替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用效果分析

目的分析替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中的应用效果。方法选取我院2011年1月—2014年1月收治的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者98例,随机分为对照组48例和观察组50例。两组患者入院后均给予常规药物治疗和PCI,观察组患者在此基础上给予替罗非班。观察两组患者术后即刻TIMI血流改善率、ST段回落率,术后48 h主要心血管不良事件(MACE)发生率、出血事件发生率,术后6个月左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果观察组患者术后即刻TIMI血流改善率、ST段回落率高于对照组(P0.05);两组患者术后48 h MACE发生率、出血事件发生率、术后6个月LVEF比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI中应用替罗非班安全有效,其可有效改善患者TIMI血流及心肌灌注,且并不增加MACE、出血事件发生风险。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死围术期替罗非班不同方法给药的疗效和安全性

目的评价经静脉和经冠状动脉内给予负荷剂量替罗非班注射液两种不同给药方式对ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary artery intervention,PCI)治疗的有效性和安全性。方法 82例行直接PCI治疗的STEMI患者,按随机数字表法随机分为上游组42例(术前急诊室早期静脉使用替罗非班)和下游组40例(术中导管室经冠状动脉使用替罗非班),比较两组基础临床情况、介入治疗后结果、住院期间出血并发症、30 d主要不良心血管事件(心绞痛,再发心肌梗死,心源性死亡)发生率及左心室射血分数。结果两组基础临床情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与下游组比较,上游组有较高的梗死相关动脉PCI治疗后即刻心肌梗死溶栓试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)3级血流获得率,差异有统计学意义(85.7%vs.57.5%,P0.05)。上游组术后30 d左心室射血分数显著高于下游组,且差异有统计学意义(53.0%±7.1%vs.44.0%±5.4%,P=0.01)。两组术后出血并发症、30 d主要不良心血管事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 STEMI患者行直接PCI治疗前早期静脉应用替罗非班可有效提高血管开通率、改善组织灌注和心功能。     

直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中血栓抽吸联合梗死相关动脉内应用替罗非班的有效性和安全性

目的 评价在ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中联合应用血栓抽吸和经抽吸导管梗死相关动脉内注射替罗非班的有效性和安全性.方法 试验分为2组:血栓抽吸+替罗非班组:2007年1月至2009年3月108例STEMI患者进行血栓抽吸后经抽吸导管梗死相关动脉内应用替罗非班500μg,置入支架后静脉滴注12 h替罗非班0.1μg·kg-1·min-1;单纯血栓抽吸组:2005年1月至2006年12月108例STEMI患者血栓抽吸后置人支架.主要终点:PCI术后即刻心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流、术后90 min完全ST段回落率、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和肌钙蛋白I峰值.二级终点:住院期间和9个月随访左心室射血分数、主要不良心血管事件(靶血管重建、再次心肌梗死、死亡)和出血事件.结果 两组患者基线特征差异无统计学意义.血栓抽吸+替罗非班组与单纯血栓抽吸组TIMI 3级血流率分别为97.22%和87.04%(P=0.011),完全ST段回落率分别是66.67%和50.91%(P=0.047),CK-MB峰值分别是83.9(68.9～310.5)U/L和126.1(74.7～356.7)U/L(P=0.034),肌钙蛋白Ⅰ峰值分别是42.7(14.7～113.9)μg/L和72.5(59.8～135.3)μg/L(P=0.029).住院期间,血栓抽吸+替罗非班组和单纯血栓抽吸组的左心室射血分数分别为(45.7±10.8)%和(42.9±9.9)%(P=0.049).9个月随访显示,血栓抽吸+替罗非班组主要不良心血管事件有降低趋势(log rank χ2=2.865,P=0.09).两组间出血事件差异无统计学意义.结论 直接PCI中联合应用血栓抽吸和经抽吸导管在梗死相关动脉内超选择应用替罗非班可以改善心肌灌注.     

替罗非班对急性心肌梗死急诊冠状动脉介入治疗冠状动脉血流和微循环的影响

目的分析应用替罗非班对ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者急诊行冠状动脉介入治疗冠状动脉血流和微循环的影响。方法ST段抬高性心肌梗死行直接冠状动脉介入治疗患者58例,随机分为替罗非班组(n=30)和对照组(n=28)。比较两组患者临床基础情况、冠状动脉介入治疗前梗死相关血管开通率、手术前后心肌梗死溶栓治疗血流情况、心电图ST段回落、术后内皮细胞凋亡数及凝血状态、住院期间出血事件、主要心脏不良事件发生率和出院前左心室射血分数等。结果替罗非班组使术前TIMI血流分级达到1级血流比例明显高于对照组(P<0.05),2级及3级血流两组之间差异无显著性(P>0.05),同时在对照组血流完全闭塞率高于替罗非班组(P<0.01),术中无复流现象、再灌注心律失常、内皮细胞凋亡数及凝血因子在替罗非班组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),再通后90min心电图相关导联ST段回落值替罗非班组明显大于对照组(P<0.05),出院前左心室射血分数、两组患者主要心脏不良事件发生率和住院期间主要出血事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论替罗非班对急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死急诊行介入治疗可改善术前梗死相关血管TIMI血流情况,使介入手术顺利更好进行,争取更多时间避免较多的心肌细胞永久性坏死,改善心肌微循环障碍,减少无复流现象。     

冠脉内小剂量替罗非班在急性STEMI急诊介入时应用观察

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)时冠脉内小剂量应用替罗非班对介入治疗安全性和有效性。方法:入选77例STEMI急诊介入治疗患者,全部患者入院后立即给予阿司匹林300 mg嚼服,氯吡格雷300 mg口服,随机分为替罗非班组(试药组,39例)和对照组(38例,未用替罗非班)。PCI术后梗死相关血管的心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)血流分级、术后24 h ST段完全回落率、术后1周左心室射血分数(LVEF)、术后30 d主要心血管事件(死亡、再发心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建、反复心绞痛发作)及TIMI出血事件作为评价指标。结果:术前两组患者基线资料(年龄、性别、危险因素)差异无统计学意义。术后即刻TIMIⅢ级血流获得率试药组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。术后24h ST段完全回落率及1周时LVEF试药组明显高于对照组(均P0.05,P0.01)。术后30 d随访两组主要心血管事件和主要出血事件的发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论:对急性STEMI患者急诊介入治疗时,冠脉内应用小剂量替罗非班可以获得较好的即刻造影结果,且安全、有效。     

冠状动脉内应用替罗非班在急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用效果

目的探讨冠状动脉内应用替罗非班在急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中的应用效果。方法选取2013年1月—2015年1月柳铁中心医院收治的急性心肌梗死患者96例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组及对照组,每组48例。两组患者均行急诊PCI,对照组患者常规静脉内应用替罗非班,观察组患者冠状动脉内应用替罗非班。比较两组患者PCI手术前后TIMI血流分级,PCI术后二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、花生四烯酸(AA)、胶原(COL)诱导的血小板聚集率和左心室功能指标〔左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)〕以及近期不良心血管事件(包括PCI术后30 d内发生的心绞痛、心功能不全加重、再梗死、心源性死亡)发生率。结果两组患者PCI术前TIMI血流分级比较,差异无统计学意义(u=0.189,P0.05);观察组PCI术后TIMI血流分级优于对照组(u=5.965,P0.05)。观察组患者PCI术后ADP、AA、COL诱导的血小板聚集率均低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者PCI术后LVEF大于对照组,LVEDD、LVESD小于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者近期不良心血管事件发生率为14.59%,低于对照组的39.59%(P0.05)。结论冠状动脉内应用替罗非班有助于改善急性心肌梗死患者急诊PCI术后TIMI血流分级,优化心肌再灌注情况,降低血小板聚集程度,改善左心室功能,减少近期不良心血管事件的发生。     

替罗非班在急性心肌梗死介入治疗中的疗效及安全性

目的观察替罗非班在急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中的有效性及安全性。方法选择2011年5月~2014年5月我院接受急诊冠状动脉介入治疗的急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者180例作为研究对象,随机分为替罗非班组和对照组,各90例。比较两组患者术后7天心电图ST段回落情况、左室射血分数、术后梗死相关血管开通后血流TIMI分级、术后30天内出血并发症及主要不良心脏事件的发生情况。结果术后7天内心电图ST段回落情况,替罗非班组所占比例高于对照组、替罗非班组TIMI血流3级高于对照组、替罗非班组左室射血分数高于对照组、30天内主要不良心脏事件的发生率替罗非班组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组术后30天内出血并发症比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在急性STEMI介入治疗中,盐酸替罗非班的应用,能明显改善心肌再灌注、改善梗死相关血管的TIMI血流、提高心脏射血分数而改善心脏功能、减少心脏不良事件的发生,且不增加临床出血风险,临床应用价值高。     

替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死恢复期的应用疗效及安全性观察

目的 观察和分析替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)恢复期短期应用的疗效及安全性.方法 将58例就诊时超出急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)时间窗的急性STEMI患者,根据有无应用国产替罗非班分为试验组32例和对照组26例.全部患者经保守治疗后,于7～10 d行择期冠状动脉造影及PCI,比较两组患者的基础临床资料、心肌灌注水平、术后1周超声心动图检查结果及住院期间主要不良心血管事件.结果 两组患者基础临床资料差异无统计学意义.试验组梗死相关血管内血栓积分低于对照组(P＜0.05),试验组校正的心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)帧数少于对照组(P＜0.01),择期PCI术后TIMI血流试验组优于对照组(P＜0.05).试验组术后1周超声心动图测定的左心室射血分数(LVEF)高于对照组(P＜0.05),左心室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)小于对照组(P＜0.05).术后30 d两组均未发生主要不良心血管事件.结论 在急性STEMI恢复期短期应用替罗非班安全、有效.     

冠脉内注射替罗非班对急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗ST段回落的影响

目的:应用ST段回落指数观察冠脉内负荷替罗非班对急性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的有效性和安全性。方法:选择因急性ST段抬高心肌梗死入院,并接受直接急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者92名,分为试验组(冠脉内负荷替罗非班+PCI)42例和对照组(静脉负荷替罗非班+PCI)50例。观察两组术后心电图ST段回落指数,PCI术前、术后TI-MI血流情况,术后30天射血分数(EF),30天主要心血管事件(心绞痛,再次心肌梗死和死亡)。结果:试验组术后2h、4h、8h心电图ST段回落指数均高于对照组(P<0.05),两组PCI术前梗死相关血管各级TIMI血流与对照组无显著性差异。试验组PCI术后即刻达TIMI 3级血流比例高于对照组(P<0.05),PCI术后30分钟达到TIMI 3级血流比例也显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组30天心脏射血分数高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组30天内主要心血管事件(心绞痛+再次心肌梗死+死亡)的发生率较对照组降低66.00%(P<0.05)。两组间所有出血相关并发症无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:ST段回落指数能有效评价急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌损伤程度,是最简单易行的评估方法;冠脉内负荷替罗非班在急性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中改善术后心肌灌注,降低心血管事件,并不增加出血的风险。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术中辅助应用替罗非班的效果观察

目的评价急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者行经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)中辅助应用替罗非班的临床疗效和安全性。方法随机选取ACS行PCI治疗的患者119例,根据术中是否应用替罗非班和给药方式分为静脉组(42例,术中替罗非班静脉推注)、联合组(42例,术中替罗非班静脉和冠状动脉内推注)和常规组(35例,术中予常规用药,不给予替罗非班)。观察记录三组患者PCI术后冠脉血流TIMI分级、校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)、血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平、左室射血分数(LVEF)和用药前后血清血小板活化标志物膜糖蛋白CD63,CD62p及不良反应发生情况。结果用药后,静脉组和联合组冠状动脉血流TIMI分级明显高于、CTFC及CK-MB和血小板活化标志物明显低于用药前和常规组用药后(P均<0.05),联合组较静脉组改善更明显(P<0.05)。与常规组用药后比较,联合组LVEF增加明显(P<0.05),静脉组与常规组近似(P>0.05)。结论对于行PCI治疗的ACS患者术中宜采用替罗非班静脉联合冠状动脉推注辅助治疗。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.