视黄醇结合蛋白4、胱抑素C与2型糖尿病下肢动脉病变的关系

选取209例2型糖尿病患者,根据踝肱指数(ABI)分为单纯2型糖尿病组、2型糖尿病伴轻中度闭塞组、2型糖尿病伴重度闭塞组,以60名健康体检者作为对照组.检测血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)、胱抑素C和生化指标.结果显示,各组间血清RBP4、胱抑素C水平随下肢动脉病变程度逐渐升高,2型糖尿病伴中度和重度闭塞组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),伴下肢动脉病变组RBP4、胱抑素C水平显著高于不伴下肢动脉病变组(均P＜0.01).Pearson相关分析结果显示总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、体重指数、腰臀比、胱抑素C等与血清RBP4呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).Logistic回归分析发现血清RBP4、胱抑素C与2型糖尿病下肢动脉病变显著相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).     

农村地区老年2型糖尿病代谢综合征患者发病危险因素

目的探讨农村地区老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)代谢综合征患者发病危险因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年1月该院就诊的235例农村地区老年T2DM患者,其中合并代谢综合征组(MS组,125例)和非代谢综合征组(非MS组,110例),对比分析两组患者的性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、体重指数(BMI)、血压收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、血脂〔总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)〕、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖基化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、尿酸(UA)、空腹C肽(FCP)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)等因素。结果 MS组与非MS组的平均年龄、性别、SBP、DBP、糖尿病病程比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但MS组的体重指数(BMI)显著性高于非MS组患者(P<0.01);MS组FPG、1、2 h的餐后血糖、FINS及胰岛素抵抗(HOMA)均显著性高于非MS组(P<0.01),β细胞功能显著性低于非MS组(P<0.01);MS组血清TC、TG、LDL-C均显著性高于非MS组(P<0.05)、HDL-C显著性低于非MS组(P<0.01);MS组UA、hs-CRP、HbA1c、FCP均显著性高于非MS组(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析,BMI、UA、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C为最危险因素。结论与非MS组相比,合并MS的农村地区老年糖尿病患者的BMI、UA相对较高,脂质代谢紊乱,更容易出现相关心血管并发症。     

脂蛋白(a)、淀粉样蛋白A及胱抑素C水平在糖尿病合并高血压患者并发糖尿病周围神经病变中的临床意义

目的 探讨脂蛋白(a)、淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)及胱抑素C水平在糖尿病合并高血压患者并发糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)中的临床意义。方法入选2014年1月-2018年1月内分泌科就诊的200例2型糖尿病合并高血压(T2DM+EH)患者,根据是否合并DPN分为T2DM+EH组120例,DPN+EH组80例;同期收治单纯2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者100例为T2DM组。比较3组对象的基本资料、血清脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C水平,并进行Spearman相关和多元Logistic回归分析。结果DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组的糖尿病病程、体质量指数(BMI)、血压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血肌酐高于T2DM组(均P0.05);DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组相比,病程、收缩压、平均动脉压(MAP)、空腹血糖、2hPG、HbA1c、血肌酐更高(均P0.05)。DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组运动神经传导速度(MCV:正中神经、腓总神经)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV:正中神经、腓肠神经)低于T2DM组(均P0.05);DPN+EH组MCV(正中神经、腓总神经)、SCV(正中神经、腓肠神经)又低于T2DM+EH组(均P0.05)。DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组的血清脂蛋白(a)、SAA、胱抑素C水平高于T2DM组(均P0.05);DPN+EH组血清脂蛋白(a)、SAA、胱抑素C水平又高于T2DM+EH组(均P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,病程、MAP、HbA1c、脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C与DPN+EH患者腓总神经MCV、腓肠神经SCV呈负相关(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,病程、HbA1c、MAP、脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C是DPN+EH发病的影响因素。结论脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C是糖尿病合并高血压患者发生DPN的影响因素。     

褪黑素对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的:探讨褪黑素对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法:选择早期无大血管并发症的2型糖尿病患者60例,随机分为试药组和对照组各30例,对照组采用饮食、运动、胰岛素治疗,试药组加用褪黑素（MLT）胶囊6 mg,每晚口服,共治疗6个月。同期选择28例健康个体为正常对照组。治疗前后检测血压、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）,计算体质量指数（BMI）。用高分辨率超声检测、计算肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(FMD)和硝酸甘油介导的内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能(NMD)。结果:①与正常对照组比较,糖尿病组治疗前FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TG、LDL-C明显增高(均P<0.01),HDL-C明显降低(P<0.05)。 治疗半年后糖尿病组TG、LDL-C略下降,BMI、HDL C略升高但均无统计学差异,FBG、2hPG、HbA1c无明显变化。②与正常对照组比较, 糖尿病组治疗前肱动脉基础内径、NMD无显著差异,FMD明显降低（均P<0.01）。治疗半年后糖尿病各组肱动脉基础内径、NMD无明显变化;FMD明显升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,试药组FMD明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:2型糖尿病患者早期出现血管内皮舒张功能降低,褪黑素明显改善2型糖尿病早期患者受损血管内皮功能。     

糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3的水平及意义

目的探讨糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清新型脂肪因子C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白(CTRP)3水平及其临床意义。方法选择南通市第二人民医院内分泌科2016年1～12月老年单纯2型糖尿病患者100例作为2型糖尿病组(B组)、老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者100例作为2型糖尿病合并冠心病组(C组)及同期健康体检老年者100例作为对照组(A组)。收集受试者性别、年龄、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)等临床资料,收集总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)等实验室检查指标。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清CTRP3水平。采用Gensini评分评估冠状动脉狭窄程度。结果三组受试者性别、年龄、SBP、DBP、TC、LDL-C比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);三组BMI、TG、HDL-C、FBG、HbA1c比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),其中与A组比较,B组和C组BMI、TG、FBG、HbA1c明显升高(均P<0.05),HDL-C明显降低(P<0.05),B组和C组BMI、TG、HDL-C、FBG、HbA1c比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。与A组比较,B组和C组血清CTRP3水平明显降低(P<0.05),与B组比较,C组血清CTRP3水平明显降低(P<0.05);与A组和B组比较,C组Gensini评分明显升高(P<0.05),A组和B组Gensini评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清CTRP3水平与BMI、TG、FBG、HbA1c、Gensini评分呈负相关(均P<0.05),与HDL-C呈正相关(P<0.05),与年龄、SBP、DBP、TC、LDL-C无相关性(均P>0.05)。血清CTRP3水平诊断糖尿病合并冠心病的ROC曲线下面积为0.857,95%CI为0.854～0.890,P=0.000。结论糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清新型脂肪因子CTRP3水平降低,CTRP3可能参与糖尿病合并冠心病患者的糖脂代谢过程,在疾病诊断和冠状动脉狭窄程度评估方面具有潜在价值。     

老年糖尿病患者血清胱抑素C水平与原发性高血压相关性研究

目的探讨老年糖尿病患者血清胱抑素C水平与原发性高血压发病的关系。方法选择老年糖尿病患者538例,根据血压情况分为高血压组347例和对照组191例。根据高血压分级,将347例患者分高血压1级32例、高血压2级85例和高血压3级23例。收集患者一般临床资料,检测胱抑素C并进行相关性分析。结果与对照组比较,高血压组年龄、吸烟、体质量指数(BMI)、血压显著增高(P<0.05),高血压3级患者年龄、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、胱抑素C、高敏C反应蛋白、N末端B型钠尿肽前体(NT-proBNP)明显升高(P<0.05);高血压1级和高血压2级患者收缩压、舒张压明显升高(P<0.05);与高血压1级比较,高血压3级患者胱抑素C明显升高(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,年龄、吸烟、BMI、肌酐、胱抑素C、NT-proBNP与高血压相关。多元logistic回归分析提示,年龄、吸烟史、BMI和血清胱抑素C与高血压发病有关。结论随着老年糖尿病患者血清胱抑素C水平的升高,高血压发生率有升高趋势,提示胱抑素C可能是老年糖尿病患者合并高血压的独立危险因素。     

血清视黄醇结合蛋白4与2型糖尿病合并代谢综合征的相关性

目的探讨血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)及代谢综合征(MS)的相关性及作用机制。方法将108例T2DM患者根据有无合并MS分为T2DM合并MS组(MS组,57例)和T2DM不合并MS组(NMS组,51例),同时按照RBP4水平差距的三分位法将所有患者分为A、B、C 3组,另选择健康体检者37例为对照组。比较各组的血脂、空腹血糖(FPG)等生化指标和RBP4的差异。结果与对照组比较,NMS组和MS组的收缩压、舒张压、TG、LDL、FPG、RBP4显著升高,HDL降低(P<0.05);与A组和B组比较,C组的TG、腰围和大血管并发症明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);Pearson分析显示,RBP4与体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、收缩压、舒张压、FPG、TG呈正相关,与HDL呈负相关。logistic分析显示,RBP4、BMI、腰围、FPG、TG、TC是MS的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 RBP4在T2DM的发生中起重要作用,并促进MS的发生。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者血清胱抑素C的变化及影响因素的研究

目的研究初次诊断为2型糖尿病患者的血清胱抑素C变化规律,并探讨其影响因素。方法以2008年10月—2011年6月在我院内分泌科就诊的108例初诊2型糖尿病患者为观察组,按入选时的尿微量清蛋白水平分为尿微量清蛋白升高亚组48例,尿微量清蛋白正常亚组60例。以同期门诊体检健康者30名作为对照组。用免疫比浊法测定血清胱抑素C和尿微量清蛋白水平。同时测定受试者的血糖、血脂、血压、体质指数、血清肌酐、血尿酸、肾小球滤过率(GFR)等生化指标,并在3组间进行比较。结果 (1)观察组中两个亚组的血清胱抑素C水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。尿微量清蛋白升高亚组的胱抑素C水平高于尿微量清蛋白正常亚组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)在观察组中进行单因素分析显示,胱抑素C与收缩压(SBP)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、体质指数(BMI)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、吸烟、尿微量清蛋白(MALB)呈正相关,与GFR呈负相关。(3)多元逐步回归显示:SBP、HbA1C、GFR为影响胱抑素C显著因素。结论胱抑素C患者自罹患2型糖尿病就开始升高,除反映肾小球滤过率外,与尿微量清蛋白以及部分糖尿病肾病的危险因子呈正相关,是检测初诊2型糖尿病患者肾功能变化的新的内源性指标。     

糖尿病肥胖及非肥胖患者影响糖化血红蛋白的因素不同

目的 研究糖尿病肥胖及非肥胖患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与糖脂代谢指标的相关性.方法 收集121例2型糖尿病研究对象,以体质量指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m2为肥胖症标准,分为糖尿病合并肥胖症组(DM-OB)57例,糖尿病非肥胖症组(DM-NOB)64例,比较DM-OB组及DM-NOB组年龄、BMI、HbA1c、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(PPG)、餐后血糖波动(PPGE)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、1/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(1/HDL-C)、血清高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)差别;相关分析及多因素逐步回归分析HbA1c与以上指标的相关性.结果 DM-OB组HOMA-IR、BMI、DBP、TC、hsCRP、HbA1c、LDL-C较DM-NOB组增高.在DM-OB组,Pearson相关分析显示,HbA1c与BMI、FBG、FPG、HOMA2IR、hs-CRP正相关(P均<0.05);偏相关分析显示,控制FBG、PPG、BMI后,HbA1c仍与HOMA2IR、hs-CRP正相关(P均<0.05);多因素逐步回归分析HbA1c与FPG、HOMA2IR、hs-CRP密切相关(P均<0.01).在DM-NOB组,Pearson相关分析显示,HbA1c与PPG、PPGE呈正相关(P均<0.05);偏相关分析显示,在控制PPEG后,HbA1c仍与PPG正相关(P<0.05);多因素逐步回归分析HbA1c与PPG密切相关(P<0.01).结论 2型糖尿病,胰岛素抵抗、亚临床炎症、高空腹血糖是影响肥胖患者HbA1c水平的主要因素;餐后血糖是影响非肥胖患者HbA1c水平的主要因素,提示应当研究不同的治疗措施治疗糖尿病合并肥胖与不合并肥胖的病人.     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清内脂素和视黄醇结合蛋白4的临床意义

目的探讨血清内脂素(visfatin)和视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病(CHD)的临床意义。方法选取单纯T2DM(T2DM组)患者61例、T2DM合并CHD(T2DM+CHD组)患者58例、单纯CHD(CHD组)患者60例、门诊健康体检者(对照组)60例,检测各组血清内脂素、RBP4水平、空腹血糖(FBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,HbA1c和空腹血清胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、体重指数(BMI)及腰臀比(WHR),并作相关性分析。结果 T2DM+CHD组血清内脂素和RBP4水平均明显高于T2DM组、CHD组和对照组,差异均有统计学意义(q=2.56~3.13,均P<0.05)。T2DM+CHD组内脂素水平与WHR、RBP4、TG和HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.27~0.52,均P<0.05);T2DM与RBP4和HbA1c密切相关(OR=2.09~3.67,P=0.05),T2DM合并CHD与内脂素、RBP4和TG密切相关(OR=2.13~3.81,P=0.05)。结论血清内脂素和RBP4与T2DM合并CHD的发病有一定联系。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.