近红外光谱技术在药品质量控制中的应用与研究进展

目的:为借助近红外光谱技术高效、全面地控制药品质量提供参考。方法:查阅近年发表的近红外光谱技术用于药品质量控制的相关研究文献,进行归纳、总结和综述。结果与结论:近红外光谱技术可广泛用于药品来源的质量控制(包括中药材产地及品种、中药饮片和药品原辅料鉴别)、生产过程的质量控制(包括对中药材有效成分的提取、纯化、浓缩和药品混合均匀度的监控)以及上市后监控(包括水分测定、真伪鉴别和非法添加检测)。近红外光谱技术具有操作简便、无损、快速、无需试剂等优点,在药品质量控制中的应用前景广阔,但对于其普及应用的一些制约因素仍需加大研究投入、加以解决。     

近红外光谱技术在片剂生产质量控制上的研究进展

近红外光谱(NIRS)技术是目前在制药领域应用较为广泛的一种过程分析技术,具有快速、无损、绿色等优点,适合原辅料的快速鉴别、药品生产过程的在线监测以及最终产品的质量分析等。NIRS结合相关的化学计量学算法可以快速分析各类样品,在不使用化学试剂,甚至不接触样品的情况下进行在线、无损检测,可避免复杂的物理或化学制样过程,提高产品质量和生产效率。本文对NIRS技术在片剂生产工艺及质量控制中的研究进展进行综述,以期为提高片剂生产过程和片剂质量的可控性提供参考。     

近红外光谱一致性检验方法快速鉴别风湿骨痛胶囊真伪

目的建立快速鉴别风湿骨痛胶囊真伪的近红外光谱一致性检验方法。方法采集风湿骨痛胶囊原料、正品胶囊及内容物的近红外光谱,用OPUS分析软件进行处理,建立风湿骨痛胶囊的近红外光谱一致性检验方法,用风湿骨痛胶囊伪品的近红外光谱进行验证。结果建立的近红外光谱一致性检验方法可快速、准确地判断风湿骨痛胶囊真伪。结论该方法是一种简便、快速、准确的分析技术,可以用于药品快速检测车的筛查和抽样。     

近红外光谱一致性检验方法快速鉴别江中健胃消食片的真伪

目的 建立快速鉴别江中健胃消食片真伪的近红外光谱一致性检验方法.方法 采集16批江中健胃消食片铝塑和粉末的近红外光谱,用OPUS分析软件进行处理,分别建立江中健胃消食片铝塑和粉末的近红外光谱一致性检验方法,用江中健胃消食片伪品的近红外光谱进行验证.结果 建立的近红外光谱一致性检验方法可以快速、准确地判断出江中健胃消食片的真伪.结论 该方法是一种简便、快速、准确的分析技术,可以用于药品快速检测车的筛查和抽样.     

近红外光谱快速鉴别不同厂家香砂六君丸的研究

目的:建立佛山冯了性股份有限公司近红外一致性模型,快速鉴别其他厂家香砂六君丸.方法:采集香砂六君丸的近红外光谱,利用OPUS软件进行处理,建立佛山冯了性股份有限公司香砂六君丸的近红外光谱一致性检验模型,用不同厂家及功效相近样品的近红外光谱进行验证.结果:建立的近红外一致性模型可以快速、准确地判断不同厂家的真伪.结论:该方法是一种快速、简便、准确的分析技术,可用于药品快速检测.     

应用近红外技术建立注射用盐酸氨溴索一致性检验模型

目的运用近红外技术对具体的某"一厂一品一规"的药品建立近红外一致性检验模型。方法用近红外光谱仪采集样品光谱,通过OPUS软件建立一致性检验模型,并对图谱进行比对分析。结果建立的一致性检验模型可以很好地区分不同制药企业生产的注射用盐酸氨溴索。结论建立的一致性检验模型的方法能快速、准确地区分不同厂家生产的注射用盐酸氨溴索,对快速鉴定不同厂家生产的药品具有一定的参考价值。     

基于近红外光谱的中药质量一致性控制研究进展

通过对中药质量一致性控制现状、瓶颈问题分析,发现在中药生产中运用近红外光谱技术等过程分析技术进行生产风险管控,能提高中药质量一致性控制水平,因此本文综述了近红外光谱技术结合多变量数据分析方法在中药质量一致性控制的应用进展,为中药质量一致性控制研究提供借鉴。     

近红外光谱分析技术在制药领域中的应用研究进展

目的对近红外光谱分析技术在制药领域中的应用进行综述,为药品生产过程质量控制与优化提供参考。方法查阅国内外近年来文献,进行归纳总结。结果与结论近红外光谱分析技术作为一种有力过程分析工具,对于提高药品生产效率,强化对药品的质量控制具有重要意义,随着研究的深入,近红外光谱分析技术将在制药领域发挥更深刻的作用。     

近红外光谱分析技术在辽宁省基本药物快检中的应用

目的评价沈阳地区辽宁省基本药物的质量,为药品监管部门提供决策参考。方法利用近红外光谱分析技术对沈阳地区市售的辽宁省基本药物进行快检分析。结果与结论近红外分析是近年来研究建立起来的一项技术,它能够提高药品抽验覆盖率,降低抽验成本,提高抽验针对性,在基本药物快速筛查中也可发挥良好的作用。     

利用近红外光谱法及一致性检验模型鉴别肚痛健胃整肠丸

目的 利用近红外光谱法建立肚痛健胃整肠丸一致性检验模型,可快速准确鉴别药品真伪,加强流通使用环节药品的质量监管,保障公众用药安全。方法 收集肚痛健胃整肠丸正品、伪品以及挑战品,扫描其近红外光谱图。通过计算机光谱软件对谱图进行预处理,试验选取适宜的建模参数及特征谱段,利用一致性检验最大CI值算法建立模型,保证模型的准确性和耐用性。结果 所建肚痛健胃整肠丸近红外模型能够准确识别正品、伪品及挑战品,识别正确率达到100%。结论 利用近红外光谱法及一致性检验模型能够快速鉴别肚痛健胃整肠丸真伪,筛查结果准确可靠,可实际应用于该品牌药品的质量快速筛查。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.