妊娠期妇女生殖道感染的分析

目的 了解无锡市妊娠期妇女的生殖道感染情况,为保障母婴健康提供依据.方法 采集1117例妊娠期妇女阴道或宫颈分泌物进行生殖道感染检测.结果 无锡市1117例妊娠期妇女生殖道感染患病率为37.5%;支原体性阴道炎患病率为16.2％,衣原体性阴道炎患病率为0.8％,滴虫性阴道炎患病率为1.8％,细菌性阴道病(BV)患病率为3.7％,淋病患病率为0.4％,梅毒患病率为1.3％,外阴阴道假丝酵母菌感染患病率为13.3％;在不同户籍、职业、文化程度的孕妇中衣原体性阴道炎、滴虫性阴道炎、梅毒检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 无锡地区妊娠期妇女的生殖道感染率较高,应重视妊娠期妇女的生殖道感染常规筛查工作.     

Emerging infections and pregnancy

A key component of the response to emerging infections is consideration of special populations, including pregnant women. Successful pregnancy depends on adaptation of the woman's immune system to tolerate a genetically foreign fetus. Although the immune system changes are not well understood, a shift from cell-mediated immunity toward humoral immunity is believed to occur. These immunologic changes may alter susceptibility to and severity of infectious diseases in pregnant women. For example, pregnancy may increase susceptibility to toxoplasmosis and listeriosis and may increase severity of illness and increase mortality rates from influenza and varicella. Compared with information about more conventional disease threats, information about emerging infectious diseases is quite limited. Pregnant women's altered response to infectious diseases should be considered when planning a response to emerging infectious disease threats.     

Fear of bioterrorism and implications for public health preparedness

After the human anthrax cases and exposures in 2001, the Illinois Department of Public Health received an increasing number of environmental and human samples (1,496 environmental submissions, all negative for Bacillus anthracis). These data demonstrate increased volume of submissions to a public health laboratory resulting from fear of bioterrorism.     

Laboratory exposures to brucellae and implications for bioterrorism

Brucellae are class 3 organisms and potential agents of bioterrorism. Because of effective public health measures, brucellosis has become a rare disease in industrialized countries, and clinical microbiology laboratories are frequently unfamiliar with the genus. A low index of suspicion by physicians or failure to notify the laboratory, equivocal Gram-stain results, misidentification of the organism by commercial systems, unsafe laboratory practices, and laboratory accidents have been responsible for numerous cases of exposure to the organism and laboratory-acquired disease in recent years. Discovery of a laboratory exposure to brucellae should prompt an exhaustive investigation of the event and its circumstances, definition of the population at risk, enforcement of safe laboratory practices, and antimicrobial drug prophylaxis for exposed persons. Inadvertent exposures to brucellae in the clinical laboratory indicate a widespread lack of preparedness to cope with eventual biologic threats involving use of the organism.     

甲状腺功能正常孕早期妇女TPO抗体阳性对妊娠结局的影响

目的 通过甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb)的测定,了解其对甲状腺功能正常孕早期妇女妊娠结局的影响.方法 本研究选择甲状腺功能正常的孕早期妇女作为研究对象,监测并比较TPOAb阳性和阴性组孕妇在妊娠过程中甲状腺功能的变化特点;比较两组孕妇产科并发症的发生率和分娩后新生儿的临床特征.结果 共有251例孕早期妇女纳入本次研究,比较TPOAb阳性和阴性组甲状腺功能紊乱差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组产科并发症之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),新生儿临床特征差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 TPOAb阳性孕妇甲状腺功能有向亚临床甲状腺功能减退的趋势.在TPOAb阳性和阴性的孕早期妇女中,产科并发症差异有统计学意义,预示TPOAb阳性对其妊娠结局会有不利影响.     

Evaluating detection and diagnostic decision support systems for bioterrorism response

We evaluated the usefulness of detection systems and diagnostic decision support systems for bioterrorism response. We performed a systematic review by searching relevant databases (e.g., MEDLINE) and Web sites for reports of detection systems and diagnostic decision support systems that could be used during bioterrorism responses. We reviewed over 24,000 citations and identified 55 detection systems and 23 diagnostic decision support systems. Only 35 systems have been evaluated: 4 reported both sensitivity and specificity, 13 were compared to a reference standard, and 31 were evaluated for their timeliness. Most evaluations of detection systems and some evaluations of diagnostic systems for bioterrorism responses are critically deficient. Because false-positive and false-negative rates are unknown for most systems, decision making on the basis of these systems is seriously compromised. We describe a framework for the design of future evaluations of such systems.     

反生物恐怖袭击医学救援中人员洗消装置的研制

目的研制基于机动喷雾器的反生物恐怖袭击医学救援中人体洗消装置,集成消毒杀虫和人员生物洗消多功能于一体。方法参考国内外洗消装置和结合多年三防医学救援演练和重大活动安保三防医学救援保障的经验,研制可与中型机动喷雾器匹配的洗消喷淋器,集成洗消装置,并现场测试性能。结果人员洗消装置由研制的洗消喷淋器、机动喷雾器和附件组成。展开和撤收时间分别为6和8 min,洗消的人员流通量可达360人/h,平均每人用洗消剂量为2.1 L。用含有效氯1 000 mg/L的三氯异氰尿酸洗消液现场试验,洗消5 min后对大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌平均杀灭对数值分别为4.26(t=26.359,P<0.001)和4.03(P<0.001)。结论洗消装置具有一机多用、军民结合、平战结合、减少人员培训、降低贮存成本、便于维护和机动方便的特点,现场洗消试验表明能满足救援需要。     

反生物恐怖袭击医学救援中人员洗消技术与装备

本文探讨了生物恐怖袭击在世界和我国威胁的现实性、反生物恐怖袭击大量人员洗消的原则和基本方法、反生物恐怖袭击洗消技术和装备的研究进展以及我国在反生物恐怖袭击洗消技术和装备存在的问题,为进一步做好反生物恐怖袭击应急救援准备工作和开展生防人员洗消技术装备研究提供参考。     

Development of an interactive bioterrorism and emerging infections curriculum for medical students and internal medicine residents

While awareness of bioterrorism threats and emerging infectious diseases has resulted in an increased sense of urgency to improve the knowledge base and response capability of physicians, few medical schools and residency programs have curricula in place to teach these concepts. Public health agencies are an essential component of a response to these types of emergencies. Public health education during medical school is usually limited to the non-clinical years. With collaboration from our local public health agency, the Emory University School of Medicine developed a curriculum in bioterrorism and emerging infections. By implementing this curriculum in the clinical years of medical school and residency programs, we seek to foster improved interactions between clinicians and their local public health agencies.     

晚孕期严重心脏病孕妇剖宫产术分娩同期心脏手术的可行性

目的探讨晚孕期严重心脏病(SHD)孕妇剖宫产术分娩同期实施心脏手术的可行性。方法选择2012—2020年,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院收治的21例剖宫产术分娩同期实施心脏手术的晚孕期SHD孕妇为研究对象。回顾性分析其一般临床资料、手术情况及母、儿妊娠结局。本研究遵循的程序符合本院医学伦理委员会要求,经过该伦理委员会批准(审批文号:2022027X)。结果①分娩时,21例SHD孕妇年龄为(30.8±4.0)岁、人体质量指数(BMI)为(25.0±5.6)kg/m2;分娩孕龄为(32.5±3.5)孕周,足月分娩为6例(28.6%);分娩22例新生儿,新生儿出生身长为(45.1±3.9)cm,出生体重为(2342.0±727.3)g,生后1、5及10 min Apgar评分分别为(7.4±2.5)分、(9.0±1.0)分和(9.6±1.0)分;新生儿存活率为100.0%(22/22)。②21例孕妇SHD类型中,主动脉夹层、胸/腹主动脉瘤、心包积液与心脏扩大分别为13例(61.9%)、7例(33.3%)、6例(28.6%)与5例(23.8%);13例(61.9%)为中、重度主动脉瓣关闭不全,19例(90.5%)为心功能分级≥Ⅱ级者;18例(85.7%)≥2种SHD。③21例SHD孕妇剖宫产术分娩同期由多学科团队(MDT)实施心脏手术术式为8种,心脏手术持续时间为(369.8±100.6)min,术中出血量为1157.4 mL(750.0~1550.0 mL);心肺转流术(CPB)时间为(139.0±45.1)min,术后存活率为100.0%(21/21)。结论对于晚孕期SHD孕妇,由MDT于剖宫产术分娩同期实施心脏手术可行,可为围生期产妇及新生儿生命安全提供保障。     

15例肝硬化患者妊娠安全性及其妊娠结局分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并肝硬化患者的母儿安全性.方法 对本院2008年1月至2011年1月收治的15例妊娠合并肝硬化患者的临床资料进行孕期并发症及妊娠结局分析.结果 15例患者中肝硬化失代偿期10例,孕产期上消化道出血2例,产后出血2例,出现新生儿窒息2例,早产2例,肝性脑病3例;代偿期肝硬化5例,其中肝性脑病1例,产后出血...     

Review of prescribing information for influenza vaccines for pregnant and lactating women

Information provided by most influenza vaccine manufacturers do not reflect the recommendations of WHO and/or national public health advisory groups with regard to the use of influenza vaccines in pregnant or lactating women. The majority of vaccines contain precautionary language which could discourage use in pregnant women and some include stronger language discouraging or contradicting use in pregnant or lactating women. Regulators and manufacturers should regularly assess the language of pregnancy and lactation sections in product information for vaccines and include information from national public health advisory groups regarding use by pregnant or lactating women and data from relevant studies.     

孕妇流感疫苗接种相关研究进展

流感是由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病, 妊娠期间因生理和免疫功能的变化, 孕妇罹患流感及发生相关并发症的风险较高。接种流感疫苗是预防流感的有效手段。WHO和许多国家均将孕妇列为流感疫苗接种的优先推荐人群, 但目前我国孕妇流感疫苗接种率偏低, 且部分产品使用说明将孕妇列为接种禁忌人群, 推动孕妇流感疫苗接种工作仍存在诸多挑战。本文就近年来国内外流感对孕妇及其胎儿的影响以及孕妇接种流感疫苗研究进展进行综述, 并针对目前孕妇流感疫苗接种的现状, 提出促进孕妇接种流感疫苗的策略并进行探讨, 以期为我国相关工作的开展和政策制定提供参考。     

Use of automated ambulatory-care encounter records for detection of acute illness clusters,including potential bioterrorism events

The advent of domestic bioterrorism has emphasized the need for enhanced detection of clusters of acute illness. We describe a monitoring system operational in eastern Massachusetts, based on diagnoses obtained from electronic records of ambulatory-care encounters. Within 24 hours, ambulatory and telephone encounters recording patients with diagnoses of interest are identified and merged into major syndrome groups. Counts of new episodes of illness, rates calculated from health insurance records, and estimates of the probability of observing at least this number of new episodes are reported for syndrome surveillance. Census tracts with unusually large counts are identified by comparing observed with expected syndrome frequencies. During 1996-1999, weekly counts of new cases of lower respiratory syndrome were highly correlated with weekly hospital admissions. This system complements emergency room- and hospital-based surveillance by adding the capacity to rapidly identify clusters of illness, including potential bioterrorism events.     

寒冷气候对正常妊娠和子痫前期胎盘ACE mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨寒冷气候对正常妊娠和子痫前期孕妇胎盘血管紧张素转换酶(ACE) mRNA及蛋白表达的影响;方法:选取2009年9月～2010年5月在该院住院的正常孕妇40例和子痫前期孕妇80例,按照传统节气分为冬季型气候组和过渡季型气候组,各组又分别分为正常妊娠组、轻度子痫前期组和重度子痫前期组.采用半定量RT-PCR及蛋白免疫印迹(Westem-blot)法检测两组孕妇胎盘ACE mRNA及蛋白表达.结果:同季节型中各组胎盘ACE mRNA及蛋白表达量随病情加重呈上升趋势,正常妊娠组＜轻度子痫前期组＜重度子痫前期组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);冬季型正常妊娠组胎盘ACEmRNA及蛋白表达水平与过渡季型气候正常妊娠组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);冬季型轻度子痫前期组胎盘ACE mRNA表达高于过渡季型轻度子痫前期组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);冬季型轻度子痫前期组胎盘ACE蛋白表达高于过渡季型轻度子痫前期组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);冬季型重度子痫前期组胎盘ACE mRNA及蛋白表达高于过渡季型重度子痫前期组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:寒冷刺激会影响胎盘ACE mRNA及蛋白的表达,使胎盘肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)调节异常,从而进一步加重子痫前期的病情,这提示外界不良的气候条件是引发以及加重子痫前期病情的一个重要影响因素,其具体的影响机制还有待于进一步研究.     

寒冷气候对正常妊娠及子痫前期孕妇循环肾素和血管紧张素Ⅱ的影响及意义

目的:探讨寒冷季节正常妊娠和子痫前期孕妇循环肾素(PRA)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的水平的变化.方法:采用放射免疫分析方法检测孕妇血浆PRA和AngⅡ的水平.结果:与同季节型正常妊娠相比,冬季及过渡季型子痫前期组血浆PRA水平降低,过渡季型子痫前期组血浆AngⅡ水平降低,冬季型子痫前期组血浆AngⅡ水平升高(P均＜0.05);与过渡季型正常妊娠相比,冬季型正常妊娠AngⅡ水平升高(P＜0.05);与过渡季型子痫前期组相比,冬季型子痫前期组血浆AngⅡ水平升高(P＜0.01);各组血浆PRA水平均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:寒冷刺激时,子痫前期患者循环肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)显著激活,血浆AngⅡ升高,导致血管收缩增强,血管痉挛、组织缺血,可能是寒冷季节子痫前期发病率增高的原因之一.     

315例妊娠妇女葡萄糖耐量试验结果分析

目的：分析应用3种妊娠糖尿病诊断室的诊断率。方法：315例入选者来自2012年1~11月就诊的孕妇,进行OGTT试验,根据三种不同标准计算诊断率。结果：采用IADPSG标准,GDM诊断率高达10.1%,较2004版ADA和第7版妇产科学教材标准计算诊断率升高7.4%和0.9%,如将IADPSG标准的血糖异常个数改为≥2个,阳性例数下降到10例,GDM诊断率下降到3.1%,与2004版ADA标准诊断阳性率相似。结论：更严格的IADPSG标准使得GDM诊断率显著升高,IADPSG推荐的新标准与2004版ADA老标准间GDM诊断率巨大差异主要源于诊断标准中超过血糖阈值的个数从2个变成1个所致。     

早、中孕期宫颈息肉摘除术孕妇妊娠结局及其影响因素分析

目的探讨早、中孕期宫颈息肉摘除术对母儿妊娠结局的影响。 方法选择2012年1月至2018年4月,于中国医科大学附属盛京医院妇产科因妊娠合并宫颈息肉于早、中孕期接受宫颈息肉摘除术治疗的167例孕妇为研究对象。按照术后妊娠结局,将其分为自然流产组(自然流产时孕龄<28孕周,n＝17),早产组(分娩时孕龄为28～36^＋6孕周,n＝48)和足月产组(分娩时孕龄≥37孕周,n＝102)3组。采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验或者Mann-Whitney U秩和检验对年龄、孕次、产次等计量资料进行统计学分析。采用线性趋势χ²检验或者χ²检验对宫颈锥切术史者、妊娠期糖尿病者、合并妊娠高血压疾病者、术前阴道流血者所占比例等计数资料进行统计学分析。在上述单因素分析基础上,根据既往研究结果及临床经验,进一步进行有序多分类非条件logistic回归分析,对早、中孕期宫颈息肉摘除术后可能影响孕妇妊娠结局的相关因素进行分析。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求,并且与受试者本人及其家属签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①自然流产组、早产组和足月产组孕妇的产次均为0,接受宫颈息肉摘除术时的孕龄,分别为13孕周(12～14孕周)、15孕周(13～17孕周)和15孕周(13～18孕周);术后阴道流血发生率分别为35.3%(6/167)、50.0%(24/167)和48.0%(49/167);手术时孕龄≤12孕周所占比例分别为23.5%(4/167)、10.4%(5/167)和5.9%(6/167),3组的上述4项指标分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝7.363、7.535、9.198、4.364,P＝0.025、0.023、0.002、0.037)。②结合目前已有研究结果及临床经验与本研究单因素分析结果中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)因素,对早、中孕期宫颈息肉摘除术后,可能影响孕妇妊娠结局因素的研究结果显示,孕妇接受息肉摘除术后无阴道流血,是足月产分娩的保护因素(OR＝13.577,95%CI：1.300～141.743,P＝0.029)。③宫颈息肉和宫颈蜕膜息肉孕妇的晚孕期自然流产发生率分别为37.3%(56/150)和76.5%(13/17),合并息肉炎症反应发生率分别为52.7%(79/150)和0,二者分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝9.646、16.991,P＝0.002、<0.001)。 结论妊娠合并宫颈息肉孕妇接受宫颈息肉摘除术治疗,应避免于孕龄<12孕周前进行,术中应采取最适合的止血措施。病理学类型为宫颈蜕膜息肉孕妇,对早、中孕期接受宫颈息肉摘除术不会增加自然流产风险,但是宫颈蜕膜息肉孕妇,较普通宫颈息肉者更易发生晚孕期自然流产。     

反生物恐怖袭击医学救援中人员洗消装置的生物学效果观察

目的测试研制的反生物恐怖袭击医学救援中人员洗消装置的现场洗消生物学效果。方法以大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌为指示剂涂于分别着普通衣物和防化服的受试对象标定的检测区,试验组通过洗消装置喷淋洗消,5 min后对试验组和未洗消的对照组的检测区采样,培养计数菌落数,计算落数平均杀灭对数值(KLV)。结果用含1 000mg/L有效氯浓度的三氯异氰脲酸剂洗消剂喷淋洗消,着普通衣物组的大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌KLV为4.26(t=26.359,P<0.001)和4.03(t=21.053,P<0.001),着防化服组两菌KLV分别为5.12(t=24.178,P<0.001)和4.64(t=23.398,P<0.001)。结论现场测试KLV均大于3,采用装置喷淋洗消达到洗消的生物学效果。     

Prevalence and risk factors for anaemia in pregnant women of eastern Sudan

The prevalence and possible risk factors for anaemia were investigated in 744 pregnant Sudanese women attending the antenatal clinic of New Halfa teaching hospital, eastern Sudan between October 2003 and April 2004. Of those, 466 (62.6%) had anaemia (haemoglobin [Hb]: <11 gm/dl); 52.4% had mild anaemia (Hb: 9.0-10.9 gm/dl); 8.1% had moderate anaemia (Hb: 7.0-8.9 gm/dl); and 2.2% had severe anaemia (Hb: <7 gm/dl), respectively. The prevalence of anaemia (73.2%) was significantly high in grandmultigravidae. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that age and parity were not significantly associated with anaemia. Malaria (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 2.5-8.1; P < 0.0001) and pica (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.05-2.6; P = 0.03) were the risk factors for anaemia. Thus, preventive measures against malaria (chemoprophylaxis and insecticide-treated bednets) may be needed for all pregnant women irrespective of their age or parity.