食管鳞状细胞癌中miR-4687-5P及STIM1的表达及调控机制

目的检测食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell cancer,ESCC)细胞株及组织中miR-4687-5P及STIM1基因的表达及STIM1基因启动子区的甲基化状况,进一步探讨miR-4687-5P与STIM1基因表达的相关性以及两者是否具有共同的表达调控机制。方法应用qRT-PCR及甲基化特异性PCR(methylation specific PCR,MSP)法检测ESCC细胞株(TE13、KYSE150、T.Tn)及89例ESCC及相应癌旁非肿瘤组织中miR-4687-5P及STIM1基因的表达及甲基化情况,并分析其相关性。结果 ESCC组织中miR-4687-5P与STIM1基因表达均明显下调,且表达具有一致性。miR-4687-5P与STIM1基因在3株ESCC细胞系中表达较弱,应用甲基化抑制剂5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine(5-Aza-Dc)处理细胞株后两基因表达均明显增强,而甲基化条带明显减弱或消失; ESCC组织中,STIM1基因启动子区呈高甲基化状态,且其甲基化频率与STIM1及miR-4687-5P的表达均相关(P 0. 01)。结论 ESCC中miR-4687-5P与STIM1基因表达均下调; miR-4687-5P表达可能受宿主基因STIM1启动子的调控,其启动子区的高甲基化状态可能是引起miR-4687-5P与STIM1基因在ESCC中表达下调的共同机制之一。     

微小RNA-1273g-3p对人结直肠癌HCT116和SW480细胞增殖和迁移的影响

目的:探讨微小RNA(MicroRNA,miR)-1273g-3p对结直肠癌细胞增殖和迁移的调控作用.方法:将miR-1273g-3p模拟物分别转染人结肠癌细胞(Human colon cancer cell,HCT116)和人结肠腺癌细胞(Human colon adenocarcinoma,SW480)细胞株,通过聚合酶链反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)测定miR1273g-3p的表达情况;四唑盐(Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium,MTT)比色法检测miR-1273g-3p对细胞增殖的作用;Transwell实验检测细胞的迁移能力.结果:转染miR-1273g-3p模拟物后,结直肠癌HCT116和SW480细胞miR-1273g-3p相对表达量明显上调;MTT和Transell实验结果显示,过表达miR-1273g-3p能明显促进HCT116和SW480细胞的增殖和迁移(P<0.01).结论:miR-1273g-3p具有促进结直肠癌HCT116和SW480细胞株增殖和迁移的作用.     

miR-224-5p靶向GABRE对人结肠癌细胞系SW480增殖的影响

目的 探讨miR-224-5p通过靶点GABRE对结直肠癌细胞系增殖的抑制作用和可能的调控机制。方法 从基因表达综合数据库（GEO）中检索并筛选GPL18058的microRNA(miRNA)表达阵列,筛选出结直肠癌与正常组织差异表达的miR-224-5p后,通过Target Scan Human数据库预测其下游靶点GABRE,并利用UALCAN分析GABRE在结直肠癌组织中的表达情况和结直肠癌预后关系。利用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测结直肠癌细胞系中的miR-224-5p和GABRE的表达水平。在结直肠癌细胞系SW480中,沉默miR-224-5p后,CCK-8法与克隆形成实验分析其增殖情况。RT-PCR和Western blot检测miR-224-5p对GABRE表达的影响。在SW480细胞中低表达GABRE,评估其对结直肠癌调节中的miR-224-5p的选择性作用。结果 在结直肠癌组织和细胞系中,miR-224-5p的表达异常上调,抑制其表达后,SW480细胞的增殖能力降低（P<0.05）。在结直肠癌组织和细胞系的基因和蛋白质水平上,miR-224-5p正调控GAB...     

上调miR-433表达抑制结直肠癌细胞系增殖

目的研究miR-433在结直肠癌中的表达,并初步探讨其功能。方法选择不同分期结直肠癌癌组织(CRC)、癌旁组织与正常结直肠组织,用实时定量PCR检测miR-433表达并比较;体外培养结直肠癌细胞系HT-29、HCT-116和SW480以及正常结直肠细胞系NCM460,用实时定量PCR检测miR-433表达。随后将miR-433模拟物转染SW480细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖;划痕实验检测细胞迁移;Transwell小室法检测细胞侵袭;流式细胞测量术检测细胞周期。结果与癌旁组织相比,miR-433在结直肠癌组织中表达显著降低(P0.05)。在结肠癌患者血清中miR-433水平也显著低于健康人群(P0.05)。此外,从TNM分期Ⅰ期～Ⅳ期,结直肠癌组织内miR-433表达逐渐降低(P0.05)。与NCM460相比,HT-29、HCT-116和SW480中,miR-433表达下调(P0.05)。SW480转染miR-433模拟物后,与对照miRNA组相比,在SW480细胞增殖水平明显降低(P0.05),G_2和M期细胞比例增多。上调miR-433后,细胞侵袭和迁移明显减弱(P0.05)。结论 miR-433在结直肠癌中表达降低。在SW480细胞中上调其表达后,可抑制细胞系增殖、侵袭与迁移。     

miR-581 对结直肠癌SW620 细胞增殖能力的影响

目的:探讨miR-581 对结直肠癌SW620 细胞增殖能力的影响。方法:分别用携带miR-581 基因的慢病毒颗粒(LV-miR-581-GFP)和miR-581 mimics(miR-581)转染人结肠癌细胞株SW620 作为实验组;用对照组病毒颗粒(LV-GFP)和对照组mimics (Vector)转染SW620 细胞株作为阴性对照组。用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测各组细胞中miR-581 的mRNA 表达水平;CCK8 和克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖能力和克隆形成能力的变化。结果:实验组SW620 细胞中miR-581 表达较对照组明显增高(P<0.05);CCK8 和克隆形成实验显示过表达实验组细胞的增殖及克隆形成能力较对照组明显增强(P<0.05)。结论:miR-581 对结直肠癌SW620 细胞的增殖具有促进作用。     

miR-451a调控BAP31诱导结直肠癌细胞凋亡

目的:探讨miR-451a及靶蛋白BAP31在结直肠癌中的作用。方法:体外培养HCT116、SW620、SW480、DLD细胞,以Real-time PCR法检测结直肠癌细胞系中miR-451a和BAP31的相对表达量;通过建立miR-451a不同表达情况的结直肠癌细胞HCT116模型,应用抑制消减杂交方法建立抑制消减文库,从中筛选miR-451a的调控蛋白,并通过萤光素酶报告基因检测miR-451a的直接调控靶基因;采用MTT法、流式细胞术以及Hoechst染色法评价miR-451a调控的靶蛋白BAP31对结直肠细胞凋亡的调节作用。结果:在抑制杂交消减文库中得到了miR-451a可能调控的相关基因,其中在正向文库中得到BAP31、EEF1A1和CDC20等7个基因,在反向文库中得到DKK1和PSME1等4个基因。在HCT116、HT29、SW480、SW620和DLD结直肠癌细胞中miR-451a的相对表达量是正常结肠上皮细胞NCM460中的0.32、0.44、0.53、0.43和0.73倍,BAP31在DLD、HT29、SW620和HCT116结直肠癌细胞中的表达量是正常结肠上皮细胞NCM460中的1.85、2.84、2.37和3.71倍。双萤光素酶报告基因实验证明,miR-451a可作用于与BAP31开放阅读框上游177的位点,通过miR-451a作用使海肾荧光素酶的活性降低80.3%。在HCT116细胞和SW620细胞中过表达miR-451a后72h抑制率分别为39.50%和39.50%;沉默BAP31后72h抑制率分别为45.32%和53.56%。过表达miR-451a48h后HCT116凋亡增加13.57%,SW620细胞凋亡率增加13.2%;沉默BAP31 48h后HCT116细胞凋亡增加5.62%,SW620细胞凋亡率增加8.68%。结论:miR-451a在结直肠癌细胞中能够直接通过调控BAP31诱导细胞的凋亡从而抑制细胞的增殖。     

结直肠癌细胞中脾酪氨酸激酶基因甲基化状态和表达的关系

目的：探讨结直肠癌细胞中脾酪氨酸激酶基因甲基化和表达的关系。方法：应用亚硫酸盐修饰测序、甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应和蛋白印迹技术检测结直肠癌细胞脾酪氨酸激酶的甲基化状态以及表达情况；荧光素酶报告分析法研究启动子区域CpG岛的甲基化与启动子活性的关系；甲基化转移酶抑制剂处理脾酪氨酸激酶甲基化失表达的结直肠癌细胞株，观察处理前后细胞内脾酪氨酸激酶基因甲基化状态和表达情况。结果：（1）23个结直肠癌细胞中，9个细胞启动子发生甲基化而失去蛋白质表达；其余则正常表达，甲基化发生率为39.2％；（2）9个甲基化的细胞中，7个存在微卫星不稳定；而14个未发生甲基化的细胞中，仅有4个存在微卫星不稳定。二者之间的差异显著（P<0.05）；（3）脾酪氨酸激酶启动子全长和未甲基化启动子荧光素酶的活性分别是甲基化组的4.5和4.7倍；5-Aza-CdR可恢复甲基化启动子的活性；（4）5-Aza-CdR可去甲基化而使脾酪氨酸激酶基因重新表达，而且具有时间依从性。结论：结直肠癌细胞中，启动子区域的甲基化导致Syk基因丧失表达，5-Aza-CdR可以去甲基化而恢复脾酪氨酸激酶基因的表达。     

结直肠癌中胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-相关蛋白1表达上调与其5′CpG岛低甲基化的相关性

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-相关蛋白1(IGFBP-rP1)在结直肠癌中的表达改变并分析其与该基因5′CpG岛甲基化改变的关系.方法 采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MSP)检测46例结直肠癌组织和配对的正常黏膜中IGFBP-rP1基因的表达水平及5′CpG岛的甲基化状况,并通过T-A克隆、测序加以验证.不表达IGFBP-rP1基因的结肠癌细胞株LoVo和SW620经去甲基化药物5-氮-2′-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine,5-aza-dC)处理后,分别用RT-PCR和MSP检测IGFBP-rP1表达改变和甲基化状况.结果 mRNA水平上,IGFBP-rP1在结直肠癌组织中的表达水平高于配对的正常黏膜(P<0.01).在46例结直肠癌组织中,28例(60.9%)可检测到IGFBP-rP1基因5′CpG岛发生甲基化,而在配对的正常黏膜中,37例(80.4%)可检测到,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).IGFBP-rP1基因的表达和甲基化水平之间存在负相关(P<0.05).5-aza-dC处理后,两株细胞均出现IGFBP-rP1基因的再表达,MSP法检测证实基因发生了去甲基化.结论 IGFBP-rP1基因的表达水平与5′CpG岛甲基化水平之间存在负相关.DNA甲基化是结直肠癌中IGFBP-rP1表达调控的一种机制.IGFBP-rP1低甲基化引起的基因表达上调可能与结直肠癌的发生发展有关.     

miR-23a和ESRP1在直肠癌中的作用

目的:研究miR-23a和上皮剪接调节蛋白1(epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1,ESRP1)在直肠癌组织及细胞系中的表达,以及对体外直肠癌细胞活力和凋亡的作用。方法:采用RT-q PCR分析miR-23a在36例直肠癌组织和癌旁组织中的表达,免疫组化检测ESRP1在直肠癌组织中的表达,分析miR-23a和ESRPl在直肠癌组织中的相关性;利用RT-q PCR检测miR-23a在直肠癌Caco-2和SW480细胞及人正常结肠上皮细胞株NCM460中的表达;合成miR-23a inhibitor和inhibitor阴性对照(inhibitor NC),并将其分别转染至SW480细胞后,通过CCK-8法检测miR-23a inhibitor转染SW480细胞后对细胞活力的影响,流式细胞术检测转染后细胞凋亡率,Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭;通过Western blot技术检测SW480细胞中ESRPl蛋白的表达;构建野生型pGL3-ESRP1-3’UTR(wt-pGL3-ESRP1-3’UTR)或突变型pGL3-ESRP1-3’UTR(mut-pGL3-ESRP1-3’UTR)质粒,并分别与miR-23a inhibitor或inhibitor NC共转染至HEK293和SW480细胞中,利用双萤光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒说明检测双萤光素酶活性;将ESRP1 mimic或mimic NC瞬时转染SW480细胞后,CCK-8法和流式细胞术分别检测细胞活力和凋亡;Western blot法检测瞬转ESRP1 mimic后对ESRP1、caspase-3、Smac和XIAP蛋白表达的影响。结果:miR-23a和ESRP1在直肠癌组织的表达较癌旁正常组织分别上调和下调,两者呈明显负相关(P0.01);miR-23a的表达与直肠癌的淋巴结转移和肿瘤浸润深度相关;与NCM460细胞相比较,miR-23a在SW480细胞中的表达量显著上调(P0.01);转染miR-23a inhibitor后,SW480细胞活力较inhibitor NC组显著下降(P0.01);转染miR-23a inhibitor后SW480细胞早期凋亡率明显升高,同时细胞体外侵袭能力受到抑制;萤光素酶报告基因结果表明ESRP1是miR-23a的直接靶基因;转染miR-23a inhibitor至SW480细胞后ESRP1蛋白表达水平明显升高;ESRP1 mimic转染SW480细胞后可抑制细胞活力并诱导细胞凋亡,同时上调caspase-3和Smac的表达,下调XIAP的表达。结论:miR-23a可通过负向调控下游靶基因ESRP1从而影响直肠癌细胞生长和凋亡。     

miR-34a在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨miR-34a在结直肠癌中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系.方法 应用实时荧光定量PCR法对43例结直肠癌及其癌旁正常组织中miR-34a进行定量检测.结果 结直肠癌组织中miR-34a表达水平明显高于癌旁正常组织,差异有统计学意义(P＞0.05);miR-34a在结直肠癌组织中的表达与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿块大小、淋巴结转移均无相关性(P＞0.05),而与浸润深度、TNM分期密切相关(P＜0.05).结论 miR-34a在结直肠癌的发生、发展过程可能发挥重要作用,检测miR-34a有望成为结直肠癌新的肿瘤标记物或预后因子.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.