基于递归最小二乘法的回声状态网络算法用于心电信号降噪

远程医疗的复杂环境中,心电信号极易被噪声淹没,从而影响心血管疾病的智能诊断。基于此,本文提出了一种基于递归最小二乘法的回声状态网络心电信号降噪算法。该算法通过递归最小二乘法对该网络进行训练,可自动学习得到含噪心电数据中非线性的且具有区分度的深层次特征,并利用这些特征自动分离心电信号与噪声。实验中,采用信噪比和均方根误差为指标,将本文方法与基于子带自适应阈值的小波变换法和S变换法进行比较。实验结果表明,本方法降噪精度更优,同时信号的低频成分也得到了很好的保持。本文方法可做到消除心电信号中的复杂噪声并完整保留心电信号的形态,为心电图的特征检测和心血管疾病的智能诊断奠定了基础。     

基于抗混叠小波变换的胎儿心电信号分离方法

目的胎儿心电图能够较好地反映胎儿在子宫内的发育状况,但是由于采集的胎儿心电信号中混有噪声干扰,给医学诊断带来极大干扰。抗混叠小波变换算法能够从混有噪声干扰的源信号中提取胎儿心电信号,且当胎儿心电信号与母体心电信号混叠时,该方法仍能够提取胎儿心电信号。基于此,本文提出一种基于抗混叠小波变换的胎儿心电信号分离方法。方法首先对原始心电信号进行滤波预处理,再利用小波变换分离母体心电信号和胎儿心电信号,最后根据抗混叠分离算法获取混合心电信号中的胎儿心电信号,得到满周期的胎儿心电信号。结果该方法能够较好地获取胎儿心电波形,胎儿心电波形识别准确率可达100%,在信噪比较低的情况下,识别准确率仍可达到77.78%。应用此算法在国外MIT-BIT心电信号数据和国内医院临床心电信号数据中进行实验仿真,并与先前学者的胎儿心电信号提取方法进行对比。结论此方法具有较高的识别准确率以及在临床应用中的可靠性和可行性。     

基于平稳小波变换的胎儿心电提取方法

胎儿心电信号的提取对孕期胎儿健康状况的检测具有重要意义。本文提出一种基于平稳小波变换的单/多通道胎儿心电提取方法。多通道环境下输入信号包括腹部混合信号和母体心电信号,单通道环境下母体心电信号采用对腹部混合信号进行窗口平均法获得,然后对信号进行平稳小波变换与阈值去噪,继而提取胎儿心电信号。Physio Net数据测试实验表明,该方法在单/多通道的环境下均能成功提取到清晰的胎儿心电信号,并且能有效地消除噪声。     

基于白噪声分离的集合经验模态分解心电信号去噪方法研究

集合经验模态分解(EEMD)是一种处理心电等非平稳信号的有效方法,但其参数白噪声比值系数与平均次数依靠经验设置,导致处理结果准确度低且对未知信号自适应性差。针对上述问题,本研究提出了基于白噪声分离的EEMD心电信号去噪方法。该方法通过经验模态分解(EMD)将心电信号分解至不同频带,基于白噪声能量密度和对应的平均周期的乘积趋向于一个常数的特性,提取信号高频分量重构信号高频成分;依据避免模态混叠参数准则实现针对不同信号的分解参数自适应获取。经过对心电信号的验证,结果表明该方法去噪效果明显,自适应性强,是一种有效的去噪方法。     

应用自相关和独立分量分析的胎儿心电信号提取

目的:胎儿心电信号在监护胎儿健康状况过程中有着重要的作用。通常从孕妇腹部采集到的混合心电信号中提取出胎儿心电信号,孕妇腹部信号是准周期性的时间信号,其采样点存在着先后关系,传统的独立分量分析(ICA)算法在分离过程中没有考虑信号的时间相关性,针对这一问题提出了一种新的方法提取胎儿心电信号。方法:首先采用自相关分析可以得到混合信号具体的周期长度,根据周期长度进行片段截取信号后可以去除其时间相关性,再利用传统的FastICA分离截取信号得到ICA模型的模型参数,最后利用此模型参数从完整的混合信号中提取出胎儿心电信号。结果:使用临床数据进行了实验验证,分别使用传统的FastICA和新的方法提取胎儿心电信号,结果表明采用新方法提取出的胎儿心电信号中母体成分干扰得到了很好的抑制,胎儿心电信号比较清晰,分离效果优于传统的FastICA。结论:该方法可以清晰地提取出胎儿心电信号,在胎儿心电信号提取中具有很高的实用价值。     

应用目标检测网络自动检测ECG信号所含噪声

现阶段的心电（ECG）信号去噪网络多通过滤波器滤除噪声,但是通常噪声滤除不彻底,从而造成ECG信号失真。基于此,本研究将目标检测网络用于ECG信号中的噪声检测,首先从MIT-BIT心律不齐数据库中筛选无噪声ECG记录,加入两种来自于MIT-BIH噪声压力测试数据库中的真实噪声,生成4个不同信噪比的含噪信号并构成训练及测试数据集。然后针对ECG信号的特殊性,对YOLOv3网络结构进行修改,设计YOLO-ECG目标检测网络,使用迁移学习策略训练目标检测网络。实验结果表明,本研究提出的网络在ECG信号中噪声检测时的F1值达0.955 8,具有良好的检测效果。     

基于小波熵的心电信号去噪处理

实测的心电信号不可避免地存在一些强干扰和噪声,如何在强背景干扰和噪声下准确提取出有用的心电信号,是心脏病智能诊断的一个重要内容。提出一种新的基于小波熵的弱心电信号去噪方法,先将信号小波分解,再对不同分解尺度上的高频系数进行小波熵阈值的量化处理,然后利用最高一层小波分解的低频系数分量和经过阈值处理的不同尺度的高频小波系数分量,组成进行信号重构所需要的系数分量进行重构,将严重的干扰和噪声去掉,实现有效信号的提取。最后分别利用临床的实测心电数据和M IT/B IH心电数据库信号进行验证,并针对不同噪声类型和不同信噪比情况进行分析。结果表明,该方法简单有效,尤其对于高频噪声效果更优,且适于实际应用。     

基于改进小波阈值算法的ECG肌电信号去噪研究

为了解决传统软、硬阈值算法对肌电信号去噪后心电图（ECG）信号幅值降低和存在局部异常尖峰,导致去噪效果较差的问题。通过研究小波阈值算法的去噪原理和优化规则,基于双曲正切函数构造出一种具有连续性、结构简单、灵活性较高的可调阈值函数和改进的分层阈值,并分析得到小波分解含噪ECG信号的最佳小波基函数和分解层数,提出了一种改进的小波阈值算法。将软、硬阈值算法、相关文献中的阈值算法和本文所提改进阈值算法对含有真实肌电信号噪声的ECG信号进行去噪对比研究。实验结果表明：本文改进阈值算法能较好地去除ECG信号中的肌电信号噪声,并能更好地保持ECG信号波形特征,且Pearson相关系数值大于其他阈值算法。定性和定量结果表明,本文所提改进阈值算法对ECG肌电信号噪声具有较好的去噪效果。     

小波变换在ECG信号滤波中的应用研究

本文首先介绍了小波变换应用于ECG信号消噪处理中的几种常用滤波方法的原理,分析了它们的滤波性能.然后提出一种小波变换与自适应滤波相结合的心电信号去噪方法,实验证明这种去噪方法可以有效抑制心电信号中的噪声干扰,保持信号的波形特征,是对"运用多分辨率分析方法,去除噪声干扰对应小波分解尺度上细节分量"的滤波方法的一种有效改进,达到较好的滤波效果.     

基于小波变换和改进的瞬态独立成分分析融合算法的心电信号降噪方法

本文提出一种基于小波变换与独立成分分析融合的信号处理方法,该方法用于抑制多通道同步采集的心电信号包含的噪声。首先利用小波变换对各路同步采集的原始心电信号进行八尺度分解,获得低频逼近信号与高频细节信号,通过设定阈值的方法去除属于低频噪声部分的逼近信号。然后对保留的细节信号进行反变换实现信号重构,再利用包含预同步功能的瞬态独立成分分析改进算法从重构的信号中分离出高频噪声与心电信号独立成分。最后采用信噪比与均方根误差作为信号质量评价指标,将融合算法与单独使用瞬态独立成分分析算法的处理结果进行对比,结果表明融合算法进行降噪处理这一方法具有更高的信噪比和更低的均方根误差,本文提出的融合算法具有良好的心电信号降噪性能。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.