reduce the activating effect of antidepressant drugs of different groups.     

抗癫痫药致胎儿畸形的研究进展

癫痫孕妇胎儿畸形的发病率为一般孕妇的2～3倍,而抗癫痫药为致胎儿畸形的主要原因,不仅传统的抗癫痫药,如苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥、卡马西平、丙戊酸钠可致胎儿畸形,新型抗癫痫药,如拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、奥卡西平、左乙拉西坦、氨己烯酸,经动物试验和病例报告证实,也能致胎儿畸形。使用抗癫痫药的孕妇胎儿畸形的发生率为4.2%～7.6%。抗癫痫药物联合应用的致畸率(6.0%～10.9%)高于单独应用的致畸率(3.7%～6.9%)。抗癫痫药所致胎儿畸形的主要临床表现为:颅面部畸形,指(趾)端发育不全,先天性心脏缺陷,小头畸形,神经管缺陷及出血倾向等。抗癫痫药致畸的机制可能和其致叶酸缺乏、阻断离子通道及神经元退行性变有关。处于妊娠和准备妊娠的癫痫患者应根据癫痫发作的类型、频次及其原因合理选择和使用抗癫痫药。用药期间应尽量采用单药治疗,将剂量调整为控制癫痫的最小剂量,加强血药浓度监测,补充叶酸和维生素K及做好产前检查,以减少或避免发生胎儿畸形。     

一线抗癫癎药物血药浓度监测结果分析

目的:对一线抗癫癎药物血药浓度监测结果进行回顾性分析,指导临床合理用药。方法:对801例服用一线抗癫癎药物病人的血药浓度进行分类汇总,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果:各药在有效血药浓度范围内的病例百分率差异显著(P<0.01),分别为丙戊酸钠(VPA)75.2%、苯巴比妥(PB)67.3%、卡马西平(CBZ)53.1%、苯妥英钠(PHT)20.8%。VPA使用率最高,为60.5%,其血药浓度存在性别差异(P<0.01)。CBZ血药浓度存在年龄差异(P<0.01)。多药联用血药浓度升高的病例增加(P<0.01),以PHT/CBZ方案最为突出。CBZ/VPA、PB/VPA方案在控制率、安全性方面比较好。结论:血药浓度监测对癫癎治疗具有极其重要的临床意义。     

Medication-related falls in the elderly: causative factors and preventive strategies

People are living to older age. Falls constitute a leading cause of injuries, hospitalization and deaths among the elderly. Older people fall more often for a variety of reasons: alterations in physiology and physical functioning, and the use (and misuse) of medications needed to manage their multiple conditions. Pharmacological factors that place the elderly at greater risk of drug-related side effects include changes in body composition, serum albumin, total body water, and hepatic and renal functioning. Drug use is one of the most modifiable risk factors for falls and falls-related injuries. Fall-risk increasing drugs (FRIDs) include drugs for cardiovascular diseases (such as digoxin, type 1a anti-arrhythmics and diuretics), benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, antiparkinsonian drugs, opioids and urological spasmolytics. Psychotropic and benzodiazepine drug use is most consistently associated with falls. Despite the promise of a more favourable side-effect profile, evidence shows that atypical antipsychotic medications and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants do not reduce the risk of falls and hip fractures. Despite multiple efforts with regards to managing medication-associated falls, there is no clear evidence for an effective intervention. Stopping or lowering the dose of psychotropic drugs and benzodiazepines does work, but ensuring a patient remains off these drugs is a challenge. Computer-assisted alerts coupled with electronic prescribing tools are a promising approach to lowering the risk of falls as the use of information technologies expands within healthcare.     

Practical considerations for the treatment of elderly patients with migraine

Treatment of migraine presents special problems in the elderly. Co-morbid diseases may prohibit the use of some medications. Moreover, even when these contraindications do not exist, older patients are more likely than younger ones to develop adverse events. Managing older migraine patients, therefore, necessitates particular caution, including taking into account possible pharmacological interactions associated with the greater use of drugs for concomitant diseases in the elderly. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the safest drug for symptomatic treatment of migraine in the elderly. Use of selective serotonin 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonists ('triptans') is not recommended, even in the absence of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular risk, and NSAID use should be limited because of potential gastrointestinal adverse effects. Prophylactic treatments include antidepressants, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, calcium channel antagonists and antiepileptics. Selection of a drug from one of these classes should be dictated by the patient's co-morbidities. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are appropriate in patients with hypertension but are contraindicated in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease. Use of antidepressants in low doses is, in general, well tolerated by elderly people and as effective, overall, as in young adults. This approach is preferred in patients with concomitant mood disorders. However, prostatism, glaucoma and heart disease make the use of tricyclic antidepressants more difficult. Fewer efficacy data in the elderly are available for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which can be tried in particular cases because of their good tolerability profile. Calcium channel antagonists are contraindicated in patients with hypotension, heart failure, atrioventricular block, Parkinson's disease or depression (flunarizine), and in those taking beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (verapamil). Antiepileptic drug use should be limited to migraine with high frequency of attacks and refractoriness to other treatments. Promising additional strategies include ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists because of their effectiveness and good tolerability in patients with migraine, particularly in those with hypertension. Because of its favourable compliance and safety profile, botulinum toxin type A can be considered an alternative treatment in elderly migraine patients who have not responded to other currently available migraine prophylactic agents. Pharmacological treatment of migraine poses special problems in regard to both symptomatic and prophylactic treatment. Contraindications to triptan use, adverse effects of NSAIDs, and unwanted reactions to some antiemetics reduce the list of drugs available for the treatment of migraine attacks in elderly patients. The choice of prophylactic treatment (beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, calcium channel antagonists, antiepileptics, and more recently, some antihypertensive drugs) is influenced by co-morbidities and should be directed at those drugs that are believed to have fewer adverse effects and a better safety profile. Unfortunately, for most of these drugs, efficacy studies are lacking in the elderly.     

Gabapentin: new indication. Little impact on partial epilepsy in children between 3 and 12

(1) The standard treatment for partial epilepsy in children is carbamazepine. The efficacy of other antiepileptics has also been documented, either alone (phenobarbital, oxcarbazepine, valproate sodium, phenytoin), or in drug combinations (lamotrigine, topiramate). (2) A licence extension has been granted in France for gabapentin in partial epilepsy in children aged 3 to 12 years, in combination with other antiepileptics. (3) The clinical file contains no data from trials comparing gabapentin with other antiepileptics. (4) The main double-blind trial involved 247 children who were treated either with their usual treatment + gabapentin or usual treatment + placebo. Gabapentin was only moderately effective, and the overall number of responders did not differ significantly between the gabapentin and placebo groups. (5) In this trial the main adverse effects among the children on their usual treatment + gabapentin were behavioural disorders (hostility and mood swings). (6) In practice, the licensing of gabapentin for children with partial epilepsy aged between 3 and 12 years changes nothing in their practical management.