重视和预防胃肠外科手术并发症

胃肠外科手术是腹部外科最常做的手术。胃肠外科疾病除恶性肿瘤外,绝大多数都是良性疾患,即使是恶性肿瘤,若能早期发现、早期根治,多数可望长期存活。因此,一个完善的、高质量的胃肠手术,对患者来说并非苛求;对手术者来说,也应该是职责所在。什么是完善的、高质量的胃肠手术呢?简单地说,是指在严格掌握手术适应证的前提下,规范地完成手术,不发生近期和远期手术并发症。为此,有必要对以下几个问题进一步提高认识。一、从生理角度选择胃肠手术的合理术式胃肠手术的目的,是直接或间接地消除病变、纠正解剖异常和恢复胃肠道通畅。由于胃肠道占据…     

合理应用抗生素预防胃肠外科手术部位感染

手术部位感染(surgicalsiteinfection,SSI)是指外科手术后的伤口感染和手术部位的深部腔隙或器官感染,如胸腔感染、腹腔感染、脓肿形成等。此类感染约占全部医院感染的15%,占全部外科患者感染的40%犤1犦,其重要性不容忽视。每例接受手术的患者都有可能发生术后感染,但概率大小不同。胃肠道手术是预防性应用抗生素的重点。一、预防性应用抗生素的适应证胃肠道手术除个别不进入胃肠腔内的手术(如迷走神经切断术、贲门成形术、某些减肥手术)以外,都不是清洁切口,其中不少还是污染切口甚至污秽切口,因此大多数需要预防性应用抗生素。具体的适…     

POSSUM和P-POSSUM评分系统对老年股骨颈骨折手术风险的预测研究

目的 探讨生理学和手术严重度评分系统,即POSSUM和P-POSSOM评分系统,对老年股骨颈骨折手术的手术风险预测价值.方法 首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院骨科于2010年1月-2012年5月收治因股骨颈骨折行人工关节置换手术治疗的老年患者108例,应用POSSUM和P-POSSUM评分系统预测患者手术病死率和并发症发病率,分析人工髋关节置换手术风险预测值和观察值之间的差异.同时对病例资料进行分组比较,分析不同组别间的预测情况是否存在差异.结果 根据POSSUM评分系统预测,47例患者术后发生并发症,平均并发症发病率为43.52％,而实际发生并发症37例,实际并发症发病率为34.26％,预测值与实际值差异无统计学意义(P=0.238);预测11例死亡,平均病死率为10.19％,实际死亡2例,实际病死率为1.85％,预测值明显高于实际值.根据P-POSSUM评分系统预测的病死率(预测死亡4例,平均病死率为3.70％,实际死亡2例,实际病死率为1.85％),预测值与实际值差异无统计学意义(P=0.625).以POSSUM评分得分40分为界分组,两组并发症发病率及病死率的预测值与实际值分组比较差异无统计学意义(P =0.527,P =0.285).结论 POSSUM评分系统能较好地预测老年股骨颈骨折手术患者并发症发病率,但过高估计手术病死率;P-POSSUM评分系统能准确地预测手术病死率,对于高危组患者的预测结果尤为满意.     

POSSUM和P-POSSUM评分评价肠内营养对胃癌根治术后并发症率和死亡率的影响

目的　采用POSSUM和P POSSUM评分系统评估肠内营养对于胃癌根治术病人的手术并发症率和死亡率的影响。方法　回顾性分析 1 0 6例胃癌根治术病人的并发症率和死亡率 ,与POSSUM和P POSSUM评分预测的发生率进行比较。结果　肠内营养组实际并发症率为 2 .2 2 % ,无死亡病例 ;对照组实际并发症率为 1 6 .39% ,死亡率为 1 .6 4 %。肠内营养组病人的并发症率显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。肠内营养组的实际并发症率和死亡率均显著低于预测发生率 ,P <0 .0 1。对照组实际并发症率和死亡率较POSSUM评分预测的发生率为低 ,P <0 .0 1 ,与P POSSUM评分预测校正后的死亡率无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　术后早期使用肠内营养可以降低胃癌根治术病人的并发症率和死亡率     

POSSUM评分系统预测胰十二指肠切除术手术风险的价值

目的 探讨POSSUM评分系统在预测胰十二指肠切除术(PD)手术风险中的价值.方法 采用POSSUM评分系统(含12项生理学指标和6项手术学指标)对2005年1月至2007年12月在四川大学华西医院肝胆胰外科接受PD手术的265例患者的资料前瞻性地进行评分,根据公式计算出预期术后并发症和术后病死率的发生情况;按Clavien术后并发症诊断标准和国内参考标准分别统计分析术后实际并发症的发生情况,并与预期并发症发生情况进行比较.结果 265例患者的生理学评分为12-24分,平均15分;手术学评分为14～24分,平均17分;POSSUM评分值为0.24～0.88分,预期平均并发症发生率为43.8%.发生例数为116例;实际观察有105例术后发生不同程度的并发症,实际并发症发生率为39.6%,与预测数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).进一步的分层分析发现,POSSUM评分为0.4～0.8分时预测最为准确;POSSUM评分系统在预测术后总的病死率时价值不大,但对于POSSUM评分≥0.5分患者的病死率预测仍有意义.结论 POSSUM评分系统能较好地预测PD的手术风险,对于PD手术及术后处理决策有指导意义.     

胃肠外科的围手术期处理

胃肠外科是普通外科领域中范围最广、病种最多的一门专业。胃肠外科手术的范围小如简单的阑尾切除术、大如胰十二指肠切除术、全盆腔脏器切除术等。近年来随着诊疗技术(如麻醉技术、重症监护、微创外科等)的飞速发展,使医务人员不但在术前对病情能够得到较为准确的评估,并对一些异常发现进行及时必要的处理;同时也为患者创造了较为有利的手术条件,使他们能更好地承受难度更大、更复杂的手术,并使高龄及伴有各种合并症的患者都能较顺利地得到治疗和康复。但是,围手术期处理是否得当仍然是直接影响疾病治疗预后的重要因素。一、术前对病情的评…     

胃肠外科手术患者营养风险发生研究

目的探讨胃肠外科手术患者营养风险发生及营养支持情况。方法对我院2013年1月至2013年6月胃肠外科收治的252例胃肠外科手术患者采用NRS 2002营养风险筛查工具进行营养风险筛查,根据筛查结果研究NRS 2002营养筛查工具的适用率、胃肠外科手术患者营养风险发生率、营养支持率、营养风险及营养支持治疗对患者住院时间及并发症发生率等临床结局的影响。结果 NRS 2002营养风险筛查工具适用率为98.4%,适用于我院胃肠外科手术患者。我院胃肠外科手术患者的营养风险发生率为40.3%,其中无营养风险手术患者术后住院时间及术后并发症发生率均明显低于存在营养风险手术患者(P0.05)。通过有效的营养支持,存在营养风险的手术患者临床结局得到明显改善(P0.05),不存在营养风险的手术患者则无明显改善(P0.05)。结论 NSR2002适用于胃肠外科手术患者,对存在营养风险的患者及时进行有效的营养支持治疗可改善患者的住院时间及术后并发症等临床结局,促进患者康复。     

胃肠外科手术治疗肥胖症及2型糖尿病

肥胖症是现今社会所面临的最严重的公共健康问题之一,手术治疗是使肥胖症患者获得长期而稳定的减重效果的唯一方法。自从1954年报道第1例减肥手术以来,外科手术治疗肥胖症在全球范围内获得了很大的发展,逐渐成为治疗病态性肥胖的＂金标准＂。随着研究的不断深入,越来越多的证据表明,胃肠外科手术不仅能减重,同时可以改善甚至治愈肥胖症相关的多种代谢性疾病,尤其是2型糖尿病。目前国内外的胃肠外科医师们正致力于将手术推广到2型糖尿病的治疗中去。外科手术治疗肥胖症及2型糖尿病将有巨大的发展空间。     

POSSUM、P-POSSUM和Cr-POSSUM对结直肠癌患者住院期间病死率预测能力的比较

目的 比较并发症和病死率的生理和手术严重性评分(physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity,POSSUM)、并发症和病死率的生理和手术严重性评分(Portsmouth POSSUM,P-POSSUM)、结直肠切除的并发症和病死率的生理和手术严重性评分(colorectal POSSUM,Cr-POSSUM)对结直肠癌患者住院期间病死率的预测能力.方法 调查北京大学第三医院1992-2005年903例结直肠癌外科手术切除的资料.903例中,结肠癌518例,直肠癌385例.用ROC曲线分析判断评分的判别能力,用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验判断评分的拟合优度,用不同危险因素群的O∶E值判断评分的预测能力.结果 903例患者住院期间的病死率为1.0%(9/903).POSSUM、P-POSSUM、Cr-POSSUM预测的病死率分别为5.6%、2.8%、4.8%,三种评分预测的病死率明显高于实际的病死率,O:E值分别为0.18、0.35、0.2.结论 POSSUM、P-POSSUM和Cr-POSSUM在结直肠癌手术中预测的病死率高于实际病死率.     

骨科手术风险度评分的建立及效能评价

[目的]建立骨科手术风险度评分标准,并验证其效能.[方法]对本院2009年3月～2010年8月期间768例骨科手术病人的术前、术中临床资料进行单因素对比分析,筛选引起手术并发症的风险因素,然后对这些风险因素进行Logistic多元回归分析,建立骨科手术风险度评分标准.运用此评分标准对本院2010年9月～2010年11月160例脊柱外科患有脊柱疾患的手术病人进行评估,并验证其效能.[结果]多因素分析显示年龄、术前4周内手术次数、手术级别、术中出血量、胸片异常、心功能、血糖、白蛋白、手术时间、肾功是术后出现并发症的风险因素.依此评分标准评估术后并发症的总体符合率达到80％以上.[结论]在围手术期应用骨科手术风险度评分(ORAOS)能够较准确的预测骨科手术后并发症的发生.严格地选择病人、做好充分的术前准备及正确的围手术期处理是降低并发症的关键.     

胃肠道手术后应用羟乙基淀粉的临床研究

目的:探讨羟乙基淀粉溶液对胃肠道手术患者术后恢复的影响。方法:将2009年1月—12月行胃肠道手术的患者90例,随机分为羟乙基淀粉(HES)组,白蛋白(ALB)组和对照组。术后3 d内,均给予相同能量的静脉营养,另外HES组每日补充羟乙基淀粉(130/0.4)500 mL,ALB组每日补充白蛋白10 g,对照组补充适当晶体液。测定术前和术后第1,4,7天血清白蛋白浓度,C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,并观察术后并发症发生率、住院天数。结果:3组术前临床资料、术前白蛋白水平、手术时间及术中出血量均具有可比性(均P>0.05)。术后第1天,3组间血清白蛋白和CRP水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);术后第4天,对照组血清白蛋白浓度明显低于HES组和ALB组(均P<0.05),而HES组和ALB组血清白蛋白浓度无明显差异(P>0.05)。HES组CRP水平明显低于ALB组和对照组(均P<0.05),而对照组和ALB组血清CRP水平无明显差异(P>0.05);术后第7天,3组间血清白蛋白与CRP水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。3组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组术后住院时间明显长于HES组和ALB组(均P<0.05),而HES组和ALB组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:羟乙基淀粉在胃肠道手术后早期应用可以有效节约白蛋白的用量,控制术后的炎症反应,缩短住院时间。     

大动脉炎开放手术围手术期并发症的危险因素分析

目的：探讨影响大动脉炎（TA）患者行开放手术治疗发生围手术期并发症的相关危险因素。 方法：回顾性分析2003年1月—2018年12月136例行开放血管重建治疗的TA患者资料,采用单因素及多因素Logistic统计学方法分析影响开放手术围手术期并发症的相关危险因素。 结果：136例患者共行开放手术141例次,涉及病变257处。围手术期并发症共发生36例次（25.5%）,其中5例患者（3.7%）死亡。单因素分析结果显示,脑梗死病史、术前CRP升高、颈动脉受累、围手术期输血、血管受累数量、动脉阻断时间及术中出血量与围手术期并发症的发生有关（均P<0.05）;多因素Logistic分析显示,脑梗死病史（OR=3.141,95% CI=1.062~9.288,P=0.039）、血管受累数量（OR=1.280,95% CI=1.016~1.612,P=0.036）和术中动脉阻断时间（OR=1.045,95% CI= 1.007~1.084,P=0.019）是围手术期并发症的独立危险因素。 结论：术前脑梗死病史,血管受累数量多和术中动脉阻断时间长会增加TA患者开放手术围手术期并发症的风险。     

Evaluation of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems in patients undergoing colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: The Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM) equations were derived from a heterogeneous general surgical population and have been used successfully as audit tools to provide risk-adjusted operative mortality rates. Their applicability to high-risk emergency colorectal operations has not been established. METHODS: POSSUM variables were recorded for 1017 patients undergoing major elective (n = 804) or emergency (n = 213) colorectal surgery in ten hospitals. Subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the predictive capability of POSSUM and P-POSSUM in emergency and elective surgery and in patients in different age groups. RESULTS: The overall operative mortality rate was 7.5 per cent (POSSUM-estimated mortality rate 8.2 per cent; P-POSSUM-estimated mortality rate 7.1 per cent). In-hospital deaths increased exponentially with age. Both scoring systems overpredicted mortality in young patients and underpredicted mortality in the elderly (P < 0.001). Death was underpredicted by both systems for emergency cases, significantly so at a simulated emergency caseload of 47.9 per cent (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a lack of calibration of POSSUM and P-POSSUM systems at the extremes of age and high emergency workload. This has important implication in clinical practice, as consultants with a high emergency workload may seem to underperform when these scoring systems are applied. Recalibration or remodelling strategies may facilitate the application of POSSUM-based systems in colorectal surgery.     

Evaluation of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons score system for isolated coronary bypass graft surgery in a Brazilian population

Objective

Report the experience with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system in a Brazilian population submitted to isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Methods

Data were collected from January-2010 to December-2011, and analyzed to determine the performance of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system on the determination of postoperative mortality and morbidity, using the method of the receiver operating characteristic curve as well as the Hosmer-Lemeshow and the Chi-square goodness of fit tests. From the 1083 cardiac surgeries performed during the study period 659 represented coronary artery bypass graft procedures which are included in the present analysis. Mean age was 61.4 years and 77% were men.

Results

Goodness of fit tests have shown good calibration indexes both for mortality (X²=6.78, P=0.56) and general morbidity (X²=6.69, P=0.57). Analysis of area under the ROC-curve (AUC) demonstrated a good performance to detect the risk of death (AUC 0.76; P<0.001), renal failure (AUC 0.79; P<0.001), prolonged ventilation (AUC 0.80; P<0.001), reoperation (AUC 0.76; P<0.001) and major morbidity (AUC 0.75; P<0.001) which represents the combination of the assessed postoperative complications. STS scoring system did not present comparable results for short term hospital stay, prolonged length of hospital stay and could not be properly tested for stroke and wound infection.

Conclusion

Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system presented a good calibration and discrimination in our population to predict postoperative mortality and the majority of the harmful events following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Analysis of larger samples might be needed to further validate the use of the score system in Brazilian populations.     

颈动脉体瘤的无术前栓塞手术切除的疗效分析：附单中心65例报告

背景与目的：颈动脉体瘤（CBT）是临床上非常罕见的疾病,目前外科手术是治疗CBT的金标准,由于该病变血供极其丰富,是否行术前栓塞目前国内外存在争议,支持术前栓塞者认为其可减少术中失血,反对者认为成本和卒中风险大于收益,本文总结我院CBT无术前栓塞的外科手术治疗经验及术后随访结果,为临床无术前栓塞切除瘤体的安全性提供数据参考。 方法：回顾性分析昆明医科大学第一附属医院血管外科自2017年1月—2020年1月间行手术治疗的65例CBT患者临床与随访资料（其中2例双侧CBT患者选择第一次手术侧的数据）。肿块大小为1.0 cm×0.5 cm×1.0 cm~8.0 cm×6.5 cm×8.5 cm。患者Shamblin分型分别为I型13例,II型33例,III型19例。 结果：65例患者均顺利完成外科手术切除,其中单纯瘤体切除51例（78.46%）,瘤体切除联合单纯颈外动脉结扎8例（12.31%）,瘤体切除联合颈内动脉、颈外动脉切除并颈内动脉重建6例（9.23%）;术中发现术野内淋巴结的患者行淋巴结摘除;术中失血量为10~1 800 mL,平均247 mL。2例双侧病变者均建议择期行对侧手术。病理检查结果,65例均为颈动脉副神经节瘤。围术期1例（1.54%）出现术后脑梗塞死亡。术后14例患者（21.54%）出现迷走神经损伤症状,表现为声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳;5例患者出现舌下神经损伤症状,表现为伸舌偏斜、吞咽困难。2例颈内动脉重建的III型患者（3.08%）术后随访过程中发现颈内动脉闭塞。 结论：CBT确诊后应首选手术治疗,无术前栓塞情况下切除肿瘤安全有效。     

Prospective comparison of POSSUM and P-POSSUM with clinical assessment of mortality following emergency surgery

BACKGROUND: Tools to accurately estimate the risk of death following emergency surgery are useful adjuncts to informed consent and clinical decisions. This prospective study compared the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM) scoring systems with clinical judgement in predicting mortality from emergency surgery. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively from 163 patients. Details of the physiological and operative severity scores were recorded for POSSUM and P-POSSUM. The estimates of both the surgeon and anaesthetist for 30-day and in-hospital mortality were also recorded pre-operatively. The accuracies of the four predictions were then compared with actual mortalities using linear and exponential analysis and receiver operator characteristics (ROC). RESULTS: P-POSSUM gave the most accurate prediction of 30-day mortality using linear analysis [observed to expected ratio (O : E) = 1.0]. POSSUM gave the most accurate prediction using exponential analysis (O : E = 1.15). Clinical judgement of mortality from both operating surgeons and anaesthetists compared favourably with the scoring systems for 30-day mortality (O : E = 0.83 and O : E = 0.93, respectively). ROC analyses showed both clinical judgement and the POSSUM scores to be good predictors of 30-day mortality with area under the curve values (AUC) of 0.903, 0.907, 0.946 and 0.940 for surgeons, anaesthetists, POSSUM and P-POSSUM respectively. CONCLUSIONS: POSSUM and P-POSSUM appear to be useful indicators for the prediction of mortality. Clinical judgement compares strongly with scoring systems in predicting post-operative mortality, but may underestimate mortality in very high-risk patients with more than 90% mortality.     

Evaluation of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems in assessing outcome after laparoscopic colectomy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the actual and predicted risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality after laparoscopic colectomy (LAC) calculated using both the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM) scoring systems. METHODS: All patients who underwent LAC performed by a single surgeon between March 1999 and December 2000 were analysed. The observed morbidity and mortality rates were compared with those predicted by the POSSUM scoring system, and the observed mortality rate with that predicted by P-POSSUM. The operative severity component of the operative score was sequentially decreased from 4 (standard score for open colectomy) to 2, then 1, in an attempt to correct overprediction. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-one consecutive patients underwent LAC, with a conversion rate of 8.0 per cent. The morbidity rate (6.8 per cent) was significantly lower than the predicted rates calculated with an operative score of 4 or 2 (12.4 per cent, P < 0.001; 9.6 per cent, P = 0.001), but was fully corrected with an operative score of 1 (7.0 per cent, P = 0.325). The observed mortality rate (0.8 per cent) was significantly different from the expected mortality rates calculated using either uncorrected POSSUM (9.6 per cent, P = 0.001) or P-POSSUM (3.5 per cent, P = 0.001). POSSUM (2.6 per cent, P = 0.007) continued to overpredict mortality but P-POSSUM (1.0 per cent, P = 0.001) accurately predicted mortality with an operative score of 1. CONCLUSION: LAC appeared to be associated with lower morbidity and mortality rates than those predicted by the POSSUM scoring system, and with a lower mortality rate than that predicted using the P-POSSUM system.