人胚胎长骨中骨形态发生蛋白的免疫组化研究

目的：探讨骨形态发生蛋白与人胚胎骨发生及发育的关系。方法：用免疫组化技术和图像分析系统研究了第9－24周人胚胎股骨中骨形态发生蛋白的分布规律及胎龄性变化。结果：第9周胚胎股骨为软骨锥形,雏形的软骨膜,软骨基质及其两端的软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白呈阳性反应,第10－24周胚胎股骨中,骨形态发生蛋白阳性反应主要见于成骨细胞,骨膜内层细胞,新生骨细胞及骨基质中,破骨细胞及骨髓细胞骨形态发生蛋白也呈阳性反应,骺软骨为阴性,但其内的软骨管为阳性反应,图象分析测定表明：人胚胎股骨内成骨细胞及骨小梁的平均灰度值随胎龄增加而逐渐下降,同一股骨内不同部位的骨小梁和成骨细胞的平均灰度值有所不同,结论：骨形态发生蛋白与胚胎骨的发生及发育密切相关。     

人胚胎左冠状动脉发生的形态学研究

本文选用９８例新鲜胚胎（６－４０周）标本的左冠脉前降枝,石蜡切片,ＨＥ及ｖａｎ－Ｇｉｅｓｏｎ－Ｏｒｃｅｉｎ染色法和透电镜技术对冠状动脉组织发生作光镜及电镜水平观察。结果显示：胎龄６周时血管尚呈血窦状;２－３月的管壁有一层内皮细胞和２－４层平滑肌;４月的管壁结构典型,细胞已具有一定的生理功能,７月的管壁较厚,细胞具有良好生理功能。内弹性膜随胎龄增厚、增长、弯曲,有一系列形态变化。自胎龄４月起内膜有局     

人胚胎期小肠六种肽能神经发生的研究

采用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法，对５３例不同胎龄的人胚胎小肠的亮氨酸脑啡肽（Ｌ－Ｅｎｋ）、Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）、血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）和甘丙素（ＧＡＬ）等６种肽能神经的发生发育过程进行观察，并与ＡＣｈ能神经和膀胱的肽能神经的发生做了对比研究。结果表明，人胚胎小肠神经中ＡＣｈ能神经发生早于肽能神经；同一个体不同器官肽能神经并非同时发生。本文观察到的小肠肽能神经的     

人胚胎小肠APUD细胞组织发生的超微结构研究及分类

用透射电镜观察了２８例８０２８周人胚胎小肠ＡＰＵＤ细胞，发现在胚发育第８周肠上皮的基底层即可见到ＡＰＵＤ细胞，早于以往文献报道。根据细胞的形态答发泌颗粒的形状大小，在胚胎的不同时期观察到７种ＡＰＵＤ细胞，即；ＥＣ细胞，Ｄ１细胞?Ｄ细胞，Ｓ细胞，Ｉ细胞，Ｐ，细胞和Ｋ细胞。     

人胚胎海马发育的形态学研究Ⅲ．肽能神经元的发生

利用Ｇｏｌｇｉ镀银法、免疫组织化学法，对不同胎龄人肛胎海马的肽能神经元进行了研究．发现ＳＳ阳性神经元于胚胎１９周出现，ＳＰ阳性神经元、ＮＰＹ阳性神经元于１７周出现，ＧＡＢＡ阳性神经元在１６周即已显示。随胎龄增加，肽能神经元不断增多．肽能神经元广泛分布于海马的各区，但以多形层最为多见．和锥体细胞及颗粒细胞相比，肽能神经元有下列形态特点：（１）细胞形态和大小差异较大；（２）细胞突起多少不一，出现部位也无一定规律；（３）轴突投射范围小，但分枝多．Ｇｏｌｇｉ可以同时显示多种不同肽能神经元．ＧＡＢＡ阳性细胞与ＳＳ阳性细胞在发生时间和形态特点方面具有高度一致性，说明ＳＳ可与ＧＡＢＡ共存。     

人胚胎海马发育的形态学研究 Ⅴ.室管膜的发生

运用HE和Nissl染色、免疫组织化学法、透射电镜及扫描电镜，对60例6周至足月的人胚胎海马室管膜上皮变化进行了观察。发现胚胎发育过程中室管膜发生了剧烈变化。最早室管层神经上皮细胞为假复层柱状，随着未分化细胞向外迁徙，海马室管膜层神经上皮细胞迅速增殖，形成复层上皮。当室管膜层细胞停止迁徙时，室管膜开始向假复层柱状及单层柱状上皮转变。电镜观察，胚胎早期神经上皮细胞由未分化细胞构成；其特点是，细胞质内各种特化细胞器匮乏，但糖原丰富。15周左右未分化细胞开始向长突细胞及室管膜细胞分化。长突细胞电子密度高，底部有细长突起，表面有微绒毛，胞质内微丝丰富；而室管膜细胞电子密度低，底部无突起，但表面有丰富的纤毛。对长突细胞及免疫组化染色的GFAP阳性细胞进行形态和发育特征的比较，提示两者属同一类细胞。扫描电镜下，15周前室管膜表面微绒毛较多，以后纤毛逐步发育，大量密集纤毛布满于室管膜表面。此外，还能见到一类接触脑脊液神经元，这类神经元可为多极或双极，并有突起伸入室管膜上皮内。     

人胚胎小肠EC细胞的免疫组化研究

本文用免疫组化双PAP法研究人胚胎小肠EC细胞的形态发生。结果表明,EC细胞于第9周出现,并随胎龄成比例地增加,以十二指肠上皮内密度最高,回肠最低,三肠段细胞数量变化曲线基本平行且趋于直线.EC细胞的形态多种多样,其细胞突起可伸至固有层。上皮外未发现EC细胞,作者赞同肠道内分泌细胞的内胚层起源学说。     

国人小肠胚胎发育的扫描电镜及光镜观察

用扫描电镜及光镜观察了６周胚～３６周胎小肠的组织发生，结果表明：从６周起至３月末肠壁首先出现矮隆突，随后形成球形结节、多边柱状体，最后转变为指状绒毛，从十二指肠、空肠至回肠，绒毛的形成和肠壁的组织发生都呈现近端～远端成熟的梯度，可见到绒毛分支和纵裂?１８周后３段小肠绒毛形状方出现各自的特点。３段小肠杯状细胞主要分泌中性和酸性粘液。１８～３２周时见回肠的杯状细胞产生硫酸粘液。６～１２周时十二指肠的微     

人胚胎海马发育的形态学研究──Ⅱ．神经细胞与神经胶质细胞的分化

利用Ｈ－Ｅ和Ｎｉｓｓｌ染色法、免疫细胞化学法、Ｇｏｌｇｉ镀银法及透射电镜技术，对６０例６周至足月人胚胎海马神经细胞及神经胶质细胞的分化、发育进行了观察。结果表明；神经细胞及神经胶质细胞均由未分化细胞转化而来。未分化细胞、神经细胞和神经胶质细胞在对硝酸银的嗜染性、免疫细胞化学特征及超微结构特征等方面都有显著差别。神经细胞为神经元特异性烯醇化酶（ＮＳＥ）阳性细胞，主要有锥体细胞、颗粒细胞和篮状细胞等。星形胶质细胞和放射状胶质细胞为胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）阳性细胞。未分化细胞体积小、球形、胞质少，为ＮＳＥ及ＧＦＡＰ阴性，硝酸银镀染也不着色；透射电镜下未分化细胞核异染色质丰富，胞质内缺乏特化的细胞器，但糖原含量丰富。胚胎早期室管膜神经上皮细胞及由此迁徙而来的中间层细胞均由未分化细胞构成。星状胶质细胞和放射状胶质细胞出现较早，第１１周开始出现于室管膜下的室床及海马伞部；随胎龄增加，单位面积垦状胶质细胞数量增加，１７周后维持在相对稳定状态，并且均匀分布于海马各个部位与区域。１５周后中间层细胞陆续开始分化为锥体细胞和颗粒细胞，到足月胚胎锥体层及颗粒层不再有未分化细胞。     

人胚胎气管壁组织发生的研究

目的：了解气管壁的组织发生及探讨婴幼儿呼吸道疾病的相关因素。方法：应用ＨＥ及ＰＡＳ反应,光镜观察。结果：８周的胚胎,气管壁由２－３层复层柱状上皮细胞及外周的间充质构成,上皮细胞的ＰＡＳ反应为阳性。     

发育中的人胎小肠神经肽的研究

目的　研究人胎小肠壁P物质 (SP)和降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP) IR肽能神经的分布和发育规律。方法　苏木精伊红 (HE)染色和免疫组织化学ABC法。结果　在胎儿发育过程中 ,小肠组织形态及其神经肽的发生、分化出现明显的变化 ,其分化由十二指肠向空肠、回肠依次进行。第 14周开始 ,胎儿小肠壁粘膜下层、肌层间结缔组织中偶见SP能、CGRP能神经纤维及神经元免疫反应产物 ,第 34周至 38周时反应最强 ,神经元从浅棕色到深棕色 ,神经纤维呈串珠状或点线状。从SP、CGRP免疫组织化学相邻切片上看 ,两者部分存在共存现象。结论　人胎小肠壁存在SP IR、CGRP IR肽能神经 ,粘膜下和肌间神经丛存在SP IR、CGRP IR肽能神经元和神经纤维 ,二种神经肽的分布有差异     

Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Intestinal Myofibroblasts During the Early Organogenesis of the Human Small Intestine

Intestinal myofibroblasts (IMFs), also known as pericryptal fibroblasts, are found at the basement membrane of the intestinal epithelium. They are characterized by well‐developed endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic fibers, and fibrous extensions called fibronexi. IMFs have structural features in common both with fibroblasts and smooth cells. Vimentin, desmin, and α‐smooth‐muscle actin (α‐SM) are markers commonly used to discriminate between IMFs and smooth muscle cells. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that, when α‐SM and vimentin are positive in both IMFs and smooth muscle cells, desmin is negative in IMFs but positive in smooth muscle cells. In the adult intestine, IMFs play an important role in various functions, especially in tissue repair and scar formation during wound healing. In the embryonic intestine, however, wound healing does not occur, and to date, no studies have investigated the first appearance and subsequent evolution of IMFs. In this study, we have examined the human small intestine in embryos at 7, 9, and 11 weeks of development by ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis to shed light on the formation of IMFs during these early phases of organogenesis. At 7 weeks, the embryonic mesenchymal cells are similar to proto‐myofibroblasts and may be the precursors of the IMFs detected at 9 weeks and more abundantly at 11 weeks by immunohistochemistry. These IMFs seem to mediate information flow between the epithelium and the mesenchyme and thus contribute to the development of the small intestine. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Ultrastructural Changes in Smooth Muscle Cells of the Small Intestine in Suckling Rabbits with Experimental Cholera

Ultrastructural study of the small intestine in suckling rabbits with experimental cholera revealed involvement of the inner and outer smooth muscle layers into the pathological process. Smooth muscle cells were characterized by vacuolar and fatty degeneration and focal colliquative necrosis. Apoptosis played little role in gastrointestinal motility disturbances. The presence of considerable amounts of fluid in intestinal loops reflects peristaltic dysfunction due to generalized damage to smooth muscle cells.     

Preconditioning of the Small Intestine to Ischemia in Rats

Measures reflecting the state of the small intestine were studied in rats after ischemia lasting 90 min produced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery and reperfusion for 30 min. Preconditioning of the intestine to ischemia was induced by producing intestinal ischemia for 10 min followed by 10 min of reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning), 30-min limb ischemia with 15-min reperfusion (distant ischemic preconditioning), and i.v. L-arginine. The smallest amount of damage to the intestine after 90 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion was seen in the group of rats subjected to ischemic preconditioning. The protective effect of ischemic preconditioning was partially blocked by administration of N--nitro-L-arginine (a blocker of NO synthesis). Doses of L-arginine also had protective effects, though these were smaller than those of ischemic preconditioning. Preliminary ischemia-reperfusion of the limb had no effect on the state of the intestine. Thus: 1) ischemic preconditioning of the intestine is partially associated with activation of nitric oxide synthesis, and 2) distant ischemic preconditioning did not protect the intestine.     

人嗜铬颗粒蛋白A抗原结构的研究

人嗜铬颗粒蛋白A(CgA)是存在于许多神经内分泌细胞和内分泌细胞的分泌颗粒内的酸性蛋白质.我们通过CgA多抗、单抗和人CgA合成多肽间的结合反应研究人CgA的线性抗原位点,结果表明合成多肽CgA1-20、47-67、107-158、254-297、331-375、395-439和CgA25-46、163-210、231-253、298-314呈现无抗原性或弱抗原性.而合成多肽CgA68-106、222-230、315-330和376-394则呈现强抗原性.两株人CgA鼠源单抗B4E11和A11识别的氨基酸残基分别为CgA68-70(GAK)、CgA81-90(GFEDELSEVL).我们的研究将有助于选择针对CgA片段特异性的抗体,而这些抗体则可应用于CgA分子的结构和功能的研究,或提供对CgA阳性的内分泌和神经内分泌肿瘤进行体内外诊断的新方法.     

人胎儿胃肥大细胞的研究

观察了 40例不同胎龄胎儿胃底部两型肥大细胞发育、数量及分布和胃底部发育的关系 ,并探讨了甲醛固定对 CTMC和 MMC染色效应的影响。发现人胎儿胃 CTMC出现于受精后 13～ 16周的粘膜下层等处 ,主要分布在胃粘膜固有层近粘膜肌处 ,数量随粘膜层胃底腺及粘膜肌等结构的发育而增加。两型肥大细胞对甲醛固定的反应无明显差异。本文就肥大细胞在胃底部发育过程中的意义进行了讨论     

Endothelial Cells and Human Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

Brain endothelial cells have unique properties in terms of barrier function, local molecular signaling, regulation of local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit. In cerebral small vessel disease (arteriolosclerosis; SVD), the endothelial cells in small arteries survive, even when mural pathology is advanced and myocytes are severely depleted. Here, we review aspects of altered endothelial functions that have been implicated in SVD: local CBF dysregulation, endothelial activation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Reduced CBF is reported in the diffuse white matter lesions that are a neuroradiological signature of SVD. This may reflect an underlying deficit in local CBF regulation (possibly via the nitric oxide/cGMP signaling pathway). While many laboratories have observed an association of symptomatic SVD with serum markers of endothelial activation, it is apparent that the origin of these circulating markers need not be brain endothelium. Our own neuropathology studies did not confirm local endothelial activation in small vessels exhibiting SVD. Local BBB failure has been proposed as a cause of SVD and associated parenchymal lesions. Some groups find that computational analyses of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, following systemic injection of a gadolinium‐based contrast agent, suggest that extravasation into brain parenchyma is heightened in people with SVD. Our recent histochemical studies of donated brain tissue, using immunolabeling for large plasma proteins [fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G (IgG)], do not support an association of SVD with recent plasma protein extravasation. It is possible that a trigger leakage episode, or a size‐selective loosening of the BBB, participates in SVD pathology.     

人胎儿脊髓星形胶质细胞形态及分布

目的　观察星形胶质细胞在胎儿脊髓不同发育阶段形态和分布的变化。方法　在引产 19例胎儿脊髓 ,多克隆抗体GFAP ,应用SP免疫组织化学染色和图像分析。结果　星形胶质细胞在中央管、毛细血管周围密度大 ,染色深 ,环绕血管呈辐射状排列。 16W时已有少突起GFAP阳性细胞出现 ,胞体小 ,分布于脊髓白质的周边部 ,细长突起指向中央管方向 ;突起较短的细胞分布于脊髓前后正中沟两侧和中央管周围 ;灰质内阳性细胞主分布于背侧部的两侧 ,突起多而短 ,细胞核大。 2 4W时 ,多突起细胞增多 ,GFAP阳性细胞染色强度、细胞密度接近出生时水平。结论　人胎儿脊髓星形胶质细胞 16W时最多 ,2 4W时逐渐减少至出生时水平     

Effect of Drugs with Various Mechanisms of Action on Propulsive Activity of the Small Intestine

We studied the effect of drugs with various mechanisms of action on propulsive activity of the small intestine in healthy rats. Blockade of the major inhibitory influences realized via nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory effector neurons was not followed by stimulation of intestinal transit. Propulsive activity of the small intestine increased upon treatment with drugs, whose effects are realized via acetylcholine or acetylcholine and serotonin. __________ Translated from Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 140, No. 9, pp. 247–249, September, 2005     

Development of lntraepithelial Cells in the Porcine Small Intestine

The number, phenotype, localisation and development of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL)from duodenum (Du) and ileum (Il) were studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and lightand electron microscopy in unweaned (0–7 weeks old) and six months-old pigs. Developmentalchanges at birth showed that 38% of the total lymphocytes in the villi were IEL, mainly ofthe CD2+CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) phenotype. That proportion rose to over 50% atweek 5 after birth, resembling adult proportion, although still with fewer cells than in adultpigs. CD4+ cells appeared relatively early in life although they were confined to the laminapropria (LP) and CD8+ cells were found only in low numbers. In the villi of adult animals,almost half of the total number of lymphocytes were IEL (49% Du, 52% Il). Over half ofthese IEL (52% Du, 53% Il) showed the CD2+CD4-CD8+ phenotype and were localized atthe epithelium''s basement membrane. Numerous (43% Du, 42% Il) DN IEL were foundgrouped at the enterocyte nucleus level and relatively few (5% in Du and Il) granular IELwere found apically in the epithelium. These proportions were homogeneously maintainedalong the villi''s tip, middle and bottom, suggesting that the IEL may have their origin in theLP. Therefore, the IEL compartment in the porcine intestine develops slowly with age and isactually composed by a heterogeneous population of cells (null, DN and CD8+). Theseresults may explain the increased susceptibility of young animals to disease during the lactationperiod and should be taken into account when functional studies are carried out with IEL.The quantitative results of this paper established a model for studies on the effect of age, diet,normal flora, infection and oral immunization on the IEL of the gut.