Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Severe Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Assisted with Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support

Purpose

Limited data are available on the role of percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with cardiogenic shock. We investigated the clinical outcomes and predictors of in-hospital mortality after PCPS in patients with AMI complicated by severe refractory cardiogenic shock.

Materials and Methods

From January 2004 to December 2011, we analyzed data from 96 consecutive AMI patients with cardiogenic shock assisted by a PCPS system. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The predictors of in-hospital mortality were determined by a Cox proportional-hazards model.

Results

In-hospital mortality occurred in 51 (53.1%) patients and 58 (60.4%) patients were able to be weaned from PCPS. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed in 61 (63.5%) patients before PCPS initiation. On multivariate analysis, age ≥67 years [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 4.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.27-9.93; p<0.001], CPR (adjusted HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.11-4.85; p=0.03), lactate clearance for 48 hours <70% (adjusted HR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.04-6.05; p=0.041), and unsuccessful revascularization (adjusted HR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.85-6.90; p=0.002) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality after PCPS in patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock.

Conclusion

In spite of PCPS management, AMI patients complicated by severe refractory cardiogenic shock demonstrated high mortality. Older age, CPR, lower lactate clearance for 48 hours, and unsuccessful revascularization were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.     

老年急性心肌梗死并心源性休克冠状动脉 介入治疗的临床效果研究

目的 探讨冠状动脉介入治疗老年急性心肌梗死并心源性休克的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2013年7月~2017年11月在我院接受治疗的155例老年急性心肌梗死并心源性休克患者的临床资料,根据治疗方式分为溶栓组（80例）与介入治疗组（75例）。比较两组患者尿量、心率、左心室射血分数（LVEF）以及血管开通率。结果 治疗后,介入组尿量多于溶栓组,HR值低于溶栓组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;住院前及出院6个月后,介入组LVEF值均高于溶栓组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;溶栓组出院6个月后,LVEF值高于出院前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;介入组出院前后LVEF值对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;介入组血管开通率为93.33%,高于溶栓组的77.50%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 冠状动脉介入为治疗老年急性心肌梗死并心源性休克患者的有效手段,可有效改善血液流变学、尿量,利于心功能恢复。     

冠状动脉介入及替罗非班治疗老年急性心肌梗死并 心源性休克的疗效分析

目的 对老年急性心肌梗死并心源性休克患者联合应用经皮冠状动脉介入及替罗非班进行临床治疗。方法 选取2016年8月~2017年8月黑龙江省佳木斯市中心医院共收到符合本次研究要求的老年急性心肌梗死并心源性休克患者40例,按照患者随机数字表法将患者分为观察组及对照组各20例。其中观察组应用经皮冠状动脉介入联合替罗非班治疗,对照组仅用皮冠状动脉介入治疗,比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果 治疗后观察组的治疗效果优于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组患者LVEF水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）;手术结束后,观察组TIMI值高于对照组患者（P＜0.05）。结论 在对老年急性心肌梗死并心源性休克患者进行治疗的过程中,选取皮冠状动脉介入联合应用替罗非班治疗较为有效,治疗效果显著。     

川芎嗪对兔急性心肌梗死血运重建后心肌"无复流"现象的影响

目的 观察川芎嗪对兔急性心肌梗死再灌注后心肌“无复流”现象的影响。方法 新西兰大白兔45只。随机分为川芎嗪组(Ⅰ组)、尼可地尔组(Ⅱ组)、生理盐水对照组(Ⅲ组)，每组15只。结扎冠状动脉左心室后支90min，切断结扎线后各组分别静滴川芎嗪、尼可地尔和生理盐水120min。观察指标：①左心室的心肌无复流面积和心肌梗死面积；②药物干预前后心电图ST段抬高程度，以相关导联ST段抬高指数(∑STI)表示。结果 Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的心肌无复流面积、心肌梗死面积以及再灌注120min时∑STI均小于Ⅲ组。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组比较差异无显著性。结论 川芎嗪可减少兔心肌梗死再灌注后心肌无复流面积和心肌梗死面积，减轻心肌损伤，且效果与尼可地尔相当。     

生化标志物的检测对判定急性心肌梗死溶栓后冠脉再通的临床价值

目的研究检测生化标志物血清肌红蛋白（MYO）、肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）和C-反应蛋白（CRP）对急性心肌梗死溶栓冠脉再通的早期诊断价值。方法MYO、cTnI、CK—MB使用酶联免疫分析法、CRP使用激光散射比浊法测定127例急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗前后MYO、cTnI、CK-MB和CRP浓度和时间的变化,分析急性心肌梗死患者溶栓再通组（83例）和溶栓未通组（44例）上述指标的连续、动态演变。结果急性心肌梗死溶栓再通组MYO、cTnI、CK—MB和CRP达到峰值浓度的时间较未通组明显提前（P〈0．01）。其中MYO较cTnI、CK-MB和CRP峰值时间出现更早,分别为（6．1±2．4）h、（13．8±3．5）h、（14．4±3．8）h和（25．2±5．7）h（P〈0．01）;再通组MYO和CRP峰值浓度明显高于未通组（P〈0．01）;MYO、cTnI、CK—MB和CRP对判断冠脉再通的敏感性、特异性、预测值差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论血清MYO、cTnI、CK-MB和CRP可以较好地预测急性心肌梗死患者溶栓再通,其中MYO较cTnI、CK—MB和CRP能更早期判断冠状动脉是否再灌注;CRP对溶栓后冠脉再通的判断也有积极的参考意义。     

急性心肌梗死患者冠脉介入手术前后血清中缺血修饰白蛋白水平的变化及临床意义

目的:比较急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者行冠脉介入术(PCI)前后血清中缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)水平的变化,探讨IMA的形成机制及其对心肌缺血早期诊断和疗效观察的临床意义。方法:采用白蛋白钴结合(ACB)试验分别测定对照组和AMI患者PCI前及PCI后不同时间段血清IMA水平。结果:心肌缺血引起血清IMA急性升高(P<0.05),术后3h回复到术前水平,术后6h～30h血清IMA与术前比较显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:心肌缺血可造成AMI患者血中IMA急性升高;PCI可有效改善心肌缺血状况。IMA可作为心肌缺血早期诊断和疗效观察的重要指标。     

床旁主动脉气囊反搏术在急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的临床应用疗效分析

目的 研究主动脉气囊反搏(IABP)联合急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的疗效.方法 比较24例患者急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克治疗前后的心脏指数(CI)、中心静脉压(CVP)、平均动脉压(MAP)和小时尿量变化.结果 接受IABP联合PCI治疗后,患者的CVP治疗前后明显降低(10.1±6.6) mm Hg vs (4.2±3.9)mm Hg(P<0.05),而CI、MAP和每小时尿量均较治疗前明显增加,分别为(2.4±1.3) L·min·m2vs (1.4±0.8) L·min·m2,(89.2±12.7) mm Hg vs (52.6±14.3) mm Hg,(48.3±13.8) ml/h vs (10.6±5.9) ml/h(P<0.05).结论 对于急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的患者,IABP联合急诊PCI治疗,疗效确切.这对不能开展急诊冠状动脉旁路手术的医院,IABP联合急诊PCI治疗具有特殊的临床意义.     

急救护理流程再造在急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的作用观察

观察急救护理流程再造在急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的作用。方法 选取我院2017年2月~2018年5月收治的60例急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗患者,以随机平行方式分为观察组与对照组每组30例。观察组实行急救护理流程再造,对照组实行常规护理流程,对比两组患者的护理满意度、抢救成功率、首次医疗接触时间到心电图（ECG)时间、ECG到激活导管室时间、急诊就诊到球囊扩张时间。结果 观察组护理满意度（93.33%）,高于对照组（73.33%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组首次医疗接触-ECG时间、ECG-激活导管室时间、急诊-球囊扩张时间分别为:（5.11±1.19）min、（22.29±2.62）min、（65.11±9.98）min,高于对照组的（10.37±1.56）min、（46.32±4.84）min、（92.04±5.03）min,差异有统计学的意义（P＜0.05）。结论 急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中,实行急救护理流程再造,可提高急性心肌梗死患者的护理满意度和抢救成功率,减少首次医疗接触-ECG、ECG-激活导管室、急诊-球囊扩张的时间。     

Efficacy of Combination Treatment with Intracoronary Abciximab and Aspiration Thrombectomy on Myocardial Perfusion in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Coronary Stenting

Purpose

We aimed to investigate whether combination therapy using intracoronary (IC) abciximab and aspiration thrombectomy (AT) enhances myocardial perfusion compared to each treatment alone in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 40 patients with STEMI, who presented within 6 h of symptom onset and had Thrombolysis in MI flow 0/1 or a large angiographic thrombus burden (grade 3/4). Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: 10 patients who received a bolus of IC abciximab (0.25 mg/kg); 10 patients who received only AT; and 20 patients who received both treatments. The index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) was measured with a pressure sensor/thermistor-tipped guidewire following successful PCI. Microvascular obstruction (MVO) was assessed using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on day 5.

Results

IMR was lower in the combination group than in the IC abciximab group (23.5±7.4 U vs. 66.9±48.7 U, p=0.001) and tended to be lower than in the AT group, with barely missed significance (23.5±7.4 U vs. 37.2±26.1 U, p=0.07). MVO was observed less frequently in the combination group than in the IC abciximab group (18.8% vs. 88.9%, p=0.002) and tended to occur less frequently than in the AT group (18.8% vs. 66.7%, p=0.054). No difference of IMR and MVO was found between the IC abciximab and the AT group (66.9±48.7 U vs. 37.2±26.1 U, p=0.451 for IMR; 88.9% vs. 66.7%, p=0.525 for MVO, respectively).

Conclusion

Combination treatment using IC abciximab and AT may synergistically improve myocardial perfusion in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI (Trial Registration: clinicaltrials. gov Identifier: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01404507","term_id":"NCT01404507"}}NCT01404507).     

Effects of 600 mg versus 300 mg Loading Dose of Clopidogrel in Asian Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Long-Term Follow-Up Study

Purpose: The optimum loading dose of clopidogrel has not been established in Asian patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Our aim was to evaluate the impact of different clopidogrel loading doses on short- and long-term clinical outcomes in Asian STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. Materials and Methods: We studied 691 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI, loaded with 600 mg (n=381) or 300 mg (n=310) of clopidogrel. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), defined as a composite of all-cause death, reinfarction, or target vessel revascularization (TVR). Results: Baseline clinical and peri-procedural characteristics were mostly comparable between the 600 mg and 300 mg groups. There were no differences in 1 month MACEs as well as all-cause death, reinfarction, TVR, and stent thrombosis between the two groups. After a median follow-up of 921 days, MACEs [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the 600 mg group 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-3.97, p=0.153], all-cause death (adjusted HR for the 600 mg group 0.97, 95% CI: 0.50-1.88, p=0.928), reinfarction (adjusted HR for the 600 mg group 1.03, 95% CI: 0.55-1.91, p=0.937), and TVR (adjusted HR for the 600 mg group 1.36, 95% CI: 0.68-2.69, p=0.388) did not differ between the two groups. These results were reliable even after analysis of propensity score-matched population, and were also constant among various subgroups. Conclusion: A 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel did not result in better short- and long-term clinical outcomes in Asian STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI.     

瑞替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效观察

目的观察瑞替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效和安全性。方法30例患者均符合入选和不入选标准,予以瑞替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,观察血管再通的临床指标及不良反应。结果根据冠脉再通标准判断,30例患者血管再通构成比为76.7%,出血发生率为0.67%。结论急性心肌梗死患者选用瑞替普酶静脉溶栓是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Influenza Virus Infection and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Increasing evidences have shown that pathogens might promote atherosclerosis and trigger acute myocardial infarction (AMI). But the conclusions from various studies on the correlation between previous influenza virus (IV) infection and AMI were inconsistent. We conducted a case-control study to assess the association of previous IV infection and AMI. Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information about demographic characteristics and heart disease risk factors. Fasting blood sample was obtained to measure IgG antibodies to influenza virus A(IV-A), influenza virus B(IV-B), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2), adenovirus (ADV), rubella virus (RV) and Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and measure the level of some biochemistry markers. Compared to controls, cases were more likely to have positive IgG antibodies to IV-A and IV-B (IV-A: OR, 3.3; 95%CI, 1.5 to 7.4; IV-B: OR, 17.2; 95%CI, 7.7 to 38.0). After adjustment for potential confounding variables, the risk of AMI was still associated with the presence of IgG antibodies to IV-A (adjusted OR, 7.5; 95%CI, 1.3 to 43.0) and IV-B (adjusted OR, 27.3; 95%CI, 6.6 to 113.8). The study supported the hypothesis that previous IV infection took part in the development of atherosclerosis and trigger the occurrence of AMI.     

AMI患者血清ALD、Cor RIA及其临床意义

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血清醛固酮(ALD)和皮质醇(Cor)水平的变化及其临床意义.方法:采用放射免疫分析测定了58例急性心肌梗死(AMI)和30例正常对照组的血清ALD和Cor水平,进行对照统计分析.结果:AMI组血清ALD和Cor水平显著高于对照组(193.6±50.1ng/L vs 83.2±34.4ng/L, t=10.81, P＜0.01;207.0±80.2nmol/L vs 105.5±49.1 nmol/L, t=6.332,P＜0.01),且两者成显著正相关(r=0.884, P＜0.01).合并心功能不全组血清ALD和Cor均显著高于无心功能不全组(t=6.141, P＜0.01;t=6.134, P＜0.01 ),住院死亡组血清ALD和Cor也显著高于转出院组(t=5.063, P＜0.01; t=6.601, P＜0.01 ).结论:AMI患者血清ALD和Cor水平显著升高,合并心力衰竭组和住院期间死亡组升高更明显.     

女性急性心肌梗死的临床流行病学研究

目的　探讨女性急性心肌梗死 (AMI)临床流行病学特点 .方法　分析了 36 6例AMI者有关资料 ,其中男性组 2 0 0例 ,女性组 16 6例 ,按 <4 5岁、4 5～ 5 5岁、>5 5岁分 3个年龄段 ,分析内容包括 :①既往病史 ;②梗死部位 ;③血糖、血脂 ;④并发症发生率及住院病死率 ;⑤静脉溶栓治疗效果 .结果　①女性组糖尿病和高脂血症病史显著高于男性组 (p<0 .0 5 ,p<0 .0 1) ;②女性组血糖、血脂均显著高于男性组 (p <0 .0 1) ;③女性组心源性休克、心力衰竭、猝死的发生率及住院病死率均高于男性组 (p <0 .0 5 ) ;④静脉溶栓治疗中 ,男性组溶栓再通率高于女性组 (p <0 .0 1) .结论　糖尿病、高脂血症是女性AMI的危险因素 ,绝经后女性AMI发病率增高 ,并发症发生率及住院病死率均高于男性 ,静脉溶栓治疗效果较差 ,女性AMI患者近期预后差     

临床诊断急性心肌梗死与冠状动脉造影比较研究

目的比较冠状动脉造影(CAG)阴性和CAG阳性的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的临床特点。方法对临床诊断急性心肌梗死的399例患者行选择性CAG检查,并据造影结果对临床特点进行对比分析。结果CAG阳性组直径狭窄≥50%者376例,占94.24%,其中狭窄≥90%者307例(81.38%);CAG阴性组直径狭窄<50%者23例,占5.76%,其中0%狭窄7例(30.43%),10%～40%狭窄16例(69.57%)。CAG阴性组与CAG阳性组比较:小于40岁的患者26.08%(6/23)比6.12%(23/376,P<0.05);女性患者43.48%(10/23)比18.88%(71/376,P<0.05);糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压患者分别为26.08%(6/23)比15.69%(59/376),73.91%(17/23)比67.82%(255/376),26.08%(6/23)比28.48%(107/376),P均>0.05;冠心病危险因素数目无显著差异(P>0.05);左室舒张末压(LVEDP)为(12.53±5.46)mmHg比(18.75±7.10)mmHg(P<0.01);左室射血分数(LVEF)为(63.56±8.18)%比(59.56±12.04)%(P>0.05)。结论急性心肌梗死患者中CAG阴性者并非少见,主要发生机制是在冠脉内皮受损基础上冠脉痉挛或冠脉微小斑块破裂促发血栓形成,继而发生血栓自溶或溶栓干预后血栓消失。CAG阴性AMI在年轻人、女性中并不少见,心功能较好,与CAG阳性者具相同的糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压发生率。     

急性心肌梗死冠脉病变严重程度与骨桥蛋白的相关性分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）冠脉严重程度与骨桥蛋白（OPN）的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2016年9月~2017年12月我院收治的急性心肌梗死患者127例,根据OPN水平分为高OPN组65例和低OPN组62例,比较两组患者基础资料及多元线性分析OPN与冠脉严重程度的影响因素。结果 两组年龄、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C及Gensini积分比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组性别、既往史、左室射血分数、药物治疗比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。多元线性回归结果表明,OPN、年龄、LDL-C和HDL-C为Genisi积分的独立影响因素。结论 OPN与AMI患者冠脉病变严重程度独立相关,可评估急性心肌梗死冠脉病变严重程度。     

犬急性心肌梗塞后心外膜电图碎裂电位和室性心律失常的关系

10只急性心肌梗塞后2～6天的犬中,4只在窦性心律时缺血区心外膜电图上出现迟发的碎裂电活动。碎裂电位的特点为:同一部位的碎裂电位可随时间延长而有所变化,可出现在梗塞区或缺血边缘区。可以引起室性早搏或隐匿性地激动全心室。有碎裂电位的犬心经心脏程序电刺激均可诱发出室性心律失常;并且心肌梗塞面积显著大于无碎裂电位的其它犬心。提示局部心外膜电图中的碎裂电位是心室内存在潜在折返环路的重要标志。     

Plasma Levels of Procalcitonin and Interleukin-6 in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Estimation of cardiac morbidity in patients after major surgery is a difficult problem. In addition, infectious complications seriously decrease potential beneficial outcome after cardiovascular surgery. The present study assessed the use of a newer marker of the inflammatory response, procalcitonin, in the field of myocardial infarction, in conjunction with measurements of interleukin-6. Forty-four consecutive cases with acute myocardial infarction were included in the study 4 ± 1.3 h after the onset of symptoms. Plasma levels of procalcitonin and interleukin-6 were obtained at admission, and after 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h, using commercially available test kits. The range of levels of interleukin-6 and procalcitonin was about normal at admission. Interleukin-6 levels increased significantly following myocardial infarction, whereas procalcitonin were essentially unchanged, i.e. remained close to the normal level threshold of 0.5 ng/ml; only minor variability occurred with a mean peak level of procalcitonin of 1 ± 0.4 ng/ml. Data demonstrate that, in contrast to the acute phase reactant interleukin-6, plasma levels procalcitonin are not significantly elevated during uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. This observation may support the role of procalcitonin measurements in the differential diagnosis of infectious and cardiovascular complications after major surgery.     

高胆固醇血症对急性心肌梗死患者溶栓后肝素用量的影响

目的:观察高胆固醇血症对急性心肌梗死患者溶栓后肝素用量的影响,探讨胆固醇浓度与凝血功能的关系。方法:检测46例急性心肌梗死患者血脂水平,将其分为高胆固醇血症组和胆固醇正常组,应用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂溶栓后,给予肝素抗凝,比较两组患者活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)达到美国胸科医师学会最新抗栓和溶栓治疗指南推荐的治疗目标值所需的肝素用量。结果:与胆固醇正常组比较,高胆固醇血症组所需肝素用量显著大于胆固醇正常组(P<0.01)。结论:高胆固醇血症可能引起凝血功能增强,合并高胆固醇血症的急性心肌梗死患者,溶栓后需要较大剂量肝素抗凝。     

Therapeutic Hypothermia for Cardioprotection in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Mild therapeutic hypothermia of 32–35℃ improved neurologic outcomes in outside hospital cardiac arrest survivor. Furthermore, in experimental studies on infarcted model and pilot studies on conscious patients with acute myocardial infarction, therapeutic hypothermia successfully reduced infarct size and microvascular resistance. Therefore, mild therapeutic hypothermia has received an attention as a promising solution for reduction of infarction size after acute myocardial infarction which are not completely solved despite of optimal reperfusion therapy. Nevertheless, the results from randomized clinical trials failed to prove the cardioprotective effects of therapeutic hypothermia or showed beneficial effects only in limited subgroups. In this article, we reviewed rationale for therapeutic hypothermia and possible mechanisms from previous studies, effective methods for clinical application to the patients with acute myocardial infarction, lessons from current clinical trials and future directions.