不同病程的精神分裂症患者探究性眼动分析

目的 :探讨探究性眼球轨迹运动 (EETM )对精神分裂症不同病程的影响及其组间比较。方法 :应用眼球轨迹运动标记记录仪 (MODELIV ,日本提供 )对 13 3例病程小于 1年 (第 1组 ) ,14 8例病程在1～ 5年 (第 2组 ) ,10 5例病程在 5～ 10年 (第 3组 ) ,112例病程在 10年以上 (第 4组 )四组不同病程的精神分裂症患者和 81人的正常对照组进行实验检查。用差别分析值 (DiscriminantAnalysis ,D分值 ) ,眼固定点数 (NumberofEyeFixations ,NEF) ,反应性探索分 (ResponsiveSearchScore ,RSS) ,认知性探索分 (CognitiveSearchScore ,CSS) ,眼示踪总距离 (TotalEyeScanning ,TESL) ,眼示踪平均距离 (MeanEyeScanning ,MESL)分析四组实验结果并进行各组间比较。结果 :498例精神分裂症患者获正分 3 86人 (敏感性 77 5 % ) ,负分112人 ;81人正常对照组获正分 7人 ,负分 74人 (特异性 91 4% )。D分值、EETM在正常人受试者与精神分裂症组间比较其差异有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;D分值、EETM在第 1组与第 4组间比较除NEF、MESL外 ,其它指标差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;EETM其它各组间比较其差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :眼球轨迹运动实验检查是对精神分裂症敏感性较强的辅助诊断工具 ;病程较长的精神分裂症其认知功能     

以探究性眼动分析与P300电位诊断精神分裂症

精神分裂症是临床上最常见的一种精神疾病,其诊断仍以临床症状描述为主。本文应用探究性眼动分析(Ex-ploratory Eye Movement,EEM)与P300电位测定对此进行了研究。对象和方法1.1对象43例患者来自2004年10月-2005年4月在我院精神科门诊或住院的病人,均为首次发病,其中男26例,女17例,年龄29.4±7.6岁(范围18~45岁),病程1.3±0.9年(范围0.25~2.5年),其中偏执型17例,未分化型14例,单纯型8例,紧张型4例。入组标准:①符合CCMD-Ⅲ(中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第三版);②未系统使用过抗精神病药物(指未服用或间断服用抗精神病药物的患者);…     

基于腹腔镜手术训练的眼动特征研究

在腹腔镜模拟训练过程中,研究不同训练模式下被测试者的注视策略,探索腹腔镜训练的新模式。被测试者被随机分为无指导组,视频学习组和专家指导组进行左右移环任务。利用Tobii X1 Light型眼动仪调用模拟训练箱中的摄像头,采集受试者的眼动数据。通过对数据处理分析,计算注视点个数,平均注视时间,注视时间百分比,扫描距离指标。与对照组相比,视频学习和专家指导模式下,任务完成时间降低23%,扫描距离缩短25%,注视点个数减少17%,平均注视时间没有显著差异。视频组和专家指导组之间无明显差异。结果表明不同学习模式下,被测试者的注视行为有明显差异。视频学习和专家指导下效果更好,可以用专家操作时的注视点视频指导初级训练者进行训练。     

基于眼电图的有意/无意眼动分类方法及应用综述EI北大核心CSCD

基于眼电图的眼机交互技术为使用者提供了便捷的设备操控方式,具有重要的社会意义。然而,眼机交互往往会受到无意眼动干扰而出现误判现象,影响用户的使用体验,严重时甚至会引发危险。为此,本文从眼机交互的基本概念与原理出发,梳理当前主流的有意/无意眼动分类方法,并剖析各项技术特点;然后结合具体应用场景展开性能分析,进一步归纳亟待解决的问题,可望为相关领域的科研工作者提供研究参考。     

齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者眼动功能和执行功能的影响

目的:探讨齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者眼动功能和执行功能的影响。方法:将79例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为齐拉西酮组(n=42)和利培酮组(n=37),在基线、治疗4周和8周时进行探究性眼球运动测试和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)。结果:1眼动功能显示,治疗8周时两组的凝视点数显著提高(P0.01);反应性探索评分(RSS分),两组在治疗4周、8周时均显著升高(P0.01),而两组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);D分值两组治疗4周时显著下降(P0.01),治疗8周时平均降为负分;2WCST测验治疗前两组均存在执行功能障碍,两组间无统计学差异。与基线时相比,齐拉西酮组治疗4周、8周时总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数均明显降低(P均0.01),正确反应数和分类完成数均明显提高(P均0.01);利培酮组治疗4周、8周时总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数均明显降低(P均0.01),正确反应数和分类完成数均明显提高(P均0.01)。齐拉西酮组与利培酮组对比,治疗4周时随机错误数齐拉西酮组(29.70±10.66)较利培酮组(35.07±12.36)显著降低(t=2.06,P0.05),治疗8周后齐拉西酮组(20.13±7.08)较利培酮组(23.26±6.28)显著降低(t=2.07,P0.05);其余两组无显著性差异。结论:齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者的眼球轨迹运动有显著影响,改善眼动功能,与对照组利培酮相比差异无统计学意义;首发精神分裂症患者存在执行功能受损,齐拉西酮对执行功能具有显著的改善,较利培酮效果显著;齐拉西酮是一种对认知功能有效的抗精神病药物,值得临床广泛应用与推广。     

听力障碍儿童篇章阅读的眼动特征

目的考察听力障碍儿童与正常小学四、六年级儿童在基线、标记策略提示、图示策略提示和提纲策略提示阅读下的眼动特征。方法运用眼动实验法,采用3(被试类别)×4(阅读提示策略)混合实验设计,分层抽取被试各12人共36人。结果听力障碍儿童、正常四年级儿童、正常六年级儿童在4种阅读策略提示下阅读理解眼动注视次数、注视时间、注视频率的被试类别主效应不显著,阅读提示策略主效应均显著(F=6.507,df=2.260,P=0.0020.01;F=6.402,df=2.122,P=0.001;F=4.125,Ed=19.000,P=0.0210.05)策略间交互作用不显著。结论听力障碍儿童和听力正常儿童在注视次数、注视时间、注视频率上无显著差异;听力障碍儿童和听力正常儿童在提纲策略提示和图片策略提示阅读上的眼动特征显著好于基线和标记策略提示阅读;听力障碍儿童在4种阅读提示策略下的注视次数、注视时间、注视频率表现出一定的序列效应。     

基于眼动实验的显著目标检测图像库构建

构建一个合理的显著目标检测标准图像库,探讨图像分割对于显著目标检测的重要意义。首先以Berkeley的BSDS500图像库为基础,通过使用眼动仪记录10位被试观看图片时的眼动轨迹,并结合手工勾画的标准分割图像,构建了一个显著目标检测图像库（含500幅自然图像）。其次,基于gPb-UCM图像分割算法结果,同时引入中央偏置和图像边界先验作为后处理,建立了一个简单的显著目标检测方法。实验结果显示,与以往的二值显著目标图像库不同,本研究为多目标图像提供了每个目标的相对显著水平,可作为更为符合人类感知经验的显著目标检测参考图像。另外,研究发现,基于已有的图像分割算法,并结合简单的后处理就能有效地实现复杂图像中的显著性目标检测（和标准图像的相关系数为0.53）,其效果接近现有最优算法的水平（相关系数为0.54）,证明了图像分割在显著目标检测中的重要作用。     

视觉性眼扫动的启动与传导通路

视觉性眼扫动是神经眼科学中常用的检查项目,它的启动与传导通路涉及中枢视觉信息分析、中枢启动、皮层-脑干通路传导、脑干执行系统和小脑调节系统五个方面.本文对这一神经机制进行综述,并就其特点与一般躯体运动进行了比较.     

汉语阅读障碍儿童阅读文章的眼动试验研究

目的探索汉语阅读障碍(RD)儿童阅读文章时的眼动特征及其视觉认知加工特点。方法记录被试阅读汉字文章时的眼动数据,分析其相应的眼动指标。试验中短文一选自小学二年级课本,内容简单,有主题句。短文二选自《神经心理学》中一篇测试忽视症的短文,题材为记叙文,无主题句。结果①阅读理解结果,RD组儿童短文一的阅读成绩比对照组低(2.2±1.1,2.9±0.5,t=-2.2,P<0.05),短文二的阅读成绩两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),两篇短文的阅读时间RD组儿童均较对照组延长(短文一119.3±44.1/73.4±20.4,t=4.3,P<0.05;短文二96.9±54.9/60.1±13.9,t=3.0,P<0.05);②眼动指标结果,短文一,与对照组比,RD组儿童的平均注视时间长,注视次数多,眼跳次数多,眼跳频率快,注视频率快(P<0.05);短文二,与对照组儿童相比,RD组儿童的平均注视时间长,平均眼跳幅度小,注视次数多,眼跳次数多,注视频率快;在上述的眼动指标中,平均注视时间(OR=0.99)、平均眼跳幅度(OR=1.86)对RD儿童阅读时的眼动特征有明显的预测意义。结论汉语RD儿童阅读文章时具有异常的眼动模式,主要表现为平均注视时间长,平均眼跳幅度小,眼跳轨迹紊乱,缺乏计划性、策略性和组织性,注意较为分散。     

An eye movement recording method operating with a closed eye

An eye movement recorder, based on an optoelectronic method, can be used in closed or open eye situations. Three photodiodes are used as proximity sensors. This eye tracker is well adapted for the studies of eye movement in after-image phenomena.     

Multi-centre comparison of five eye movement detection algorithms

SUMMARY  Although various investigators have suggested algorithms for the automatic detection of eye movements during sleep, objective comparisons of the proposed methods have previously been difficult due to different recording arrangements of different investigators. In this study the results of five eye movement detection algorithms applied to the same data were compared to visually scored data. The percentages of true and false detections are given for various threshold levels in rapid and slow eye movement detections. The methods gave best results when they were used with the same electrode montage they were designed for but the performance decreased when other montages were used. Subtracting the cross-talk of EEG delta activity improved the correctness of eye movement detections.     

一种快速精确的瞳孔和角膜反射光斑中心定位算法的研究

眼动追踪系统在临床医学中有着重要应用,为提高系统中眼图特征值的识别率,创新性地提出一种双层过滤的瞳孔中心和角膜反射光斑中心的定位算法。瞳孔中心定位算法首先对获取的眼睛图像二值化处理,然后以100～300为阈值设定轮廓点数,进行第一次瞳孔过滤,最后用最小二乘法椭圆拟合瞳孔轮廓,并将最接近圆的轮廓作为瞳孔轮廓,继而得到瞳孔中心。在此基础上,进一步对瞳孔中心一定范围内的眼图进行边缘检测,求其轮廓,并找出轮廓的外接矩形中心,然后以瞳孔中心为基点进行坐标转换,最终求出角膜反射光斑中心。算法在一定程度上缩小图像处理的区域,提高实时性和反射光斑的识别率。实验结果表明,所设计的算法能够实时地对不同情况下的瞳孔和角膜反射光斑中心进行准确定位,瞳孔-角膜反射向量坐标最大均方差低于0.74像素,平均误差低于0.53像素。算法运行速度达到12.8 ms/帧。算法满足精确性的同时具有很强的鲁棒性,为后续眼动设备的开发提供重要的参考价值。     

A no-moving-parts sensor for the detection of eye fixation using polarised light and retinal birefringence information

Polarised near-infra-red light is reflected from the foveal area in a detectable bow-tie pattern of polarisation states, offering the opportunity for eye tracking. A coaxial optical transducer was developed, consisting of a laser diode, a polariser, a filter, and a photodetector. Several such transducers may be used to interrogate different spots on the retina, thus eliminating the requirement for scanning systems with moving parts. To test the signal quality obtainable, using just one transducer, a test subject was asked to fixate successively on twelve targets located on a circle around the transducer, to simulate the retina’s being interrogated by twelve sensors placed on a 3⁰ diameter circle surrounding the projection of the fovea. The resulting signal is close to the “ideal” sine wave that would have been recorded from a propeller-type birefringence pattern from a human fovea. The transducer can be used in the detection of fixation for medical and other purposes. It does not require calibration, strict restrictions on head position, or head-mounted appliances.     

Single unit activity in the frontal eye fields of unanesthetized monkeys during eye and head movement

Summary Single unit activity in the frontal eye field was investigated in unanesthetized monkeys during eye and head movement. Two types of cells (I and II) were found. Type I fired during voluntary saccadic movement occuring in a given direction and also during the fast phase of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus. Cells of this type were silent during smooth pursuit movement and the slow phase of nystagmus. It was found that the firing pattern of Type I cells was maintained irrespective of head movement.Type II cells fired during smooth pursuit eye movements and the slow phase of nystagmus; these units displayed a steady discharge when the eyes were oriented in a specific position. Also this type of cell maintained its characteristic discharge during head movement. A separate population of frontal eye field cells was found to be exclusively related to head turning.     

Eye field in the cerebellar flocculus of pigmented rabbits determined with local electrical stimulation

The cerebellar flocculus was mapped with local stimulation techniques in alert pigmented rabbits. Triple-barrelled microelectrodes filled with solutions each containing one of three different dyes (Fast Green FCF, Pontamine Sky Blue and Nigrosine) were used for recording and stimulation. The H-zone from which local stimulation through the microelectrode induced abduction in the ipsilateral eye was visualized on the reconstructed model of the flocculus to span across major folia of the flocculus, forming a narrow strip 0.5-1.0 mm wide. The H-zone was flanked with two V-zones, rostral and caudal, from which downward eye movements were induced in the ipsilateral eye. The R-zone, from which clockwise rotation was induced in the contralateral eye, was extended rostrocaudally across the H- and V-zones. In addition to these eye movement-related zones, a restricted area specifically related to eye blinking was found in the rostroventral area of the flocculus.     

An improved algorithm for the automatic detection and characterization of slow eye movements

Slow eye movements (SEMs) are typical of drowsy wakefulness and light sleep. SEMs still lack of systematic physical characterization. We present a new algorithm, which substantially improves our previous one, for the automatic detection of SEMs from the electro-oculogram (EOG) and extraction of SEMs physical parameters. The algorithm utilizes discrete wavelet decomposition of the EOG to implement a Bayes classifier that identifies intervals of slow ocular activity; each slow activity interval is segmented into single SEMs via a template matching method. Parameters of amplitude, duration, velocity are automatically extracted from each detected SEM. The algorithm was trained and validated on sleep onsets and offsets of 20 EOG recordings visually inspected by an expert. Performances were assessed in terms of correctly identified slow activity epochs (sensitivity: 85.12%; specificity: 82.81%), correctly segmented single SEMs (89.08%), and time misalignment (0.49 s) between the automatically and visually identified SEMs. The algorithm proved reliable even in whole sleep (sensitivity: 83.40%; specificity: 72.08% in identifying slow activity epochs; correctly segmented SEMs: 93.24%; time misalignment: 0.49 s). The algorithm, being able to objectively characterize single SEMs, may be a valuable tool to improve knowledge of normal and pathological sleep.     

Sensitivity of the rate of spontaneous eye blinking to type of stimuli in young infants

Although progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms of spontaneous eye blinking (SB), few reports focus on the ontogeny of SB. The purpose of the present work was to investigate SB in infants by attempting to manipulate SB and examine potential correlates of SB. Fifty‐two infants were observed in a quiet baseline condition then presented with either moving stimuli or a social stimulus. SB, eye movement, body movement and various background variables were measured. Results demonstrate that SB can be manipulated and that SB rate is differentially sensitive to the type of stimulus presented. Eye and body movements did not systematically relate to the rate of SB. Implications for mechanisms of SB regulation are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 186–197, 2009     

Analog signal processing of eye movements for on-line digital computer analysis.

An analog signal processing circuit is described which allows accurate measurement of the amplitude, velocity, and interval of both fast and slow components of eye movements. This system, in conjunction with an on-line minicomputer, can measure amplitudes up to 32° and velocity to 640° per sec. The analog signal processing methods and technique for achieving a reliable output signal are discussed. Data obtained from human and animal subjects are portrayed.     

Reaction times of the eye and the hand of the monkey in a visual reach task

Two monkeys were trained to execute saccadic eye movements and reach movements with the hand from a central fixation point to a peripheral target. Reaction times for both movements were compared on a trial-by-trial basis. If the fixation point was extinguished before the target appeared (gap condition), extremely short latency saccades (85 ms) (express saccades) were obtained, that were followed by short latency reach movements (250 ms), but there was no correlation between them on a trial-by-trial basis. If the fixation point remained visible (overlap condition), very short (100 ms) and rather long (220 ms) latency saccades were observed. Long saccadic latencies correlated strongly with the reach reaction times. Short latency saccades were followed by reach movements of reaction times longer than those observed after express saccades in the gap condition; there was no correlation between them. All reaction times varied systematically with practice.