实时三维超声心动图检测房间隔缺损封堵术对右心室容积和瓣环运动影响

目的 采用实时三维超声心动图(TR-3DE)评价房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术对右心房室结构和瓣环运动的影响。方法 收集37例经ASD封堵术封堵成功的继发孔型ASD患者,于术前1天、术后1个月和3个月行TR-3DE检查,分析并比较封堵术前后右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右心房舒张末期容积(RAEDV)、右心房收缩末期容积(RAESV)、右心室射血分数(RVEF)和三尖瓣环位移(TAD)差异,计算术后3个月RVEDV、RVESV、RAEDV、RAESV变化率,分析术后右心容积变化率与封堵器直径、房间隔心内膜垫残端与三尖瓣环位移的相关性。结果 封堵术后1个月和3个月RVEDV、RVESV、RAEDV、RAESV、RVEF和TAD均显著低于术前,术后3个月和1个月间差异亦有统计学意义。封堵器直径与RVEDV,RVESV,RAEDV和RAESV变化率均呈正相关(r=0.98、0.89、0.87、0.87,P<0.05),心内膜垫残端与三尖瓣环位移无明显相关性(r=0.18,P>0.05)。结论 ASD患者封堵术治疗后右心室容量及三尖瓣环位移较术前均明显减小,可通过TR-3DE进行有效检测。     

实时三维超声心动图评价酒精性心肌病患者右心室收缩功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价酒精性心肌病(ACM)患者右心室收缩功能的变化。方法 对30例ACM患者(ACM组)和30名正常人(对照组)分别进行常规超声及RT-3DE检查。常规超声测量参数包括左心室射血分数(LVEF)、右心室舒张末期面积(RVEDA)和收缩末期面积(RVESA),计算右心室面积变化分数(RVFAC);运用M型超声测量三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE);RT-3DE测量参数包括右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、收缩末期容积(RVESV)、每搏量(RVSV)、射血分数(RVEF)。比较两组上述参数的差异,分析RVFAC、TAPSE与RVEF的相关性。结果 常规超声中,ACM组RVEDA和RVESA高于对照组,LVEF、RVFAC和TAPSE低于对照组(P均<0.05);RT-3DE中,ACM组RVEDV和RVESV高于对照组,RVEF低于对照组(P均<0.05),两组RVSV无明显差异(P>0.05)。RVFAC、TAPSE均与RVEF呈正相关(r=0.610、0.822,P均<0.05)。结论 RT-3DE能准确评价右心室收缩功能,具有一定临床应用价值。     

实时三维超声心动图评价法洛四联症患者右心室收缩功能的研究

目的：应用实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）研究法洛四联症（TOF）患者右心室收缩功能的改变。方法：应用RT-3DE及二维方法测量29例TOF患者及10例正常儿童的右心室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）、收缩末期容积（RVESV）、每搏量（RVSV）及射血分数（RVEF）。结果：二维及RT-3DE均测得29例患者中41%术前RVEF低于50%,两种方法测得的TOF患者术前RVEDV及RVESV比较有统计学差异,RVSV及RVEF无统计学差异。TOF患者三维右心室容积曲线（RVVC）幅度较正常人减小,收缩峰值后移。结论：RT-3DE能通过测量右室容积及射血分数来评价TOF患者右室功能的变化。     

实时三维超声心动图评价房间隔缺损伴轻、中度肺动脉高压患者右室功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)技术评价房间隔缺损(ASD)伴轻、中度肺动脉高压(PAH)患者行封堵介入术前后右室收缩功能.方法 63例ASD患者按PAH程度分为轻、中度组,并选取33例健康人作为对照组,运用RT-3DE技术测量ASD患者封堵术前、术后及健康人的右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、收缩末期容积(RVESV)、每搏量(RVSV)、射血分数(RVEF).结果 (1)两组ASD患者术前的RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV、RVEF,术后RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV均大于对照组(均P＜0.05). (2)两组ASD患者术后的RVEDV、RVESV、RVEF均小于术前(均P＜0.05).(3) ASD中度PAH组术前、术后的RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV均大于轻度PAH组(均P＜0.05). (4) ASD合并轻度、中度PAH患者封堵术后的RVEF无明显差别.结论 RT-3DE可用于评价ASD患者封堵治疗前后右室功能;轻、中度肺动脉高压的ASD患者行介入封堵术后右室容积及收缩功能可在术后短期内得到改善.     

实时三维超声心动图对房间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压患者手术前后右心室功能的评价

【】目的应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评估房间隔缺损(ASD)合并肺动脉高压(PAH)患者的右心室功能,探讨手术前、后右心室功能的变化情况。方法65例ASD患者按PHA程度分成轻、中、重度三组,并选取同一时期就诊的健康体检者为对照组 ,分别对ASD各组于手术前、后及对照组进行RT-3DE检查,应用TomTec 4D RV软件分析出右心室舒张末容积(RVEDV)、右心室收缩末容积(RVESV)、右心室每搏输出量(RVSV)、右心室射血分数(RVEF)、三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)及右心室容积-时间曲线,进行相关分析。结果(1)三组术前RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV均大于对照组(P＜0.05);轻、中度组术前RVEF、TAPSE均大于对照组(P＜0.05),重度组均小于对照组(P＜0.05)。(2)三组术后RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV均大于对照组(P＜0.05),RVEF、TAPSE与对照组无差异(P＞0.05)。(3)三组术后RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV均小于术前(P＜0.05);轻、中度组术后RVEF、TAPSE均小于术前(P＜0.05),重度组均大于术前(P＜0.05)。结论RT-3DE可精准、快速、无创的评估ASD合并PAH患者手术治疗前、后右心室功能的变化。     

实时三维超声心动图对法洛四联症手术前后右室收缩功能分析

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)检测法洛四联症(TOF)手术前后右室收缩功能.方法 30例TOF患者常规二维超声心动图检查并确诊后,使用RT-3DE采集患者的右室全容积数据库,分析右室舒张末容量(RVEDV)、收缩末容量(RVESV),计算射血分数(EF).比较术前、术后12 d、术后3个月RVEDV、RVESV及EF值的变化.结果 30例患者中20%(6/30)患者术前右室EF低于50%,术后12 d收缩末容量较术前增加(P<0.05),EF值较术前减低(P<0.05),术后3个月RVEDV较术前增大(P<0.05).常规二维超声术后复查,70%患者(21/30)残留肺动脉分支狭窄,所有患者均存在肺动脉瓣反流.结论 RT-3DE能简便、准确地确定右室容积并计算右室收缩功能;TOF患者术后残留肺动脉分支狭窄及肺动脉瓣反流可能导致右室收缩功能下降.     

实时三维超声心动图与磁共振对法洛四联症患者心室功能的对比研究

目的 以磁共振（MRI）检测结果为标准,探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）检测法洛四联症（TOF）患者左、右心室功能的准确性.方法 16例TOF患者行常规超声心动图检查并确诊后,分别使用RT-3DE和MRI采集患者的左、右室全容积数据库,分析左、右室舒张末期容量（LVEDV、RVEDV）、收缩末期容量（LVESV,RVESV）,计算射血分数（EF）,比较两种检测方法得出的RVEDV、RVESV及EF值的相关性和差异.结果 RT-3DE和MRI检测TOF患者RVEDV、RVESV、RVEF、LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF分别为（49.1±22.1）ml、（22.4±11.4）ml、（54.4±10.9）%、（40.9±19.9）ml、（20.1±11.4）ml、（51.42±7.6）%和（50.3±20.2）ml、（22.8±10.8）ml、（54.9±9.9）%、（41.64±19.00）ml、（20.6±10.5）ml、（51.11±6.00）%,r值分别为0.996、0.997、0.950、0.996、0.998和0.950.结论 RT-3DE能方便、准确地检测TOF患者心室容积并计算其收缩功能.     

单心动周期实时三维超声心动图评价室间隔缺损封堵术前后左心室容积及收缩功能

目的 探讨应用单心动周期实时三维超声心动图(sRT-3DE)评价室间隔缺损(VSD)患者介入封堵术后左心室容积及收缩功能变化的价值。方法 收集接受介入封堵术的先天性VSD患者42例,于术前1天、封堵术后第3天、1个月、3个月和5个月应用sRT-3DE采集一个心动周期内心尖四腔心切面三维图像,测量左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)、每搏量(LVSV)和左心室射血分数(LVEF)。结果 术后第3天、1个月、3个月和5个月LVEDV、LVESV均低于术前(P均<0.05);术后LVSV、LVEF虽有所下降,但与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 应用sRT-3DE评价室间隔缺损患者介入封堵术前后左心室容积与收缩功能变化安全、方便、无创,适于临床推广应用。     

时空关联成像-M模式评价胎儿右心室收缩功能

目的 应用时空关联成像-M模式(STIC-M)评价正常胎儿右心室收缩功能。方法 对胎儿正常的150名孕妇进行STIC-M检测,测量胎儿三尖瓣半环平面收缩位移(f-TAPSE);应用体器官计算机辅助分析自动测量技术测量胎儿右心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积,计算右心室每搏输出量和射血分数(RVEF),分析胎儿f-TAPSE、孕周、RVEF之间的相关性。结果 f-TAPSE与孕周呈显著正相关(r=0.964,P<0.01),与RVEF之间无相关性(r=0.040,P=0.773);胎儿RVEF相对恒定,不随孕周增加而变化,与孕周之间无相关性(r=-0.231,P=0.310)。结论 STIC-M评价正常胎儿右心室收缩功能简单、重复性好,值得临床推广应用。     

三维超声心动图在老年持续性心房颤动患者中的评估价值分析

目的 探讨三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)在老年持续性心房颤动患者中的评估价值。方法 选取2016年4月～2019年10月我院收治的100例老年持续性心房颤动患者设为观察组。选取同期行体检的100例健康志愿者设为对照组。采用RT-3DE分别测量左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室整体面积收缩期峰值应变(LVGAS)、整体纵向收缩期峰值应变(LVGLS)、整体径向收缩期峰值应变(LVGRS)、整体圆周收缩期峰值应变(LVGCS);右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右心室射血分数(RVEF)。对比两组左心及右心RT-3DE测定结果。结果 观察组LVEDV、LVESV明显高于对照组,LVEF、LVGAS、LVGLS、LVGRS、LVGCS明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组RVESV、RVEDV明显高于对照组,RVEF明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 RT-3DE能评估患者左右心室容积及泵血功能,对疾病诊断、判断病情发展及后续治疗有着重要的临床意义,值得推广应用。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.