近日节律的改变与高血压脑出血手术治疗预后关系的研究

目的：研究近日节律的改变与高血压脑出血手术治疗预后的关系。方法：收集100例高血压基底节区脑出血的病例,每例患者均进行了标准的开颅血肿清除术。术后连续24小时监测心率,每小时记录一次。用单一余弦法进行术后24小时心率的近日节律分析。根据术后近日节律的出现和消失将患者分组,利用统计学比较两组预后的差异。结果：术后24小时心率近日节律出现组预后好的患者比例明显优于消失组（P〈0．01）。结论：近日节律的改变有可能早期预测高血压脑出血手术治疗的预后。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与腔隙性脑梗塞患者血压近日节律性的分析

目的：探讨合并颈动脉粥样硬化（CAS）的原发性高血压（EH）患者血压近日节律的特征,及与腔隙性脑梗死（CLI）的关系。方法：高血压患者114名,以彩色多普勒检测患者的颈动脉内膜情况及动态血压仪监测患者24小时血压变化,分为CAS组与CAN（颈动脉正常）组,以差值百分比法分析24小时血压节律变化情况,并进行统计学分析。结果：在CAS组的EH患者中,夜间收缩压和舒张压下降率明显低于CAN组患者（P〈O．05）,发生血压近日节律紊乱的患者明显多于CAN组（P〈O．05）。结论：CAS的发生与EH患者血压近日节律的紊乱有密切关系,是缺血性脑卒中发生的危险因素。     

模拟微重力对NIH3T3细胞近日节律基因的影响

目的:研究模拟微重力对NIH3T3细胞近日节律基因表达水平的影响。方法:NIH3T3细胞按照模拟微重力的天数分为5组,RT-PCR检测节律基因mRNA的相对表达水平。结果:实验结果显示五组样品Per1、Per2、Cry1、Bmal1、Clock的相对表达水平存在显著性差异。Per1和Per2基因mRNA的相对表达水平在模拟微重力的第2天、第3天较0天显著升高(P0.05),Per2、Cry1和Clock基因mRNA的相对表达水平在模拟微重力的第4天较其他四组显著降低(P0.05)。结论:近日节律基因的相对表达水平在模拟微重力第2、3天升高,第4天后降低。模拟微重力影响近日节律基因的表达且具有时间依赖性。     

阿尔茨海默病患者促甲状腺激素(TSH)近日节律的变化

目的:探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平变化。方法:选择四川绵阳地区AD患者30例,每一例AD患者选择1例年龄、性别和健康状况(除外AD)匹配的对照。连续2 d,每隔2 h采集血清一次(第一天奇数时点,第二天偶数时点),用放免法检测血清TSH水平。结果:非AD对照人群TSH近日节律明显,19∶00～20∶00最低(19∶003.89±0.97 mIU.L-1,20∶00 3.76±0.84 mIU.L-1),2∶00～4∶00最高(2∶00 6.15±0.94 mIU.L-1,3∶00 6.32±1.04 mIU.L-1,4∶00 6.39±1.13 mIU.L-1),而AD患者血清TSH水平无显著近日节律,24时间点血清TSH水平波动在3.80～4.03 mIU.L-1之间。24时点中,除16∶00～19∶00时点外,AD患者血清TSH水平显著低于正常对照(P<0.05)。结论:AD患者血清TSH水平生物节律消失,多数时点显著低于正常对照。     

近日节律与癌症研究进展

近日节律调控许多生理过程和行为,包括睡眠、新陈代谢等,具有24小时振荡模式.流行病学研究发现,环境变化(如轮班工作)导致的节律紊乱与癌症的发生有关,但分子机制尚不清楚.现有研究表明,节律基因在癌细胞中的表达谱发生改变,近日节律对细胞分化和新陈代谢的调控作用可能影响肿瘤发生发展过程.以近日节律为指导的时间疗法,已在癌症治...     

近日节律紊乱与癌症关系的研究进展

动物实验及流行病学研究结果表明,癌症的发生发展与近日节律的紊乱密切相关。目前关于近日节律紊乱与癌症关系的研究还存在一些局限性:人群流行病学研究目前主要是发现夜间倒班、跨时差飞行等所致的节律紊乱与乳腺癌、前列腺癌发病关系密切,而关于其它癌症的研究报道较少。虽然近日节律失调与癌症的关系已经得到证实,但其机制尚未确定,大多数学者认为,节律紊乱的致癌作用主要与褪黑素分泌的降低和生物钟基因表达的紊乱有关。     

老年收缩期高血压的血压昼夜节律和血压负荷值与靶器官损害的关系

目的评价老年收缩期高血压(ISH)的动态血压(ABP)节律及负荷值对靶器官的影响.方法106例60岁以上收缩压≥21.28kPa和舒张压(DBP)≤12.64kPa的患者分为两组Ⅰ组(无靶器官损害者39例)和Ⅱ组(合并心、脑、肾损害,但处于功能代偿期67例).分别选30例正常血压的老年人和中青年(≤55岁)为对照组(EC和MC).所有病例均作ABP监护.结果EC、MC、Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组相比,ABP节律异常者逐渐增加,昼夜血压差值逐渐缩小.与Ⅰ组比,Ⅱ组白昼与夜间(尤其是夜间)SBP平均值和负荷值显著增高.各组DBP平均值及负荷值差异不显著.结论老年ABP减弱甚至消失,合并ISH时这种变化更明显,老年ISH的异常血压节律和持续(尤其是夜间)SBP升高及超负荷与靶器官损害有关.     

近日节律紊乱对小鼠海马神经元结构和功能的影响

目的:用不规律光暗循环建立小鼠近日节律紊乱动物模型,观察近日节律紊乱对小鼠海马神经元结构和功能的影响。方法:将40只雄性ICR小鼠(8-10周龄,体质量18-20g)随机分成节律正常组和节律紊乱组,每组20只。节律正常组给予光照12小时和12小时黑暗。节律紊乱组给予光照3小时和黑暗5小时与光照5小时和黑暗3小时交替。6个月后,水迷宫测小鼠的认知功能、电生理技术观测海马长时程增强(Long-term potentiation,LTP)现象、电镜检测小鼠海马细胞的超微结构。结果:与节律正常组比较,节律紊乱组小鼠逃避潜伏时间显著延长、穿越中心区域次数显示中央区次数显著减少(P0.05)。节律紊乱组小鼠海马突触结构模糊,突触前、后膜轴浆溶解,突触小泡明显减少,突触后膜肿胀,变薄,突触间隙变窄,海马突触LTP发生率和峰值均显著降低(P0.05)。结论:近日节律紊乱可导致小鼠海马神经元结构破坏、神经传导功能下降、小鼠认知功能受损。     

高血压的血压变异性与靶器官损害的研究进展

有效的降低高血压患者心血管事件的发生率是我们一直追求的目标.近期的一些研究表明血压的升高和血压变异性的增高往往伴随着心、脑、肾、血管等靶器官损害的发生及发展,从而提升心血管事件的发生率及病死率.     

高血压患者140例动态血压节律特点及临床意义

目的 探讨高血压病人动态血压监测的临床意义.方法 对140例有高血压病史的患者监测24 h血压,晨6时至晚10时每15 min测血压1次,晚10时至晨6时每30 min测血压1次.监测期间日常生活不受限制.结果 检出临界高血压25例,占观察人数的17.85%;根据血压与心率的关系,合理选择降压药物及用药时间;血压负荷>40%,左室肥厚者占63.6%.结论 偶测血压增高者,不应轻易诊断为高血压或服用降压药物,应行动态血压监测后再确定治疗方案;血压负荷值超过40%是高血压心脏受累的警报.     

Circadian rhythm in salivary melatonin in narcoleptic patients

Narcolepsy is characterized, beside other features, by excessive daytime sleepiness and disturbed sleep at night. The pineal hormone melatonin may affect the sleep characteristics. The aim of the study was to compare the circadian rhythm in salivary melatonin in narcoleptic patients with that in control healthy subjects; 18 patients and 21 age- and gender-matched controls were involved. Narcoleptic patients exhibited a nocturnal increase in salivary melatonin similar to the one in control subjects. The morning melatonin decline in the narcoleptic group, as opposed to the control group was, however, not significant, as 8 out of 18 patients exhibited elevated melatonin levels also during the day. In these patients, the mean daytime value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) was decreased when compared with that in patients with undetectable daytime melatonin levels. The results suggest that in some narcoleptic patients the circadian rhythm might be disturbed.     

Circadian rhythm of the lymphocyte nucleolar area

Nucleolar area and number were evaluated in human blood lymphocytes by scanning confocal laser microscopy. Remarkable stability of both the nucleolar coefficient and the proportion of lymphocytes with different nucleolar types at various times has been shown. Significant differences of mean nucleolar area were found during the circadian rhythm, with the maximum/minimum ratio ranging from 122–191%. With respect to the various courses of this rhythm for different human subjects, we suggest that circadian rhythm in the nucleoli area is exogenous.     

Circadian structure of rat neutrophil phagocytosis

Published findings regarding the time structure of phagocytosis appear to be partly discordant. In addition, this feature has not yet been evaluated in rats, although the rat is an important biomodel used for haematological preclinical biomedical studies. Thus, we examined selected characteristics using rats in order to help elucidate the above-mentioned controversies and to provide further complete data on the haematology of this biomodel. The ingestion of foreign particles (HEMA) or large cells (yeast), the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium salts (NBT) in rat circulating neutrophils and their migration were evaluated. We found circadian variations in the following characteristics of neutrophil phagocytosis: (i) phagocytic activity; the concentration of engulfed particles and phagocytic index decreases late in the day and peaks in the morning; (ii) NBT reduction; a rise being observed at noon and a fall in the evening. The acrophase for phagocytosis of larger yeast cells was earlier (small hours) than that of smaller HEMA particles (in the morning). Chemotactically oriented migration showed a significant increase in the afternoon, but we have not found a statistically significant fit for the cosine function of this characteristic. No circadian rhythm was present in spontaneous migration. Our findings support the opinion that changes in phagocytic characteristics are a part of the circadian system of the immune system in laboratory rats. By comparing our data with the literature it seems that discrepancies in the courses of the circadian rhythms can be at least partly caused by different laboratory procedures as well as by different acrophases for the various elements of phagocytosis.     

免疫系统的昼夜生理节律

本文从时间生理学的角度，探讨免疫系统的生理节律。在稳定的环境条件下，小鼠外周血白细胞总数及其类细胞均存在着昼夜节律，其峰值位于从下午至傍晚的时点。血清白蛋白和球蛋白含量周期性涨落的位相，与白细胞相似。反映机体体液免疫和细胞免疫功能的两个指标，特异性抗绵羊红细胞抗体（ＩｇＧ）的含量和Ｔ淋巴细胞酸性α－醋酸萘酯酸的活性，也呈昼夜性波动。免疫系统昼夜节律的揭示，对于深入理解免疫本质、指导生理实验和临床检     

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review

OBJECTIVE: This the first of two articles reviewing the scientific literature on the evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs), employing the methodology of evidence-based medicine. In this first part of this paper, the general principles of circadian biology that underlie clinical evaluation and treatment are reviewed. We then report on the accumulated evidence regarding the evaluation and treatment of shift work disorder (SWD) and jet lag disorder (JLD). METHODS: A set of specific questions relevant to clinical practice were formulated, a systematic literature search was performed, and relevant articles were abstracted and graded. RESULTS: A substantial body of literature has accumulated that provides a rational basis the evaluation and treatment of SWD and JLD. Physiological assessment has involved determination of circadian phase using core body temperature and the timing of melatonin secretion. Behavioral assessment has involved sleep logs, actigraphy and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Treatment interventions fall into three broad categories: 1) prescribed sleep scheduling, 2) circadian phase shifting ("resetting the clock"), and 3) symptomatic treatment using hypnotic and stimulant medications. CONCLUSION: Circadian rhythm science has also pointed the way to rational interventions for the SWD and JLD, and these treatments have been introduced into the practice of sleep medicine with varying degrees of success. More translational research is needed using subjects who meet current diagnostic criteria.     

Circadian rhythms and the effects of exogenous melatonin in the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus: A mammal lacking a distinct pineal gland

Circadian rhythms of body temperature, activity and oxygen consumption were recorded in the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, a mammal lacking a distinct pineal gland. The rhythms were entrained by light-dark cycles and appeared to be phase-coupled. Under constant illumination, the animals displayed free-running circadian rhythms with period lengths of slightly less than 24 hr. Melatonin implants caused a lengthening of the free-running period of activity and body temperature. The occurrence of a “normal” circadian rhythmicity in the armadillo indicates that the pineal organ is not necessary for the circadian organization of this animal whereas melatonin of non-pineal origin may have a role.     

Circadian feeding rhythm after hypothalamic knife-cut isolating suprachiasmatic nucleus

Bilateral parasagittal knife-cut between the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LH) or coronal knife-cut between the SCN and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) resulted in a partial loss of the circadian feeding rhythm in rats; after either operation the rats consumed about 30% of their total daily food intake during the light period. However, after the parasagittal and coronal knife-cuts were made in combination, the circadian feeding rhythm was completely lost (50% food intake during the light period). Rats which lost the circadian feeding rhythm partially or completely showed neither obesity nor anorexia. These findings suggest that there are dual informational pathways from the SCN, possibly between the SCN and LH and between the SCN and VMH, through which circadian time signals generated in the SCN are transmitted to the LH and VMH to drive the circadian feeding rhythm.     

Circadian activity rhythms of the pig-tailed macaque,Macaca nemestrina,under constant illumination

Lcomotor activity was recorded in singly caged pig-tailed macaques Macaca nemestrina in constant conditions with intensities of illumination varying between 0.003 lux and 100 lux. Each animal was kept in at least 5 different conditions for 2–3 weeks each. Three quantities of the circadian rhythm: the period, the duration of activity as opposed to rest, and the amount of activity per period, could be shown to be positively correlated with light intensity. As in 6 other diurnal primate species, these findings contradict the so-called circadian rule according to which opposite correlations should exist between the circadian parameters and light intensity in diurnal and in nocturnal species of animals.     

Circadian variation of liver esterases

Summary The circadian rhythm of liver esterase activity has been studied in rats maintained under highly standardized laboratory condition. They were housed in specially constructed climate rooms and subjected to an artificial 1212 light-dark regimen. The total esterase was further differentiated to A esterase (E.C. 1.1.2) by using E 600 (Paraoxan), and a circadian rhythm for this enzyme also has been observed. During the lowest phase of total esterase activity, the higher phase for organophosphate-resistant esterase activity was observed.     

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review

OBJECTIVE: This the second of two articles reviewing the scientific literature on the evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs), employing the methodology of evidence-based medicine. We herein report on the accumulated evidence regarding the evaluation and treatment of Advamced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD), Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD), Free-Running Disorder (FRD) and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm ISWR). METHODS: A set of specific questions relevant to clinical practice were formulated, a systematic literature search was performed, and relevant articles were abstracted and graded. RESULTS: A substantial body of literature has accumulated that provides a rational basis the evaluation and treatment of CRSDs. Physiological assessment has involved determination of circadian phase using core body temperature and the timing of melatonin secretion. Behavioral assessment has involved sleep logs, actigraphy and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Treatment interventions fall into three broad categories: 1) prescribed sleep scheduling, 2) circadian phase shifting ("resetting the clock"), and 3) symptomatic treatment using hypnotic and stimulant medications. CONCLUSION: Circadian rhythm science has also pointed the way to rational interventions for CRSDs and these treatments have been introduced into the practice of sleep medicine with varying degrees of success. More translational research is needed using subjects who meet current diagnostic criteria.