三维立体标测指导下环肺静脉线性消融隔离肺静脉治疗房颤

目的：在三维立体标测系统（Carto—Merge）指导下进行环肺静脉线性消融隔离治疗房颤。方法：5例房颤患者（阵发性4例，持续性1例），术前行64排CT检查，重建出的左心房及肺静脉三维图像，在Carto—Merge指导下与患者的心脏解剖结构精确融合，在三维融合图上环肺静脉口周消融，实现肺静脉与左房电隔离。结果：5例患者全部完成预定线性消融，随访3个月4例无房颤发作，1例患者（持续性房颤）术后服用胺碘酮偶有阵发性房颠发作，3个月后无房早及房颤发作；1例患者发生心包填塞并发症；所有患者均无血栓及肺静脉狭窄并发症。结论：三维立体标测系统（Carto—Merge）指导下进行环肺静脉线性消融隔离治疗房颤安全有效。     

电解剖标测系统加单环状电极导管指导环肺静脉前庭线性消融电隔离肺静脉治疗心房颤动

目的 探讨电解剖标测系统(CARTO)加单Lasso导管指导下行环肺静脉前庭线性消融电隔离肺静脉治疗心房颤动(房颤)的初步经验. 方法 3例房颤患者接受治疗,其中阵发性房颤2例,持续性房颤1例.所有患者首先用CARTO系统进行左房重建,然后将一根Lasso导管置入肺静脉内,在肺静脉口外5～10 mm处行环肺静脉前庭线性消融,消融终点为双侧肺静脉完全电隔离. 结果 3例患者均成功达到消融终点,手术时间(205±46)min,X线透视时间(46±13)min.手术过程中无并发症发生.术后随访7个月,3例患者均未再发房颤,均无出现肺静脉狭窄. 结论 在CARTO加单Lasso导管指导下行环肺静脉前庭线性消融电隔离肺静脉治疗房颤安全有效.     

老年人慢性心房颤动导管消融治疗的疗效及安全性

近年来慢性心房颤动(简称房颤)的导管消融治疗发展迅速,文献显示,CARTO三维标测系统引导环肺静脉电隔离(circumference pulmonary vein isolation,CPVI)及心房复杂碎裂电位(complex fractionated atrial electrograms,CFAEs)消融是治疗慢性房颤有效的方法[1-2].对于老年慢性房颤患者,导管射频消融的有效性和安全性报道较少,本文就老年慢性房颤患者在三维标测系统指导下行CPVI联合CFAEs导管消融结果,探讨老年患者慢性房颤导管消融的可行性与安全性.     

环肺静脉线性消融治疗慢性心房颤动疗效分析

目的探讨三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉线性消融治疗慢性心房颤动(房颤)的疗效和安全性。方法2004年8月至2005年11月间对连续100例慢性房颤患者进行三维标测系统(CARTO系统或EnSiteNavXTM系统)指导下的环肺静脉线性消融,消融的主要终点为肺静脉电学隔离。随访成功的定义为未服用抗心律失常药物无任何房性心律失常发作至少3个月以上。统计相关变量,分析影响成功率的因素。结果平均随访9·7±5·7个月,累计成功率为70%(70例)。复发患者中峡部消融比例及平均射血分数均低于无房颤复发的患者。主要并发症包括心脏压塞3例(3%)、脑卒中1例(1%)、无症状性肺静脉狭窄2例(2%)。结论三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉线性消融治疗慢性房颤疗效较好,安全性有待进一步提高。     

非接触三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉电隔治疗心房颤动的临床评价

目的:探讨非接触三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉电融隔离治疗心房颤动(房颤)的可行性和临床疗效.方法:28例药物治疗无效或不能耐受的房颤患者.其中23例阵发性房颤、5例持续性房颤.采用非接触三维标测系统(Ensite navX)建立左心房、肺静脉的三维等时电势图和电解剖图,并在距离肺静脉口1～2 cm处行环肺静脉及其周围组织电隔离.消融终点包括:完成所有环肺静脉消融径线;全部肺静脉均达电隔离;阴性诱发结果.结果:28例患者均达到消融终点;手术的总操作时间和X线曝光时间分别为(161.3±23.2)min和(38.0±6.8)min;随访6～17月,20例(71%)无房颤发作;8例(29%)有房颤复发,其中2例因其发作次数及时间均较术前明显减少未再消融,予以可达龙治疗可控制(术前可达龙治疗无效),6例行第2次消融,术中均发现肺静脉电位有不同程度的恢复,第2次术后4例房颤无再发,2例仍有发作但未再消融,予以可达龙治疗可控制.术中及随访期间无任何操作相关并发症.结论:非接触三维标测系统指导下的环肺静电隔离是治疗房颤的有效而安全的方法.肺静脉既是房颤的诱发机制,亦有可能参与房颤的维持.     

三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉前庭消融术治疗心房颤动

目的探讨三维标测系统（CARTO）指导下环肺静脉前庭消融术（CPVA）治疗心房颤动（以下简称房颤）的有效性与安全性。方法40例药物治疗无效的有临床症状的房颤患者,均在CARTO指导下行CPVA,消融终点为肺静脉电隔离,需要时加入其他消融线。结果手术即刻成功率为100％,3个月后所有患者一次手术成功率为85％（34／40）,二次手术成功率为87．5％（35／40）。阵发性房颤一次手术成功率为90％（27／30）,持续性房颤一次手术成功率为70％（7／10）。无严重并发症发生。结论三维标测系统指导下以环肺静脉前庭消融术为核心,其他消融方法为辅的房颤消融策略治疗心房颤动是安全和有效的。     

三维电解剖标测系统联合CT影像融合技术指导心房颤动环肺静脉电隔离术的临床研究

目的探讨和比较新型三维电解剖标测系统(CARTO3)及CT影像融合技术(CARTO-Merge)指导阵发性心房颤动与持续性心房颤动环肺静脉电隔离术(CPVI)的有效性和安全性。方法 52例经药物治疗无效且有房颤症状患者分为阵发性房颤组24例(A组)与持续性房颤组28例(B组)。将术前16排心脏CT扫描数据与CARTO3系统快速解剖标测重建三维解剖图形进行CARTO-Merge融合,指导CPVI,终点为消除所有肺静脉电位,未转律者行直流电复律。结果所有患者用环状标测导管Lasso建模,A组与B组间肺静脉前庭平均直径、平均手术总时间及平均冷盐水输入量差异均有统计学意义(均<0.05);两组CARTO三维消融靶点图与CT三维解剖图的平均距离、平均融合时间、平均X线曝光及消融时间差异均无统计学意义(均>0.05)。A组18例(75%)与B组14例(50%)患者消融转为窦律,两组均未发生严重并发症。结论 CARTO3及CARTO-Merge指导房颤CPVI具有较好的有效性与安全性。     

导管消融治疗心房颤动的有效性与安全性研究

目的探讨经导管消融治疗心房颤动的有效性和安全性。方法对32例阵发性房颤,4例持续性房颤患者进行导管消融治疗。其中,3例患者采用环状冷冻导管消融(cryoablation)隔离肺静脉;33例患者采用Lasso导管及三维电解剖标测(CARTO)指导的环肺静脉前庭线性消融。结果成功率:冷冻消融组为33.33%;CARTO组为90.9%。手术时间:CARTO组较冷冻消融组,手术时间延长,CARTO组手术时间为(325±79)min;冷冻消融(205±72)min,P<0.05。X线曝光时间:CARTO组较冷冻消融组,曝光时间缩短,CARTO组(43±16)min;冷冻消融为(55±18)min,P<0.05。并发症:冷冻消融无并发症;CARTO组出现2例心脏压塞;另有1例患者术后第2d出现脑栓塞,经药物治疗后,肢体障碍完全恢复。结论经导管冷冻消融及CARTO指导下,环肺静脉前庭线性消融治疗房颤的方法均安全有效。三维电解剖标测(CARTO)指导下的环肺静脉前庭线性消融术效果更好。     

CARTO系统指导下导管消融治疗心房颤动的术后护理

心房颤动(房颤)经导管射频消融治疗是近几年治疗心律失常的一项重要进展,三维电解剖标测系统(简称CARTO系统)指导下环肺静脉左房内线性消融术已成为目前国内多数中心房颤消融治疗的基本方法.2006年8月-2007年10月我科消融治疗房颤患者10例,现将治疗结果和术后护理体会报告如下.     

三维标测系统指导下阵发性心房颤动导管射频消融近期疗效分析

目的：评价三维标测系统（CARTO）指导下心房颤动导管射频消融治疗的疗效和安全性。方法：2006年3月至2009年3月期间住院治疗的阵发性房颤患者32例,男性22例,女性10例,年龄38—71（61&#177;6．9）岁。在三维标测系统指导下行环肺静脉线性消融,消融的主要终点为肺静脉电隔离,术后口服华法林及抗心律失常药物3个月,术后1,3,6个月复查心电图及24小时动态心电图。结果：32例患者均实现肺静脉电隔离,在术后至少3个月的随访中,6例复发,单次消融成功率为81．25％。6例复发患者中2例接受再次消融并成功,两次消融成功率为87．5％。结论：三维标测系统指引导管环肺静脉线性消融治疗阵发性心房颤动疗效高,安全性好。     

RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION OF PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION UNDER GUIDANCE OF CARTO-MERGE TECHNIQUE

Objective To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) to treat permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) under the guidance of Carto-Merge technique. Methods Fifteen male patients with permanent AF underwent RFCA under the guidance of Carto-Merge technique. The mean age was 54.00±10.44 years, and duration of AF was 23.66±14.93 months. Cardiac magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed to obtain pre-procedural three-dimensional (3D) images on the anatomy of left atrium (LA) and pulmonary veins (PVs) before RFCA procedure. Then the electroanatomical map was integrated with 3D images of MRA to form Carto-Merge map that guided step-by-step ablation strategy of permanent AF. Circumferential PV ablation was performed first until complete PVs electric isolation confirmed by Lasso catheter. If AF was not terminated, lesion lines on roof of LA, mitral isthmus, and tricuspid isthmus were produced. Results The episodes of AF were terminated during RFCA in 2 patients, by direct current cardioversion in the remaining 13 patients. Transient AF occurred in 2 patients after ablation on 1st day and 1st week respectively, AF terminated spontaneously not long after taking metoprolol. One patient developed persistent atrial flutter (AFL) in 2 months after procedure and AFL was eliminated by the second ablation. Persistent AF recurred on 1st day, 1st and 5th week respectively in 3 patients, and did not terminate after 3 months even though amiodarone was given. The remaining 12 patients were all free of AF during 2-11 months of follow-up. The recent success rate for RFCA of permanent AF was 80%. Conclusions Carto-Merge technique can effectively guide RFCA of permanent AF. When combined with single Lasso mapping, it can simplify the mapping, lower expenses, and enhance the success rate of RFCA of permanent AF.     

Epicardial isolation of pulmonary veins with ethanol in open chest dogs

Background  Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has become a widely accepted treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to identify the efficacy and safety of pulmonary vein (PV) ablation with ethanol and to explore an alternative energy source for catheter ablation of AF.

Methods  Twelve open-chest mongrel dogs were randomized into ethanol ablation group and control group. Both the injections and electrophysiological mapping procedures were performed epicardialy. In ethanol ablation group (n=6), injections were performed to circumferentially ablate the root of each PV (0.2 ml each site, 3 mm apart) with 95% ethanol using an 1 ml injector. In control group (n=6), saline was injected other than ethanol. PV isolation was confirmed with a circular catheter immediately after the procedure and at follow up of 30 days. PV isolation was defined as the absence of PV potentials at each electrode of the circular catheter positioned at the PV side of the lesions, as well as complete conduction block into left atrium (LA) during PV pacing.

Results  PV electrical isolation with complete bidirectional conduction block was achieved with ethanol immediately and at 30 days in 95% of PVs, while saline injection caused only transient conduction changes between LA and PVs. In ethanol group, histologic analysis showed transmural lesions at 30 days. And there was no evidence of PV stenosis or thrombus formation. Mean LA diameter was not significantly different between baseline and 30 days.

Conclusion  Ethanol is a safe energy source to effectively isolate PV in canine model and may be promising in endocardial ablation procedure of AF patients in the future.

     

Epicardial isolation of pulmonary veins with ethanol in open chest dogs

Background Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has become a widely accepted treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to identify the efficacy and safety of pulmonary vein (PV) ablation with ethanol and to explore an alternative energy source for catheter ablation of AF.Methods Twelve open-chest mongrel dogs were randomized into ethanol ablation group and control group. Both the injections and electrophysiological mapping procedures were performed epicardialy. In ethanol ablation group (n=6),injections were performed to circumferentially ablate the root of each PV (0.2 ml each site, 3 mm apart) with 95% ethanol using an 1 ml injector. In control group (n=-6), saline was injected other than ethanol. PV isolation was confirmed with a circular catheter immediately after the procedure and at follow up of 30 days. PV isolation was defined as the absence of PV potentials at each electrode of the circular catheter positioned at the PV side of the lesions, as well as complete conduction block into left atrium (LA) during PV pacing.Results PV electrical isolation with complete bidirectional conduction block was achieved with ethanol immediately and at 30 days in 95% of PVs, while saline injection caused only transient conduction changes between LA and PVs. In ethanol group, histologic analysis showed transmural lesions at 30 days. And there was no evidence of PV stenosis or thrombus formation. Mean LA diameter was not significantly different between baseline and 30 days.Conclusion Ethanol is a safe energy source to effectively isolate PV in canine model and may be promising in endocardial ablation procedure of AF patients in the future.     

实时三维超声心动图评价肺动脉瓣狭窄的临床研究

目的：探讨实时三维经胸超声心动图（RT-3DE）对评价肺动脉瓣狭窄（PVS）的价值。方法：二维经胸超声心动图诊断为PVS的86例患者,同时接受RT-3DE检查。结果：RT-3DE可确定PV瓣叶数目者占67．44％（58/86）,PVS二维测值、三维测得面积分别与手术结果相比,后者相关系数更高（P＜0．05）。经过体表面积矫正后的PVS三维面积与肺动脉瓣血流速度的相关系数r＝0．76。实时三维血流可清晰显示PVS立体狭窄血流。结论：RT-3 DE可以为诊断PVS提供更丰富的信息。     

Carto merge技术指导永久性心房颤动射频消融

目的探讨Carto merge技术指导永久性心房颤动射频消融的作用和优势。方法用Carto merge技术指导射频消融治疗永久性心房颤动15例。术中用Carto导管标测和构建左心房和肺静脉的电解剖图,然后与术前心脏核磁共振造影的三维图像进行数据整合形成二者的复合图形(Carto merge)。首先在Carto merge的指导下行双侧上下肺静脉环线消融,直到Lasso标测证实所有肺静脉均达到电隔离效果,如心房颤动不终止,依次进一步消融左房顶部线、二尖瓣峡部线及三尖瓣峡部线,如上述部位消融后心房颤动仍未终止,即行同步直流电复律恢复窦性心律。结果15例患者中2例在消融过程中心房颤动自行终止,13例均经直流电复律。3例患者分别于术后24h、1和5周时复发持续性心房颤动。其余患者经1～10个月随访,均维持窦性心律。近期手术成功率为80%。结论Carto merge技术可有效地指导永久性房颤的射频消融,结合单Lasso标测,可简化操作,提高消融手术的成功率。     

射频消融术在房颤治疗中的应用

心房颤动（atrial fibrillation,AF）是临床上常见的心律失常,且患病率随年龄增长呈逐渐上升趋势.自第一例采用射频消融术治愈房颤以来,消融技术从线性消融到肺静脉的阶段性消融、延伸的环肺静脉消融、左房的线性消融、心脏复杂碎裂电位消融、心脏神经节丛的消融等不断创新,一项新的方法在环肺静脉消融的基础上通过左房后壁来治愈房颤.射频消融在阵发性房颤患者中的成功率较高,而在持续性房颤及永久性房颤患者中效果欠佳,这些患者通过环肺静脉的消融加心房复杂碎裂电位的消融可使成功率得到极大的提高.因此,射频消融是房颤患者得到远期治愈的一种有效且确切的治疗方法.     

Impact of the origin of sinus node artery on recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Background  Major atrial coronary arteries, including the sinus node artery (SNA), were commonly found in the areas involved in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and could cause difficulties in achieving linear block at the left atrial (LA) roof. The SNA is a major atrial coronary artery of the atrial coronary circulation. This study aimed to determine impact of the origin of SNA on recurrence of AF after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with paroxysmal AF.

Methods  Seventy-eight patients underwent coronary angiography for suspected coronary heart disease, followed by catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF. According to the origin of SNA from angiographic findings, they were divided into right SNA group (SNA originating from the right coronary artery) and left SNA group (SNA originating from the left circumflex artery). Guided by an electroanatomic mapping system, circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) was performed in both groups and PVI was the procedural endpoint. All patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-ablation. Recurrence was defined as any episode of atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATAs), including AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia, that lasted longer than 30 seconds after a blanking period of 3 months.

Results  The SNA originated from the right coronary artery in 34 patients (43.6%) and the left circumflex artery in 44 patients (56.4%). Freedom from AF and antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) at 1 year was 67.9 % (53/78) for all patients. After 1 year follow-up, 79.4% (27/34) in right SNA group and 59.1% (26/44) in left SNA group (P=0.042) were in sinus rhythm. On multivariate analysis, left atrium size (HR=1.451, 95%CI: 1.240–1.697, P <0.001) and a left SNA (HR=6.22, 95%CI: 2.01–19.25, P=0.002) were the independent predictors of AF recurrence.

Conclusions  The left SNA is more frequent in the patients with paroxysmal AF. After one year follow-up, the presence of a left SNA was identified as an independent predictor of AF recurrence after CPVA in paroxysmal AF.

     

Combined use of three-dimensional rotational angiogram of left atrium and circular multi-electrode ablation catheter for pulmonary vein isolation

Background  A novel circular pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC) has been introduced for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Accurate delineation of left atrium-pulmonary vein (LA-PV) anatomy is important for this technique. The aim of this study was to test whether the 3-dimensional rotational angiography (3D RTA) of the left atrium can facilitate PVI using PVAC technique.

Methods  Twenty patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) were enrolled in this study. The 3D RTA was reconstructed and registered[L1]  with live fluoroscopy in all the patients. AF ablation was performed with a PVAC catheter in the navigation of registered 3D RTA.

Results  The 3DRTA image was successfully reconstructed and registered with live fluoroscopy in all patients (100%). The LA-PV anatomy was delineated clearly in all patients. Navigation of the PVAC inside the registered 3D RTA, ensured accurate placement within the atrium to perform ablation, and the PVAC was correctly placed inside the PV ostium to verify the PVI. All the PVs were isolated. Total procedural time was (87.5±12.1) minutes, and fluoroscopy time was (20.1±6.3) minutes. Follow-up after (7.1±1.5) months showed freedom from AF in 70% (14/20) patients. No PV stenosis was observed.

Conclusions  Intraprocedure reconstructed and registered 3D RTA can clearly delineate the LA-PV anatomy in real-time. The results demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of combining use of 3DRA and PVAC in AF ablation procedures.

 

     

Pulmonary vein tachycardia after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation has been developed to treat patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and the electrophysiological endpoint of PV isolation is the disappearance or dissociation of pulmonary vein potentials (PVPs). Pulmonary vein tachycardia (PVT) is the dissociated PV rhythm with a rapid rate. However, the characteristics and significance of PVT after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with AF remains unclear. Methods From June 2003 to June 2005, a total of 285 consecutive patients with drug refractory AF were included in this study, and they underwent segmental pulmonary vein ablation (SPVA) or circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA). PV isolation was the initial endpoint for both approaches with documenting disappearance or dissociation of PVPs. PVT was characterized as dissociated activities within PVs with a circle length (CL) of &lt;300 ms, and was classified into organized PVT or disorganized PVT according to the variance of CL. Systematic follow-up was conducted after initial procedures. Continuous variables were analyzed by Student’s t test and categorical variables were analyzed by chi-square test.Results Three hundred and fifteen PVs were ablated in 85 patients underwent SPVA approach, 400 circular lesions surrounding ipsilateral PVs (including 790 PVs) were produced in the rest of 200 patients received CPVA approach. Electrical isolation was achieved in all of these PVs. Of these, PVPs were abolished in 89.8% (992/1105) of the ablated PVs, dissociated PV rhythms were documented in the rest 10.2 % (113/1105) of the treated PVs. Among the 113 dissociated PV rhythms, 28 met the criteria of PVT with mean CL of (155±43) ms (2 PVTs in 2 patients received SPVA, 26 PVTs in 18 patients underwent CPVA). PVT was more frequently documented in patients underwent CPVA approach [9.0% (18/200) vs 2.3% (2/85), P=0.04]. During the 6-month follow-up, it was indicated that no significant difference existed in AF free rate between patients with PVT and those without PVT (P=0.75). Conclusions PVT dissociated from LA activations can be documented after PV isolation, especially in patients underwent CPVA approach. However, PVT does not affect the follow-up results.     

2008 Obstetrics & Gynecology Symposium in China

Background CartoXP and CartoMerge have been used to treat atrial fibrillation （AF） for several years. Our randomized prospective study compared clinical outcomes of these two versions of three dimensional electroanatomic mapping system in guiding catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation （PAF）. Methods Eighty-one patients with symptomatic, drug refractory PAF were randomly assigned to CartoMerge group （n=-42, mean age （54.5 ＋ 13.1） years, history of AF = 3.2 years） or CartoXP group （n=39, mean age （59.8 ± 15.6） years, history of AF = 2.9 years）. All patients underwent 64-slice computed tomography （MSCT） 1 to 3 days prior to ablation procedure. Using CartoMergeTM Image Integration Module, 3D anatomical images of the left atrium （LA） and pulmonary veins （PVS） derived from MSCT of CartoMerge group were established and merged with the electroanatomical map. The integrated images were used to guide the procedure of circumferential pulmonary vein isolation （CPVl）. In the other group, CPVl was guided just by CartoXP. The endpoint of CPVl in both groups was abolition or dissociation of pulmonary vein potentials （PVPs）. Results Mapping points to establish the electroanatomical model of the LA/PVs were 48.7＋13.4 in CartoMerge group and 62.5±15.7 in CartoXP group （P〈0.001）. Mean distance between mapping points and the MSCT surfaces in CartoMerge group was （1.59±0.33） mm. Accomplishment of abolition or dissociation of PVPs was achieved 95.2% in CartoMerge group and 92.3% in CartoXP group. Durations of procedure and exposure to X-ray were （156±25） minutes, （179±21） minutes （P〈0.001） and （19.6±7.5） minutes, （28.5±12.8） minutes （P 〈0.001）, respectively. After a follow-up with duration of （11.9＋3.1） months vs （12.4±3.6） months post the first ablation procedure, patients free of AF were 33 （78.6%） in CartoMerge group and 29 （74.4%） in CartoXP group （P〉0.50）. No patient suffered pulmonary vein stenosis,