Guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas: surgical treatment

The only curative treatment in biliary tract cancer is surgical treatment. Therefore, the suitability of curative resection should be investigated in the first place. In the presence of metastasis to the liver, lung, peritoneum, or distant lymph nodes, curative resection is not suitable. No definite consensus has been reached on local extension factors and curability. Measures of hepatic functional reserve in the jaundiced liver include future liver remnant volume and the indocyanine green (ICG) clearance test. Preoperative portal vein embolization may be considered in patients in whom right hepatectomy or more, or hepatectomy with a resection rate exceeding 50%–60% is planned. Postoperative complications and surgery-related mortality may be reduced with the use of portal vein embolization. Although hepatectomy and/or pancreaticoduodenectomy are preferable for the curative resection of bile duct cancer, extrahepatic bile duct resection alone is also considered in patients for whom it is judged that curative resection would be achieved after a strict diagnosis of its local extension. Also, combined caudate lobe resection is recommended for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Because the prognosis of patients treated with combined portal vein resection is significantly better than that of unresected patients, combined portal vein resection may be carried out. Prognostic factors after resection for bile duct cancer include positive surgical margins, especially in the ductal stump; lymph node metastasis; perineural invasion; and combined vascular resection due to portal vein and/or hepatic artery invasion. For patients with suspected gallbladder cancer, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not recommended, and open cholecystectomy should be performed as a rule. When gallbladder cancer invading the subserosal layer or deeper has been detected after simple cholecystectomy, additional resection should be considered. Prognostic factors after resection for gallbladder cancer include the depth of mural invasion; lymph node metastasis; extramural extension, especially into the hepatoduodenal ligament; perineural invasion; and the degree of curability. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is indicated for ampullary carcinoma, and limited operation is also indicated for carcinoma in adenoma. The prognostic factors after resection for ampullary carcinoma include lymph node metastasis, pancreatic invasion, and perineural invasion.     

Purpose, use, and preparation of clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

Apart from periampullary carcinoma, the prognosis of biliary tract carcinomas, including hilar cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma, remains poor. Sophisticated diagnostic skills and treatment methods and their application are naturally required to achieve better treatment results for biliary tract carcinomas. However, it is not too much to say that, due to the paucity of high-level evidence for the management of these carcinomas, medical care by healthcare providers in clinics and at medical institutes throughout the world is currently delivered without common consensus and common standards. The clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary carcinoma outlined here were produced with the aim that they could be used by physicians involved in the care of biliary tract carcinomas, as indicators that could help them provide their patients with the most appropriate care possible at this time. Also, the guidelines were prepared to provide measures that could assure patients with biliary tract carcinomas of safe medical care. The present guidelines are characterized by their clarification of clinical questions assumed to be often shared by healthcare professionals. For clarity, we divided the contents of the guidelines into eight areas. In each area, clinical questions are presented, together with recommendations of clinical actions in response to the question. As mentioned already, there is a paucity of high-level evidence in this area; therefore, the recommendations are classified into grades, of which there are five: A, strongly recommend performing the clinical action; B, recommend performing the clinical action; C1, the clinical action may be useful, although there is a lack of high-level scientific evidence; C2, clinical action not definitively recommended ecause of insufficient scientific evidence; D, recommend not performing the clinical action. The grading of the recommendations is based on the determination of the level of evidence in references on which the recommendation is based.     

Preoperative biliary drainage for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

We posed six clinical questions (CQ) on preoperative biliary drainage and organized all pertinent evidence regarding these questions. CQ 1. Is preoperative biliary drainage necessary for patients with jaundice? The indications for preoperative drainage for jaundiced patients are changing greatly. Many reports state that, excluding conditions such as cholangitis and liver dysfunction, biliary drainage is not necessary before pancreatoduodenectomy or less invasive surgery. However, the morbidity and mortality of extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer is still high, and the most common cause of death is hepatic failure; therefore, preoperative biliary drainage is desirable in patients who are to undergo extended hepatectomy. CQ 2. What procedures are appropriate for preoperative biliary drainage? There are three methods of biliary drainage: percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD), and surgical drainage. ERBD is an internal drainage method, and PTBD and ENBD are external methods. However, there are no reports of comparisons of preoperative biliary drainage methods using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Thus, at this point, a method should be used that can be safely performed with the equipment and techniques available at each facility. CQ 3. Which is better, unilateral or bilateral biliary drainage, in malignant hilar obstruction? Unilateral biliary drainage of the future remnant hepatic lobe is usually enough even when intrahepatic bile ducts are separated into multiple units due to hilar malignancy. Bilateral biliary drainage should be considered in the following cases: those in which the operative procedure is difficult to determine before biliary drainage; those in which cholangitis has developed after unilateral drainage; and those in which the decrease in serum bilirubin after unilateral drainage is very slow. CQ 4. What is the best treatment for post-drainage fever? The most likely cause of high fever in patients with biliary drainage is cholangitis due to problems with the existing drainage catheter or segmental cholangitis if an undrained segment is left. In the latter case, urgent drainage is required. CQ 5. Is bile culture necessary in patients with biliary drainage who are to undergo surgery? Monitoring of bile cultures is necessary for patients with biliary drainage to determine the appropriate use of antibiotics during the perioperative period. CQ 6. Is bile replacement useful for patients with external biliary drainage? Maintenance of the enterohepatic bile circulation is vitally important. Thus, preoperative bile replacement in patients with external biliary drainage is very likely to be effective when highly invasive surgery (e.g., extended hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma) is planned.     

胆囊癌合并肝门胆管侵犯的手术治疗体会

目的探讨胆囊癌合并肝门胆管侵犯手术治疗需注意的问题.方法回顾性分析22例手术治疗病人的术前发现和手术情况,比较切除与未切除受累胆管组术后生存时间.结果手术证实全组均有明确胆管侵犯.未切除胆管者病情无实质性改善,切除胆管组术后生存时间较长(P＜0.01),但仍存在"扩大的姑息性切除”的情况;胰后淋巴结清扫不彻底是妨碍实现临床根治的最主要原因.结论对胆囊癌合并肝门胆管侵犯者可根据有无肝门横沟处肝实质浸润、左右肝管是否显像、门静脉主干及左右支有无受累决定是否施行扩大根治切除;对适合手术切除的晚期胆囊癌宜将淋巴清扫扩大至第3站,以求达到真正意义上的临床根治.     

Guidelines for chemotherapy of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with large numbers of patients have been conducted to date in patients with biliary tract cancer, and standard chemotherapy has not been established yet. In this article we review previous studies and clinical trials regarding chemotherapy for unresectable biliary tract cancer, and we present guidelines for the appropriate use of chemotherapy in patients with biliary tract cancer. According to an RCT comparing chemotherapy and best supportive care for these patients, survival was significantly longer and quality of life was significantly better in the chemotherapy group than in the control group. Thus, chemotherapy for patients with biliary tract cancer seems to be a significant treatment of choice. However, chemotherapy for patients with biliary tract cancer should be indicated for those with unresectable, locally advanced disease or distant metastasis, or for those with recurrence after resection. That is why making the diagnosis of unresectable disease should be done with greatest care. As a rule, pathological diagnosis, including cytology or histopathological diagnosis, is preferable. Chemotherapy is recommended in patients with a good general condition, because in patients with general deterioration, such as those with a performance status of 2 or 3 or those with insufficient biliary decompression, the benefit of chemotherapy is limited. As chemotherapy for unresectable biliary tract cancer, the use of gemcitabine or tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil potassium is recommended. As postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, no effective adjuvant therapy has been established at the present time. It is recommended that further clinical trials, especially large multi-institutional RCTs (phase III studies) using novel agents such as gemcitabine should be performed as soon as possible in order to establish a standard treatment.     

Diagnosis of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

Diagnostic methods for biliary tract carcinoma and the efficacy of these methods are discussed. Neither definite methods for early diagnosis nor specific markers are available in this disease. When this disease is suspected on the basis of clinical symptoms and risk factors, hemato-biochemical examination and abdominal ultrasonography are performed and, where appropriate, enhanced computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is carried out. Diagnoses of extrahepatic bile duct cancer and ampullary carcinoma are often made based on the presence of obstructive jaundice. Although rare, abdominal pain and pyrexia, as well as abnormal findings of the hepatobiliary system detected by hemato-biochemical examination, serve as a clue to making a diagnosis of these diseases. On the other hand, the early diagnosis of gallbladder cancer is scarcely possible on the basis of clinical symptoms, so when this cancer is found with the onset of abdominal pain and jaundice, it is already advanced at the time of detection, thus making a cure difficult. When gallbladder cancer is suspected, enhanced CT is carried out. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), in particular — one of the methods of enhanced CT — is useful for decision of surgical criteria, because MDCT shows findings such as localization and extension of the tumor, and the presence or absence of remote metastasis. Procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography, bile duct biopsy, and cholangioscopy should be carried out taking into account indications for these procedures in individual patients. However, direct biliary tract imaging is necessary for making a precise diagnosis of the horizontal extension of bile duct cancer.     

Risk factors for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas and prophylactic surgery for these factors

Curative resection is the only treatment for biliary tract cancer that achieves long-term survival. However, patients with advanced biliary tract cancer have only a limited prognosis even after radical surgical resection. Thus, to improve the longterm results, the early detection of biliary tract cancer and subsequent cure seem to be essential. The purpose of this study was to review the literature concerning the risk factors for cancerous and precancerous lesions of the biliary tract, and prophylactic surgery for these factors. It has been reported that pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) with bile duct dilatation is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer, while PBM without bile duct dilatation is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Thus, in the former group, a prophylactic excision of the common bile duct and gallbladder should be recommended, while in the later group, a prophylactic cholecystectomy without bile duct resection may be the appropriate surgical procedure. It has also been reported that primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with PSC often develop advanced cholangiocarcinoma with a poor prognosis. In patients with PSC, therefore, strict follow-up should be recommended. Adenoma and dysplasia have been regarded as precancerous lesions of gallbladder cancer. A polypoid lesion of the gallbladder that is sessile, has a diameter greater than 10 mm, and /or grows rapidly, is highly likely to be cancerous and should be resected. Although gallstones seem to be closely associated with gallbladder cancer, there is no evidence of a direct causal relationship between gallstones and gallbladder cancer. Thus, a cholecystectomy is not advised for asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Controversy remains as to whether adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder and porcelain gallbladder are associated with gallbladder cancer. With respect to ampullary carcinoma, adenoma of the ampulla is considered to be a precancerous lesion. This article discusses the risk factors for cancerous and precancerous lesions of the biliary tract and prophylactic treatment for these factors.     

Aberrant promoter hypermethylation in biliary tract carcinoma

Biliary tract carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor with a poor survival rate. The molecular biological mechanisms underlying the development of biliary tract carcinomas are not well understood. Promoter methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism for suppressing tumor-suppressor gene activity. There is limited information regarding the abnormal methylation of cancer-related genes in biliary tract carcinoma; however, a few insights have been obtained into the role of epigenetic silencing in the progression of biliary tract carcinoma. In this review, we summarize recent data on gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation, and we discuss the implications for biliary tract carcinomas.     

Stenting and interventional radiology for obstructive jaundice in patients with unresectable biliary tract carcinomas

Together with biliary drainage, which is an appropriate procedure for unresectable biliary cancer, biliary stent placement is used to improve symptoms associated with jaundice. Owing to investigations comparing percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), surgical drainage, and endoscopic drainage, many types of stents are now available that can be placed endoscopically. The stents used are classified roughly as plastic stents and metal stents. Compared with plastic stents, metal stents are of large diameter, and have long-term patency (although they are expensive). For this reason, the use of metal stents is preferred for patients who are expected to survive for more than 6 months, whereas for patients who are likely to survive for less than 6 months, the use of plastic stents is not considered to be improper. Obstruction in a metal stent is caused by a tumor that grows within the stent through the mesh interstices. To overcome such problems, a covered metal stent was developed, and these stents are now used in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction. However, this type of stent has been reported to have several shortcomings, such as being associated with the development of acute cholecystitis and stent migration. In spite of these shortcomings, evidence is expected to demonstrate its superiority over other types of stent.     

犬胆管壁的应力-应变性扩张构建宽口径胆管的实验研究

目的 探索短期内以持续渐增的局部胆管内压构建局部宽口径胆管的可行性及形态特征.方法 杂交犬12只随机分配到A、B两组中,A组仅在胆总管内放置胆管扩张器作胆汁外引流,B组在胆总管内放置胆管扩张器引流并分别在手术后的第1、8、15、22天向扩张球囊注水,注水容积分别为0.1、0.15、0.2、0.25 ml,扩张球囊以渐增的压力持续扩张1个月.观察两组手术前后血清总胆红素(TB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(ALT)及胆管直径(BDD)、胆管壁及肝组织学病理变化、术后X线胆道造影检查.结果 A、B两组扩张前后及组间比较在TB、ALT、AST及肝组织学方面差异不明显;BDD在A、B两组扩张前后及组间比较差异明显;B组胆管壁增厚,管腔增粗,管壁柔韧性好,肝外胆管以扩张处为中心向邻近胆管方向扩张,胆管壁特殊染色示胶原及弹力纤维排列致密,无断裂.结论 以持续渐增的局部胆管内压扩张局部胆管,构建的胆管管壁厚,管腔粗,胆管壁胶原及弹力纤维排列致密.扩张的局部胆管为犬胆管损伤早期胆肠重建及制备宽大的胆肠吻合口创造了条件.     

Application of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining for cytology of biliary tract carcinomas

Purpose/Background: Increased numbers of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) dots reflect higher proliferating activity of malignant cells. Methods: To determine whether AgNOR staining is suitable for cytology of bile in biliary diseases as an ancillary diagnostic method, we examined the mean number of AgNOR dots (MNA) in cells of both bile smear and tissue sections in 14 benign biliary diseases and 25 malignancies of the biliary tract. The malignant diseases consisted of 11 gallbladder cancers, 10 bile duct cancers, and 4 ampulla cancers in patients who underwent surgical resection. Results of AgNOR staining were available in 15 min, and the MNA in the nucleus was counted in 50 cells/specimen. Results: The MNAs in malignant cells in bile smear (9.6 ± 3.8) and tissue sections (9.2 ± 3.5) were significantly higher than those in the corresponding cells in benign biliary diseases (4.1 ± 1.0 and 2.9 ± 0.8, respectively; P < 0.01). The MNA of bile smear for both benign and malignant cells correlated significantly with that of tissue sections (r = 0.915; P < 0.0001). When the cutoff value of MNA for bile smear was set at 7.0, benign diseases could be discriminated from malignancy, and the MNA of 20 (80%) malignant specimens was higher than this value. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the AgNOR dot count of cells in bile smears would be a useful diagnostic tool, in combination with conventional cytological diagnosis, before and during surgery. Received: February 6, 2002 / Accepted: June 10, 2002 Offprint requests to: H. Ayabe     

胆道癌NDPK/nm23的表达及意义

目的　研究转移抑制基因ＮＤＰＫ／ｎｍ２３ 在胆道良恶性病变中的表达及与转移性的关系。方法　４３ 例胆囊腺癌,２０ 例胆管癌,８ 例胆囊腺瘤和５ 例胆囊炎的石蜡包埋组织切片,经免疫胶体金方法（ＩＧＳＳ）染色,并在显微镜下计数阳性细胞。结果　胆囊腺癌中ＮＤＰＫ 在转移性及非转移性肿瘤中的表达率分别为２３．５％ （４／１７） ,和３４．６％（９／２６） ,两者间无显著性差异（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）,而胆管癌中分别为１４．３％（１／７）和４６．１％ （６／１３）,两者间有显著性差异（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。ＮＤＰＫ在良恶性病变中的表达无显著性差异,并与肿瘤的病理分级无关。结论　ｎｍ２３ 基因可能在胆囊腺癌和胆管癌的转移过程中起不同的调节作用,其表达程度与胆管癌的转移呈负相关而与胆囊腺癌的转移无关。     

Radiation therapy and photodynamic therapy for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

The purpose of radiation therapy for unresectable biliary tract cancer is to prolong survival or prolong stent patency, and to provide palliation of pain. For unresectable bile duct cancer, there are a number of studies showing that radiation therapy is superior to the best supportive care. Although radiation therapy is used in many institutions, no large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed to date and the evidence level supporting the superiority of this treatment is low. Because long-term relief of jaundice is difficult without using biliary stenting, a combination of radiation therapy and stent placement is commonly used. As radiation therapy, external-beam radiation therapy is usually performed, but combined use of intraluminal brachytherapy with external beam radiation therapy is more useful for making the treatment more effective. There are many reports demonstrating improved response rates as well as extended survival and time to recurrence achieved by this combination therapy. Despite the low level of the evidence, this combination therapy is performed at many institutions. It is expected that multiinstitutional RCTs will be carried out. Unresectable gallbladder cancer with a large focus is usually extensive, and normal organs with high radio sensitivity exist contiguously with it. Therefore, only limited anticancer effects are to be expected from external beam radiation therapy for this type of cancer. The number of reports on ampullary cancer is small and the role of radiation therapy in this cancer has not been established. Combination treatment for ampullary cancer consists of either a single use of intraoperative radiation therapy, postoperative external beam radiation therapy or intraluminal brachytherapy, or a combination of two or three of these therapies. Intraoperative radiation therapy is superior in that it enables precise irradiation to the target site, thereby protecting adjacent highly radiosensitive normal tissues from irradiation. There are reports showing extended survival, although not significant, in groups undergoing intraoperative or postoperative radiation therapy compared with groups without radiation therapy. To date, there are no reports of large RCTs focusing on the significance of radiation therapy as a postoperative adjuvant treatment, so its usefulness as a postoperative adjuvant treatment is not proven. An alternative treatment is photodynamic therapy. There is an RCT demonstrating that, in unresectable bile duct cancer, extended survival and improved quality of life (QOL) have been achieved through a combination of photodynamic therapy and biliary stenting, compared with biliary stenting alone. Results from large RCTs are desired.     

Bile leakage after biliary tract surgery

Summary The incidence of bile leaks has increased with laparoscopic cholecystectomy as compared with open cholecystectomy. Minor bile leaks are not infrequent but are clinically insignificant; of the major bile leaks the most common sequela is the biloma, the most serious, bile peritonitis. Early symptoms may be very subtle; all untoward symptoms should be investigated with a HIDA scan to rule out bile leakage. Positive HIDA scans should be followed with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Management of the leakage depends on identification of its source. Prompt identification of ductal injuries permits earlier effective treatment and consequently less morbidity and/or mortality.     

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目的：对比皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术（STHG）与皮下盲襻型肝胆管空肠吻合术（SLCJ）后结石复发情况。方法：追踪随访5年间因肝胆结石接受这两种手术方式治愈的病人，观察其胆管炎发生率和胆管结石复发率。结果：共有134例病人获得随访，手术至随访时间平均4年2个月。STHG组与SLCJ组术后胆管炎的发生率分别为6．1％、21．2％，胆管结石复发率分别为4．1％、17．6％。STHG组术后胆管炎的发生率和胆管结石复发率均明显低于SLCJ组，差异有显著性意义。结论：STHG术后疗效优于SLCJ。     

胆道肿瘤的潜在标志物Mrp14

目的 探讨胆道肿瘤特异性的标志物,为胆道肿瘤的早期诊断、判断预后、监测复发以及治疗等提供帮助,同时为进一步研究胆道肿瘤的发病机制提供线索。方法 收集经病理结果证实的胆道癌和胆囊癌患者的组织、胆汁标本以及良件胆道和胆囊疾病患者的组织、胆汁标本,应用双向电泳和MALDI-TOF-MS质谱技术检测出恶性和良性组织、恶性和良性病变患者胆汁之间差异表达的蛋白。对同时高表达于胆道癌、胆囊癌及恶性病变胆汁的蛋白Mrp14进行Western blot、免疫组化验证,RT-PCR监测基因表达水平。结果3组蛋白标本双向电泳后质谱成功鉴定出30个差异表达的蛋白,其中Mrp14同时在胆道癌、胆囊癌及恶性病变胆汁中高表达。Western blot、免疫组化及RT-PCR验证其在蛋白和基因水平于恶性组织中高表达。结论 Mrp14在胆道系统恶变后表达增高,可能为胆道肿瘤发生、发展的候选肿瘤标志物。     

腹腔镜胆道手术中Luschka管损伤致胆漏的防治

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆道手术中Luschka管损伤的诊断、治疗及预防方法。方法:回顾分析3例腹腔镜胆道手术中Luschka管损伤病例的临床资料。结果:3例患者术前影像学检查均未发现胆道变异情况,均于腹腔镜胆道手术中出现Luschka管损伤,其中2例患者用电钩电切剥离胆囊床,术中发现胆漏,进一步检查发现Luschka管损伤,用可吸收线缝合Luschka管,术后未发生胆漏;1例患者术中用超声刀剥离胆囊床,未发现明显胆漏,术后2 d出现腹痛、黄疸,诊断性腹腔穿刺抽出胆汁,经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影检查证实Luschka管损伤,经腹腔穿刺置管引流+鼻胆管引流术治疗后治愈出院。术后随诊6个月,均未发现胆道狭窄、胆漏、腹腔脓肿等并发症。结论:腹腔镜胆道手术中Luschka胆管损伤难以避免,熟悉解剖、术中提高警惕是防范腹腔镜胆道手术中Luschka胆管损伤的关键。     

Intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy for unresectable malignant biliary tumors with obstructive jaundice

We reviewed our experience with intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy as a palliative therapy for patients with unresectable malignant diseases involving the ductal confluence or the common hepatic duct. Fifteen patients with malignant biliary obstruction were treated by cholangiojejunostomy at our hospital. Two patients had intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 7 had gallbladder carcinoma, 5 had bile duct carcionoma, and 1 had pancreatic carcinoma. Segment III cholangiojejunostomies were performed in 14 patients and segment V cholangiojejunostomy in 1. Contraindications for surgical resection were locoregional invasion of tumors involving the proper and/or common hepatic artery and portal vein in 15 patients and the presence of hepatic metastases in 6 patients. Liver metastases were detected in 5 of the 7 patients with gallbladder carcinoma. Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients (13%), but there was no leakage of the cholangioenteric anastomosis in our series. There was no operative mortality after cholangiojejunostomy. Of the 9 patients who survived for more than 6 months after surgery, 7 showed a significant improvement in performance status (PS) (82 ± 10%) 3 months after the surgery compared with the preoperative PS (70 ± 7%). Four of the 9 patients had recurrent cholangitis as a late complication, but 4 were completely free from jaundice. Median survival after cholangioenteric bypass was 9 months (range, 2–25 months). With respect to tumor location, the median survival time was 4 months (range, 2–25 months) in patients with gallbladder carcinoma and 15.5 months (range, 12–22 months) in those with bile duct carcinoma. While the median survival period after surgery was only 3 months (range, 2 to 8 months) in the 5 patients with hepatic metastases from gallbladder carcinoma, 2 patients without liver metastasis survived for 9 and 25 months after segment III cholangioenteric bypass. In conclusion, cholangiojejunostomy can provide useful palliation for malignant biliary obstruction when combined with careful patient selection. Received: September 5, 2000 / Accepted: November 8, 2000     

胆道良性狭窄金属支架置入术后并发症及其处理

目的探讨金属支架置人治疗胆道良性狭窄的并发症。方法随访5例胆道良性狭窄应用金属支架治疗的病人，由于反复出现寒战发热，合并支架内结石形成，胆管阻塞，其中4例行手术取出支架。结果4例病人手术取出金属支架，术中见金属支架被胆泥堵塞，胆管壁黏膜破坏，支架取出困难；行胆肠吻合胆管内置管引流。2例病人因置人金属支架后反复胆管炎，胆汁性肝硬化，肝功衰竭死亡。结论金属支架不适合应用于良性胆道狭窄。