前列腺癌根治术后勃起功能障碍预防及治疗的研究进展

前列腺癌已经成为我国男性泌尿系统中发病率最高的肿瘤。前列腺癌根治术(RP)是治愈局限性前列腺癌最主要手段,并有良好的长期预后。勃起功能障碍(ED)是RP后的常见并发症,严重影响患者术后的生活质量。随着前列腺癌的发病率不断上升以及前列腺癌的早期诊断,年轻男性行RP的比例增加,RP术后ED治疗的重要性随之增加。RP后勃起功能康复与手术方案及方法等术前、术中措施以及阴茎康复介入时机等密切相关。5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、经尿道或海绵体内血管活性物质的应用、负压吸引装置、阴茎假体植入仍然是当前RP后ED常用的治疗手段。干细胞、神经移植、低强度体外冲击波、促红细胞生成素等前瞻性治疗在RP后阴茎康复显示出了巨大潜力。目前对于ED的治疗着重于症状的缓解,干细胞治疗可通过逆转ED的病理生理变化达到逆转病因或治愈ED的目的。相关干细胞治疗的临床试验正在进行,已初步证实了干细胞治疗的安全性并能改善RP术后ED患者的勃起功能。本文就RP后ED预防和治疗方面的研究进展作一综述。     

前列腺癌根治术后阴茎勃起功能障碍的治疗

前列腺癌根治术(RP)后阴茎勃起功能障碍(ED)发生率为30%~90%,ED严重影响患者术后的生活质量。术后阴茎康复治疗包括5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、海绵体注射、负压泵助勃器及阴茎假体等方式。本文通过复习相关文献,就RP后勃起功能药物治疗及康复等常用方法进行阐述。术后早期可应用负压泵助勃器并结合口服5型磷酸二酯酶抑制药物;对该类治疗反应不佳的患者,可以考虑尿道内注射、海绵体注射或阴茎假体。     

他达拉非用于前列腺术后阴茎康复的研究进展

前列腺癌根治性切除术(RP)是治疗绝大多数临床局限性前列腺癌的标准术式,保留神经的NSRRP术式的广泛采用使得RP的疗效得到了显著的提升,但是对RP术后勃起功能的保护仍是泌尿外科的难题。RP术后及早开始阴茎康复可显著改善RP术后勃起功能障碍(ED)对患者的术后生活质量。作为唯一的长效选择性磷酸二酯酶-5抑制剂(PDE5Is),他达拉非在RP术后阴茎康复中的显著疗效在临床试验和基础研究中均得到了证实。本文旨在回顾目前RP术后ED的相关进展,及他达拉非在RP术后阴茎康复中的有效性和安全性证据。     

盆腔根治性手术后勃起功能障碍的研究进展

盆腔根治性手术是治疗盆腔内肿瘤的主要手术方式, 勃起功能障碍(ED)是术后常见的性功能障碍。由于手术方式和调查方法的不同, 对盆腔根治性手术后ED发生率的认识尚不统一。术后ED的原因主要包括术中神经血管损伤、精神心理因素、术前患者特征等, 其中术中神经血管束损伤最常见。研究结果表明通过积极干预能预防术后ED发生, 但目前仍缺乏有效的治疗措施。本文对近年来盆腔根治性手术后ED的临床流行病学特征和研究进展进行总结, 并探讨预防和治疗术后ED的具体措施。     

前列腺癌根治术后勃起功能障碍的应对策略

勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)是前列腺癌根治术(radical prostatectomy,RP)后最常见的并发症之一,其关键原因是术中不可避免的损伤勃起神经,并由此引发术后阴茎海绵体血管内皮、平滑肌和静脉闭塞机制的损伤。如何应对RP术后ED的问题成为当今泌尿外科的热点问题。本文通过查阅文献,从比较不同RP术式对ED发生率的影响,分析影响术后ED恢复的因素、阴茎康复概念及开展时机、术后ED的管理方法等角度进行综述,归纳总结应对RP术后ED的策略,以期为临床泌尿外科/男科医师提供参考,为改善患者术后生活质量提供思路。     

男性尿道癌3例报告

目的探讨男性尿道癌临床特点和诊治措施。方法总结本院2000~2008年诊治的3例男性尿道癌的临床资料,并结合文献讨论。结果男性尿道鳞癌2例,移行细胞癌1例。1例尿道鳞癌行膀胱、前列腺、精囊、阴茎全切和盆腔淋巴结清扫术及回肠膀胱术,术后2年死于心肌梗死。1例尿道鳞癌行膀胱、前列腺、精囊、阴茎全切、耻骨部分切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫术以及回肠膀胱术,存活至今。1例尿道移行细胞癌行姑息性经尿道后尿道肿瘤电切和前列腺部分电切,术后半年患者死于心肺疾病。结论男性尿道癌以手术治疗为主,辅助化疗和放疗,其预后与肿瘤部位、临床分级和病理分级有关。远端尿道癌预后优于球膜部尿道癌。     

非性交勃起在勃起功能障碍患者阴茎康复中的应用

勃起功能障碍(ED)是临床上常见的一种男科疾病,有研究显示40~70岁的男性ED患病率约52%,且日益趋向年轻化。目前认为,缺氧是ED的独立危险因素,其导致ED的机制复杂多样。近年来,阴茎康复理念备受重视,这一理念的引导实施是通过增加海绵体组织氧供,降低组织纤维化和凋亡以促进勃起功能恢复正常。而针对增加海绵体组织氧供的一些非性交勃起手段,如行为治疗、药物治疗、真空负压吸引装置治疗、海绵体内注射治疗等,可在一定程度上模拟男性正常自然性交勃起,帮助患者进行有效的阴茎康复锻炼。本文就目前非性交勃起治疗在阴茎康复中的应用作一论述。     

糖尿病性勃起功能障碍发病机制的研究

勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)是指因多种原因造成的阴茎海绵体血液充盈不足,致阴茎不能正常增大勃起。ED是糖尿病常见的并发症之一,有报道称糖尿病人患ED的发病率高达75％,尤其是中年男性患者,比非糖尿病患者高3-5倍,并随年龄和病程的     

男性肾上腺肿瘤患者勃起功能的评价

目的 评价肾上腺肿瘤对男性患者勃起功能的影响.方法 2006年12月至2008年6月我院诊断治疗的男性肾上腺肿瘤患者共62例,符合入选标准55例,有效随访47例,回顾分析临床和随访资料.采用国际勃起功能评分(IIEF-5)评价手术前6月内的勃起功能情况,术前测定性激素全套(黄体生成素、卵泡刺激素、睾酮、雌二醇和游离睾酮).术后定期随访,3月后再次评价勃起功能情况.结果 肾上腺肿瘤患者存在不同程度勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED),以恶性肿瘤患者最为严重(平均IIEF-5评分为,5.0±2.2).中青年(＜50岁)肾上腺肿瘤患者,术后勃起功能较术前均有不同程度改善,其中＜40岁患者改善更为明显.血压正常或轻度增高者IIEF-5评分优于血压中到重度增高者.结论 肾上腺肿瘤患者存在不同程度的ED,伴发高血压是相关因素,高血压严重者勃起功能受损更严重.其可能的病理机制包括高血压对阴茎超微结构的损害以及激素对阴茎海绵体组织的直接作用两方面,雄激素水平变化是否是相关冈素目前尚不清楚.     

T型分流术治疗缺血性阴茎异常勃起的体会(附9例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨T型分流术治疗缺血性异常勃起的有效性。方法回顾性分析9例缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者的诊治,所有患者术前完善阴茎及盆腔MRI,保守治疗无效后,予以T型分流+肝素盐水冲洗术治疗。术中同时取海绵体或白膜组织行病检。结果通过术前MRI结合术中病检的方法,确诊肿瘤所致异常勃起患者2例,其中1例为会阴部神经内分泌癌侵犯阴茎海绵体,出院后3个月死亡;1例为阴茎上皮样癌,行阴茎部分切除术。除2例肿瘤患者外,7例患者均于术后24h内勃起消退。术后随访6~18个月,2例患者保留勃起功能,5例患者出现勃起功能障碍,1例死亡,1例失访。结论 MRI对于阴茎异常勃起具有一定的临床价值,建议术前完善阴茎及盆腔MRI检查;T型术式简单并疗效理想,但对于肿瘤所致的阴茎异常勃起患者并不适用;术中对海绵体或白膜组织行病理活检,可发现偶发肿瘤,避免误诊。     

Metastasis of cancer to cancer: Report of a case of esophageal carcinoma metastasizing to early gastric cancer

A rare case of esophageal carcinoma metastasizing to early gastric cancer is reported herein. A 66 year old man who had experienced dysphagia for 8 months was preoperatively diagnosed as simultaneously having esophageal and gastric cancers. Thus, a lower esophagectomy and total gastrectomy with paraesophageal and paragastric lymph node dissection were performed. The surgical specimen revealed an ulcerative tumor in the lower esophagus and a slightly depressed lesion with a central elevation similar to that of early type IIc+IIa¹ gastric cancer in the upper part of the stomach. Microscopically, the esophageal tumor was revealed to be well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma while the gastric tumor was found to be early gastric cancer with a metastatic focus of esophageal cancer in the center. Though less than one hundred cases of metastasis of cancer to cancer have previously been reported, metastasis from cancer of one digestive organ to that of another digestive organ is very rare. To our knowledge, this report represents the first case of an esophageal carcinoma metastasizing to a gastric carcinoma.     

Nutrition and pharyngeal cancer: results from a case-control study in Spain

BACKGROUND: Oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is increasing all over the world, frequently affecting more and more women and younger individuals and not only the typical 50- to 60-year-old heavy smoker and drinking man. In addition, 5-year overall survival rate remains poor (30% to 40% in most series), despite advances in treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to understand as accurately as possible the risk factors for these malignancies to improve primary prevention. METHODS: We report the results from a case-control study of pharyngeal cancer risk factors conducted in Spain involving 232 consecutive patients who were gender- and age-matched with 232 controls. Data were collected by interviewer-administered personal interview. RESULTS: Our results show that low intake of fruit, fruit juice, uncooked vegetables, dietary fiber-containing foods (legume and cereals), fish, milk, and dairy products is an independent risk factor for pharyngeal cancer and that high consumption of meat and fried foods also increases the risk once data are adjusted for tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Although findings for fruit, juice, and uncooked vegetables are in accordance with those from other authors and can be explained on a biologic basis, the relationship between pharyngeal cancer and dietary excess of saturated fatty acids needs experimental investigation. Findings for milk, dairy products, and fish also warrant more detailed epidemiologic research because of conflicting data reported in the literature and because of the reportedly ambiguous role of retinol in human cancers. No conclusive explanations for the protective effect of dietary fiber-containing foods can be put forward today. Our results are uniquely attributable to oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers because of the small size of our nasopharyngeal cancer subsample.     

Metastasis of thyroid cancer to primary lung cancer

We present a case of a 65-year-old woman whose thyroid cancer metastasized to the lesion of primary lung cancer. Ten years after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, chest radiograph by medical checkup demonstrated three nodular lesions in the bilateral lung fields. Segmental resection of the left S6, partial resection of right S4 and left S10 were performed to remove those lesions. Histologically, small nodules in the right S4 and S10 were diagnosed as a metastatic tumor of thyroid and well differentiated adenocarcinoma, respectively. Left S6 lesion 1.5 cm in diameter was also diagnosed as well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (Noguchi type C), however, small metastatic foci of papillary adenocarcinoma was identified within the lesion which revealed to be “cancer in cancer metastasis”. Metastasis of cancer to another primary cancer is a rare event. We discuss interesting phenomenon of cancer in cancer metastasis with a review of the literature.     

Metachronous Triple Cancers of the Sigmoid Colon, Stomach, and Esophagus: Report of a Case

(Received for publication on Feb. 10, 1999; accepted on Nov. 11, 1999)     

Synchronous or metachronous double cancers of the pancreas and other organs: Report on 12 cases

Pancreatic carcinoma carries a poor prognosis, especially invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas. This retrospective study describes the results of the treatment and prognosis for double cancers in which cancer of the pancreas was associated with malignancies in other organs in 12 patients who were diagnosed and treated at Kurume University Hospital. The patients included 4 women and 8 men, with an average age of 67 years. Of the 12 tumors, 7 were metachronous pancreatic cancers which occurred after resections of other organ malignancies. Five patients had synchronous double cancers, one of whom was diagnosed to have gastric cancer on admission. Two other patients of this group were diagnosed to have lung cancer, while the remaining 2 patients suffered from colon cancer. By the time pancreatic cancer was diagnosed, gastrectomies had been performed in 7 patients for either gastric cancer or ulcers. In addition, one patient underwent a hysterectomy for uterine carcinoma and another received a low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Four of 5 patients in the synchronous group had nonresectable tumors and a palliative bypass operation was performed in 2 of these patients. Six patients who had metachronous double cancers died because of pancreatic cancer recurrence or metastases. We conclude that the prognosis of double cancers, where cancer of the pancreas is associated with other organ malignancies, primarily depends on the prognosis of the pancreatic carcinoma, and the present study suggests the necessity of long-term follow-up examinations for gastrectomy patients in order to make an early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Received: September 24, 1999 / Accepted: March 24, 2000     

Role of positron emission tomography in urological oncology

??Positron emission tomography (PET) is a diagnostic tool using radiotracers to show changes in metabolic activities in tissues. We analysed the role of PET and PET/computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of urological tumours. ??A critical, non-structured review of the literature of the role of PET and PET/CT in urological oncology was conducted. ??PET and PET/CT can play a role in the management of urological malignancies. For prostate cancer, the advances in radiotracers seems promising, with novel radiotracers yielding better diagnostic and staging results than 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). In kidney cancer, PET and PET/CT allow a proper diagnosis before the pathological examination of the surgical specimen. For testis cancer, PET and PET/CT have been shown to be useful in the management of seminoma tumours. In bladder cancer, these scans allow a better initial diagnosis for invasive cancer, while detecting occult metastases. ??PET and its combined modality PET/CT have shown their potential in the diagnosis of urological malignancies. However, further studies are needed to establish the role of PET in the management of these diseases. Future applications of PET may involve fusion techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging with PET.     

Avances en uro-oncología «OncoForum»: lo mejor de 2013

ObjectiveTo present the new findings in oncologic urology with impact on clinical practice which were displayed at 2013 major annual meetings (EAU, ESTRO, AUA, ASCO and ASTRO).MethodsThe abstracts on prostate kidney, bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer with the highest scores by the OncoForum committee, presented in 1013 Congresses are included in this paper.Resultsthe following messages were considered as important by the OncoUrology Forum committee. In renal tumors T1a, comorbidities should be evaluated by its impact on overall and specific cancer survival, especially in men over 65. In metastatic renal tumors, the benefit of Everolimus vs. Sunitinib has not been demonstrated. Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer of high risk, with three or more risk factors, should be considered for radical cystectomy. The ERSPC study’ data demonstrate the benefit of the systematic screening in prostate cancer. In metastatic disease, the results of the Ra-223 and enzalutamide studies show benefit in pain control and overall survival in metastatic disease.ConclusionsLocalized renal and non-muscle invasive bladder of high-risk tumors, should be assessed according to comorbidities or oncologic risk factors, to determinate the adequate treatment options. New data from metastatic prostate cancer clinical trials have shown promising results in the control of the disease     

Surgery for breast cancer in the elderly--how relevant?

Studies suggest that elderly women receive less aggressive treatment, experience higher disease progression and mortality from breast cancer. We report on an experience of 256 consecutive cases of symptomatic breast cancer in a population of over 75 years of age. 142/256 patients underwent surgical intervention in the form of breast conserving surgery or mastectomy, 114/256 did not. Mean follow up was 6.4 years. Our results show a statistically significant association between surgery and survival (p = 0.05, CI 0.00046-0.19641) and a strong statistically significant association between surgery and disease progression/recurrence (p = 0.001, CI 0.08713-0.03145). Women treated conservatively are significantly less fit hence suffering high cancer unrelated mortality; as a consequence they suffer higher disease related progression and mortality. In our study surgical treatment with adjuvant endocrine and/or radiotherapy was associated with a statistically significant advantage in terms of disease related mortality and local disease control.