同型半胱氨酸及其相关酶基因多态性与糖尿病周围神经病变的关系

研究对象为 2型糖尿病 (DM )有周围神经病变组 (60例 )、2型DM无周围神经病变组 (4 6例 )和正常对照组 (5 0例 )。分别测定 3组血浆同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy) ,血清叶酸、维生素B12 水平及Hcy代谢关键酶亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶 (MTHFR)的基因型。结果显示 ,高Hcy及低叶酸、维生素B12 水平与 2型DM患者伴发周围神经病变相关 ,而MTHFR的基因多态性只与DM有关而与DM周围神经病变无相关性。     

血浆Hcy及其代谢酶基因多态性与Alzheimer病的关系

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)及其相关代谢酶N5,N10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase,MTHFR)胱硫醚β-合成酶(cystathionineβ-synthase,CBS)基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimersdisease,AD)的关系。方法对104例AD患者、100例健康对照组运用高压毛细管电泳紫外检测法测定血浆Hcy水平,采用多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RELP)方法检测MTHFR基因第4外显子C677T、CBS基因第8外显子844ins68的多态性。结果AD患者血浆Hcy(16.18±3.35)μmol/L非常显著高于健康对照者Hcy(12.24±3.96)μmol/L。AD组和对照组受试者间MTHFRC677T和CBS基因844ins68的各基因型分布和等位基因频率均无显著性差异,仅MTHFR的T等位基因与受试者血浆Hcy水平升高有关。结论AD患者的血浆Hcy水平高于健康人群,可能与疾病的发生发展有关;并可能主要由环境因素所致,而非MTHFR和CBS基因变异引起。补充VitB12和叶酸有助于AD的治疗。     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶G1793A基因多态性及高同型半胱氨酸血症与溃疡性结肠炎的相关性

目的 探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)G1793A基因多态性、血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hey)、叶酸及维生素B12浓度与溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的关系.方法 在299例UC患者和764例正常对照者中,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RELP)检测MTHFR G1793A基因多态性,循环酶法检测血浆Hey水平,微粒子免疫化学发光法检测血浆叶酸和维牛素B12浓度.结果 UC组MTHFR 1793(A)等位基因和(GA+AA)基因型频率明显比正常对照组增高(22.24%比14.20%,P<0.001;42.81%比26.97%,P<0.001);血浆Hey水平亦明显高于正常对照组[(20.67±6.42)mmol/L比(13.21±5.11)mmol/L,P<0.001],而叶酸和维生素B12浓度明显降低[(11.37±6.34)nmol/L比(14.89±7.21)nmol/L,P<0.001;(324.15±127.53)pmol/L比(421.54±128.45)pmol/L,P<0.001].另外,UC组中高同型半胱氨酸血症(Hhcy)(Hcy≥15 mmol/L)及叶酸缺乏(叶酸≤7 nmol/L)的发生率显著高于正常对照组(32.44%比25.78%,P=0.029;23.41%比17.01%,P=0.016).结论 MTHFR G1793A基因多态性、Hhcy、叶酸缺乏及低维生素B12水平与湖北汉族UC明显相关.Hcy代谢酶基因可能涉及UC的发病机制.     

同型半胱氨酸及代谢酶基因遗传多态性、叶酸和维生素B12与溃疡性结肠炎的相关性

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及代谢酶基因遗传多态性、叶酸和维生素B12与溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的相关性。方法选择UC患者60例为观察组,选取同期健康体检人员60例作为对照组。观察两组Hcy、亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)及甲硫氨酸合成酶(MS)的基因多态性及叶酸和维生素B12水平。结果观察组Hcy为(14.74±1.69)mol/L,高于对照组〔(10.26±1.48)mol/L,P<0.05〕。观察组叶酸和维生素B12分别为(5.10±0.43)ng/ml和(241.63±10.51)pg/ml,均低于对照组〔(6.28±0.75)ng/ml和(376.52±11.38)pg/ml,P<0.05〕。两组MTHFR和MS基因型频率及等位基因频率比较,差异具有显著性(P<0.05);观察组治疗后Hcy为(11.33±1.50)mol/L,低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后叶酸和维生素B12分别为(6.04±0.58)ng/ml和(312.75±11.49)pg/ml,均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 UC患者中Hcy升高,叶酸和维生素B12浓度降低,Hcy及代谢酶基因遗传多态性、叶酸和维生素B12可能与UC密切相关。     

MTHFR基因多态性与老年慢性肾衰竭的相关性

目的探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因多态性与老年慢性肾衰竭(CRF)的相关性。方法 268例老年CRF患者为CRF组。另外选取同期健康体检人群250例为对照组。采用PCR基因芯片技术检测MTHFR C677 C/T基因多态性。CRF组每日口服叶酸、维生素B6和维生素B12治疗6个月。治疗前后,采集患者静脉血2 ml,检测同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和肌酐(Scr),计算得到eGFR。结果 CC、CT和TT型基因频率在两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05); CRF组T等位基因频率显著高于对照组(P<0. 05)。治疗前,MTHFR基因TT型血清Hcy水平显著高于CC、CT型(均P<0. 05),eGFR显著低于CC、CT型(P<0. 05);治疗前后血清Hcy水平和eGFR差值均显著低于CC、CT型(均P<0. 05)。MTHFR基因TT型心绞痛、心肌梗死、心力衰竭和总体心血管事件发生率显著高于CC、CT型(均P<0. 05)。结论 MTHFR T等位基因可能是武汉市老年人群发生CRF的一个易感基因,MTHFR基因TT型患者肾功能更差,叶酸补充治疗效果不佳。     

5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶C677T基因多态性与老年单纯收缩期高血压的相关性研究

目的探讨5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)C677T基因多态性与老年单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)发病的相关性。方法入选220例年龄≥60岁ISH患者为ISH组,选择同期体检无高血压老年人群128例为对照组。检测入选者MTHFR C677T基因多态性及血浆同型半胱氨酸水平。结果ISH组T等位基因频率高于对照组(51.8%vs 37.5%,χ~2=13.33,P=0.000),C等位基因频率低于对照组(48.2%vs 62.5%,χ~2=13.33,P=0.000);CC基因型分布低于对照组(20.5%vs 40.6%,χ~2=16.38,P=0.000),CT基因型分布高于对照组(55.5%vs43.8%,χ~2=4.44,P=0.035);血浆同型半胱氨酸水平均高于对照组(13.35μmol/L vs 11.75μmol/L,P=0.01)。logistic回归分析显示,MTHFR C677T基因型(OR=1.910,95%CI:1.356~2.690,P=0.00)、同型半胱氨酸水平(OR=1.084,95%CI:1.031~1.140,P=0.02)、血尿酸水平(OR=1.004,95%CI:1.001~1.006,P=0.01)为老年ISH患病的独立预测因素。结论 MTHFR C677T基因多态性及血浆同型半胱氨酸水平是老年ISH发病的独立危险因素。     

系统性红斑狼疮与高同型半胱氨酸血症的临床研究

目的　观察系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)患者血浆中同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)水平 ,分析影响Hcy的因素和某些心血管因素的变化。 方法　测定 2 7例SLE和 31名正常对照的Hcy、维生素B12 、叶酸、C反应蛋白 (CRP)、氧化低密度脂蛋白 (oxLDL)、一氧化氮 (NO)、丙二醛 (MDA)的水平和亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶 (MTHFR)基因 6 77位的多态性。结果　①SLE组Hcy水平明显较对照组高 ,其差异有显著性 [SLE组 (19± 7) μmol/L ,对照组 (12± 4 ) μmol/L ,P <0 0 0 1];②Hcy与维生素B12 、叶酸呈负相关 ,相关系数分别为 - 0 76 7和 - 0 6 7,P <0 0 0 0 1;③MTHFR基因 6 77位CT的突变使Hcy水平升高 [CC型 (12 8± 6 2 ) μmol/L ,CT型 (16 0± 2 1) μmol/L ,TT型 (18 9± 5 7) μmol/L ,P<0 0 0 1];TT基因型是高Hcy血症的易感基因 ,相对危险度 (RR) =31 4 9,P <0 0 5 ;TT基因型是SLE的易感基因 ,RR =6 913,P <0 0 5 ;④Hcy水平与NO、MDA、oxLDL呈正相关 ,并与CRP呈正相关。结论　①SLE患者普遍有高Hcy血症。②导致高Hcy血症的原因包括叶酸、维生素B12 的水平降低和MTHFR基因的突变 ,TT型基因是Hcy异常升高的易感基因。③TT型基因也是SLE的易感基因。④高Hcy血症可能通过损伤血管内皮 ,大量产生氧自由基 ,加速低密度     

血管性痴呆患者与其血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的关系

目的 探讨血管性痴呆(VD)患者与其血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的关系.方法 用高效液相色谱仪和电化学检测法测定1998年2月至2000年2月收治的37例VD患者的血浆总同型半胱氨酸水平,并与40名正常同龄对照组及40例非痴呆脑梗死组比较.运用多聚酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)检测N5,N10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因多态性,同时测定血浆叶酸及维生素B12水平.结果 VD患者血浆总同型半胱氨酸水平显著高于正常同龄对照组和非痴呆脑梗死组;MTHFR基因型有3种,即纯合子(T/T)型、杂合子(T/C)型和纯合子(C/C)型.3组基因型和等位基因频率相比,差异均无显著性;VD组血浆叶酸及维生素B12水平明显低于正常同龄对照组和非痴呆脑梗死组(P＜0.05).结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症可能是VD发病的一个新的危险因素.     

对原发性高血压伴缺血性脑卒中患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的临床观察

目的 :探讨叶酸、维生素B6、腺苷辅酶维生素B12 对原发性高血压伴缺血性脑卒中患者血浆同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)水平的影响。方法 :血浆Hcy水平增高的缺血性脑卒中住院患者 70例分为干预组 (n =3 5 )和对照组 (n =3 5 )。干预组口服叶酸10mg/d ,维生素B610mg/d ,腺苷辅酶维生素B12 5 0 0 μg/d 4周。对照组未服用上述药物。入院时及 4周后采用高压液相色谱法 (HPLC)测定血浆Hcy含量。结果 :干预组在实施叶酸、维生素B6、腺苷辅酶维生素B12 干预 4周后 ,血浆Hcy水平下降 ,与对照组相比有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。两组患者 4周前后血浆Hcy水平的变化差值具有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :口服叶酸、维生素B6、腺苷辅酶维生素B12 可使原发性高血压伴缺血性脑卒中患者血浆Hcy水平下降     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性及血中同型半胱氨酸和叶酸水平与冠心病的关系

目的　观察高同型半胱氨酸 (HCY)血症是否为中国人冠心病 (CHD)的一个独立危险因素 ,以及探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶 (MTHFR)基因多态性与冠心病的联系 ,并分析HCY、叶酸与MTHFR基因多态性间的相互关系。方法　选择CHD患者 16 1例 ,其中 15 4例行冠状动脉造影证实。正常对照 12 5例。应用荧光免疫偏振法测定血浆HCY ,放免法测定血清叶酸 ,分析MTHFR基因多态性。结果　CHD患者血浆HCY浓度显著高于对照组 [分别为 (15 2 4± 9 5 9)与 (11 4 3± 6 4 4 ) μmol L ,P <0 0 1]。logistic回归分析显示性别、年龄、脂蛋白B和高HCY血症是CHD发病的独立危险因素 ,高HCY血症的优势比 (OR)为 2 5 70 7,其 95 %的可信区间 1 30 0 3～ 5 0 82 5。CHD组MTHFR基因C6 77T突变TT型的频率为 2 9 2 % ,明显高于对照组 16 8% (P =0 0 15 )。CHD组T等位基因频率显著高于对照组 (P =0 0 0 4 )。CHD组和对照组TT型的血浆HCY水平明显高于CT和CC型 (P <0 0 0 1)。CHD组各基因型的HCY水平均高于对照组 (P <0 0 0 1～ 0 0 1)。多元逐步回归显示 :血清叶酸浓度、TT型与血浆HCY浓度独立相关。CHD组和对照组的TT型中 ,血清叶酸水平 <对照组中位数时的HCY水平显著高于叶酸≥中位数时的HCY值。叶酸 <中位数时 ,TT型HCY水平显著     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.