小波变换结合快速傅里叶变换从PPG中提取呼吸率

从光电容积脉搏波描记法(PPG)信号中提取呼吸率是一种简便、高效、成本低的呼吸检测方法。本文用多道生理记录仪同时采集由温度传感器和透射式光电脉搏传感器获得的人体呼吸波和PPG信号,应用小波变换对PPG信号进行9层分解,将第9层细节信号和第8层细节信号分解得到的近似信号重建后相加得到呼吸波,然后用改进的快速傅里叶变换频率估计方法从该呼吸波信号中提取呼吸率。用该法从30个PPG样本中提取呼吸率,并将所提取的呼吸率与温度传感器获得的呼吸率用Bland-Altman法进行对比,得到了两者具有良好一致性的结论。     

基于脉搏波的呼吸频率计算方法

为了在可穿戴医疗领域中快速检测出人体的呼吸频率,提出一种基于光电容积脉搏波的呼吸频率计算方法。首 先,通过MIMIC Database数据集获取人体同时段的脉搏波信号与呼吸波信号;其次,通过对脉搏波信号运行经验模态分 解算法,从而获得脉搏波信号的有限个本征模态函数,再选取合适的本征模态函数重构呼吸波信号;最后,通过对重构的 呼吸波信号进行特征提取,计算出呼吸频率。结果表明:经过脉搏波分解得到的呼吸信号与原始呼吸信号的相对相干系 数在0.6以上,呼吸频率也十分接近,准确率高达0.9以上。说明通过光电容积脉搏波信号计算呼吸频率的可行性,这对于 可穿戴医疗领域、无创医疗诊断具有重要意义。     

基于光电容积脉搏波的呼吸波提

本研究通过人体指端的光电容积脉搏波,提取呼吸波信号。同时采用小波分析和经验模态分解方法对脉搏波信号进行分解并重构呼吸信号,然后与采集的呼吸波信号做相关性分析。通过对5名志愿者的实验,结果显示采用经验模式分解方法所提取的呼吸波具有更好的相关性。通过分析数据显示,其波形相关系数在0.5左右,AR频谱相关系数在0.8以上。由此可以证明,经验模式分解法可有效提取人体指端光电容积脉搏波中所包含的呼吸波成分。     

基于光电容积脉搏波的呼吸监测系统研究

通过研究人体指端光电容积脉搏波(PPG)的物理特性,以朗伯比尔定律为基本原理,通过设计硬件电路,实现对人体PPG的无创采集。对采集到的PPG信号进行滤波和放大处理,通过特征选择和提取等方式识别出比较完整的脉搏波信号;将得到的脉搏波信号进行经验模态分解,选择具有适当频率的本征模函数重构出待测的呼吸波信号,并在显示屏上显示出来。在采集脉搏波的同时利用迈瑞公司的PM-9000 Express病人监护仪对人体的呼吸信号进行采集。本系统采集了10例志愿者数据。将本系统得到的呼吸波信号与病人监护仪测得呼吸波进行频谱分析,并对相关参数进行比较,发现两种呼吸波具有较好的相关性。本文最终结果表明利用经验模态分解方法提取人体PPG中包含的呼吸信号具有较好的准确性和可行性。实验结果表明这种方法可以从PPG中提取呼吸信号。     

基于超声回波信号的指端脉搏波提取

脉搏波可作为检测人体心血管系统生理病理状态的重要依据。为了验证用超声波测量脉搏波的可能、解决脉搏波的测量部位受限的问题,本研究提出一种从超声回波信号中提取脉搏波的方法。设计一种跟随式超声传感器,用数据采集系统采集指端超声回波信号,经过滤波、选点及小波去噪等处理后得到较为纯净的脉搏波信号;同时采集心电信号以及光电容积脉搏波信号作为参考信号。结果表明,可以从提取的指端脉搏波中准确地获取心率;与同步测得的光电容积脉搏波数据相关系数大部分在0.8以上;波形中的重搏前波、重搏波等细节部分也能明显地表现出来。本研究提出的方法实现了从指端超声回波信号中获取完整可靠的脉搏波信号,为日后获取不同部位的脉搏信号提供了基础。     

基于光电容积脉搏波特征信息的睡眠呼吸事件判别

研究脉搏波特征信息与睡眠呼吸事件的关系,实现对呼吸事件的初步判别。采用小波变换的方法分析光电容积脉搏波,提取特征参量,结合专家经验校正后的呼吸事件分布,寻找这些参量与睡眠呼吸事件的相关关系,确立呼吸事件的初步判据,并用于呼吸事件初步判别。研究了5位受试者夜间脉搏波信号,专家校正的一晚呼吸事件总数为1239次。结果表明,呼吸事件初步判别的符合率在91%以上,尤其对于患有中重度OSAHS的病人,符合率可达96.1%。本研究提供了利用脉搏波特征参量进行呼吸事件初步判别的理论根据和实现方法。     

两种计算正常成年人短时心率变异性方法的比较研究

目的利用光电容积脉搏波法分析心率变异性,为通过心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)参数表征自主神经系统的变化提供新的研究方法。方法对46个健康成年受试者分别同步采集自主呼吸状态下的心电信号和光电容积脉搏波信号,利用二阶差分极大值提取心电图的RR间期,搜索脉搏波极大值提取脉搏波主波波峰间期PP,然后计算通用HRV参数SDNN、RMSSD和LF/HF,并利用回归的统计学方法结合Bland-Altman随机分析法对这两种方法获取的HRV结果进行比较。结果两种方法计算得到的心率变异性参数结果的Pearson相关系数分别为0.998、0.995和0.992,均显著相关(P0.01),Bland-Altman分布图也均在一致性区间内,说明这两种方法在计算心率变异性上具有一致性。结论利用光电容积脉搏波法分析心率变异具有可行性。     

一种利用经验模态分解算法的光电容积脉搏波信号中提取呼吸波的方法研究

针对目前提取呼吸波准确性不高的问题,本研究提出了一种从光电容积描记(photoplethysmography, PPG)信号中提取呼吸波的有效方法。在MIMIC Database中获取人体同时段的多路生理信号,包括PPG信号和呼吸波信号。首先,利用经验模态分解算法(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)对PPG信号进行分解,得到各层本征模函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF),选择合适的IMF分量重构出呼吸波信号;然后将重构的呼吸波信号与采用PPG信号同时段的原始呼吸波信号进行比较,结果显示,呼吸波信号速率的准确率均在90%以上,AR功率谱中的相关性系数均在85%以上,呼吸波信号相对相干系数也显示该方法的优越性。采用EMD算法可以有效地从PPG信号中提取呼吸波,这对于临床实践中的无创检测,医疗设备的改进具有重要意义。     

一种脉搏呼吸频率提取系统的设计与实现

目的设计一种以绿光发光二极管(LED)为光源、反射式测量方式测量的脉搏信号采集系统,以此光电脉搏信号提取不同呼吸状态下人体呼吸频率信息。方法选择16例健康受试者,年龄22~33岁,身高155~178 cm,体质量49~85 kg。进行对照试验来验证系统性能,分别采集受试者呼吸过慢、自然呼吸、呼吸过速3种状态下脉搏信号并提取呼吸频率信息,利用热敏电阻同步采集人体鼻腔呼吸信号作为参考呼吸信号。结果脉搏呼吸频率提取系统测量范围为7~34次/分,最大测量误差为2次/分,平均测量误差为0.14次/分。两种方法获得的呼吸频率3种呼吸状态下平均误差为0.12次/分、0.18次/分、0.48次/分,3种呼吸状态下的平均误差率分别为0.78%、1.87%、1.48%。结论脉搏呼吸频率提取系统可以完成3种状态下呼吸频率提取,且与参考呼吸频率具有良好的一致性,可以成为现有呼吸频率监测方法的一种补充。     

基于光电容积脉搏波的无袖带血压测量技术研究进展

无袖带血压监测技术由于低生理/心理负荷等特点，在健康监测领域具有广阔的应用前景。其中，基于光电容积脉搏波的无袖带血压测量技术能够获取连续动态的血压参数，有效弥补传统袖带血压测量不便、间断测量等不足。本文对基于光电容积脉搏波的无袖带血压测量技术的研究进展进行综述。首先从传感测量和数据处理方面介绍了光电容积脉搏波信号的获取与分析方法。然后简述了传统的基于脉搏波速度理论进行血压测量的研究，重点分析了该领域的主要研究方向：基于形态学参数的机器学习方法研究以及基于序列学习的深度网络研究。最后对基于光电容积脉搏波的无袖带血压测量技术所面临的挑战及其应对策略进行了深入分析和详细讨论，以期为该领域的相关研究提供参考。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.