Giant rectal villous adenoma: Surgical approach with rectal eversion and perianal coloanal anastomosis

INTRODUCTION

Colorectal cancer is an important cause of death. Most cases of colon and rectal cancer arise from a preexisting adenomatous polyp. However, if colorectal polyps are very large or not accessible for endoscopic ablation, or if they cannot be removed without an increased risk of perforation, surgical procedures are required.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

The case of a patient with a giant villous adenoma of the rectum is described. The patient had diarrhea for 2 years associated with asthenia. Colonoscopy revealed a sessile lesion in the rectum measuring 14 cm in the largest diameter. Rectal eversion technique was used, resecting the lesion under direct visibility and an external coloanal anastomosis was performed. Surgery was satisfactory and the resection margins were free.

DISCUSSION

Removal of these polyps should be performed aiming to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer, as well as to control local and systemic symptoms, such as diarrhea and fluid and electrolyte disorders, mainly in villous adenomas. Various surgical techniques are proposed, but in extensive circumferential lesions of the rectum they are difficult to apply. The rectal stump eversion technique was described by Maunsell (1892), for rectal cancer.

CONCLUSION

Eversion of the rectal stump and external coloanal anastomosis may be a good surgical alternative for resecting giant rectal adenomas.     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌切除术后消化道重建的研究现状及前景

腹腔镜右半结肠癌切除术后腹腔内吻合正逐渐成为结直肠手术领域中的热点。研究者发现:腹腔内吻合与腹腔外吻合比较,前者在促进病人术后恢复,降低术后并发症发生率等方面有潜在优势。且腹腔内吻合较腹腔外吻合病人术后胃肠功能恢复更快、术后疼痛评分更低。但对于腹腔内吻合的并发症发生率,尤其是重要指标吻合口漏的比较,尚缺乏足够证据。而手术技术不统一、吻合口漏定义不明确是目前研究的主要困难。多项高质量的前瞻性随机对照试验目前正在进行中,对于腹腔镜右半结肠癌切除术的客观评价仍需要更高级别的循证医学证据验证。笔者综合分析国内外研究进展,系统阐述腹腔镜右半结肠癌切除术后消化道重建的研究现状及前景,旨在为我国结直肠外科临床研究探索新方向。     

腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜治疗进展期结直肠癌合并腺瘤的应用研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗加二期内镜下治疗结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤的临床应用价值。方法：2005年1月-2010年6月对54例进展期结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤（〉1．0cm）的患者（研究组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）加二期内镜下腺瘤切除的综合治疗,对同期396例单发进展期结直肠癌患者（对照组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）。通过并发症发生率、长期随访等评价治疗效果。结果：2组患者在年龄、性别、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、平均住院时间、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、TNM分期及1、3和5年存活率差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。研究组辅助化疗后对合并腺瘤进行内镜下切除治疗,4例出血经保守治疗后成功止血,未发生穿孔、狭窄等严重并发症;3例患者术后病理组织学检查为腺瘤癌变,其中2例癌变局限于腺瘤中,1例癌细胞侵犯达黏膜下层,该例患者再次行腹腔镜下切除,术后随访无复发。结论：腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜为合并结直肠癌根治术切除范围外腺瘤的患者提供了一种安全有效的微创治疗方法,值得临床推厂和应用。     

Morphology, anatomic distribution and cancer potential of colonic polyps.

The concept of a polyp-cancer sequence is assuming increasing credibility as a factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy permits most colonic polyps to be endoscopically removed and studied pathologically. Of various polyp types encountered in the colon only neoplastic polyps are regarded as having malignant potential. Neoplastic polyps include tubular adenomas (formerly, adenomatous polyps), villous adenomas and villotubular adenomas (formerly, mixed or tuboglandular polyps). Cancerous changes must penetrate the muscularis mucosae for a polyp to be regarded as clinically malignant. The present report analyzes a series of 5,786 adenomas from over 7,000 polyp endoscopically removed. The largest number of each type of adenoma presented in the sigmoid colon, followed by the descending colon in terms of frequency. In all zones tubular adenomas were most common, villous least. Abnormal cellular change, from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer was most frequently found in the sigmoid colon and, in all colon sectors, increased as the villous componency of the polyp increased. However, all categories of neoplastic polyps showed malignant changes. Polyp size, long recognized as a factor, was shown to be importantly related to malignant change, but invasive cancer was found even in polyps less than 1 cm in diameter. In addition, the incidence of malignancy rose parallel to the frequency of synchronous and metachronous polyps. A vigorous program for detection and endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps is recommended as a means of reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer.     

经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤

目的：探讨经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤的可行性及疗效。方法杭州市第三人民医院肛肠外科自2012年10月至2013年3月,选择经评估适合行局部切除的直肠肿瘤患者8例,使用经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗。经肛手套通路的建立：将手套袖口连同扩肛器缝合固定于肛周,再将手套5指经由透明肛门镜翻转出肛门,将超声刀、无损伤肠钳和肠镜镜头分别从3个指套伸入并结扎固定。结果8例患者均成功完成肿瘤切除手术,制作手套入路装置平均耗时12．5（10．0～15．0） min,平均手术时间55．6（30．0～110．0） min,平均住院时间为5．0（3．0～8．0） d,术后病理提示绒毛状腺瘤3例,管状腺瘤2瘤,管状绒毛状腺瘤2例,锯齿状腺瘤1例,其中2例伴低级别上皮内瘤变,1例高级别上皮内瘤变,所有肿瘤组织标本边缘及基底部均为阴性。术后2例患者少量便血,随访1～5（中位3．1）月,无肿瘤复发。结论采用经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠早期肿瘤具有简单和安全的特点,具有一定的应用价值。     

Short- and long-term outcomes of intracorporeal versus extracorporeal ileocolic anastomosis in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colon cancer

Background

We assessed the short- and long-term outcomes of intracorporeal ileocolic anastomosis (IA) in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colon cancer compared with extracorporeal anastomosis (EA).

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 86 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colon cancer from March 2005 to June 2010 was performed.

Results

There were 51 and 35 patients who underwent intracorporeal and extracorporeal anastomosis, respectively. The two groups were demographically comparable. The conversion rate to open surgery was 8.6 % in the EA group, but none in the IA group (p = 0.064). There was no significant difference in operative time, estimated blood loss, complications (intra-abdominal abscess, anastomotic leak, ileus, and wound infection), and length of hospital stay between the groups. There was no perioperative mortality in both groups. There was no significant difference in median number of retrieved lymph node. The overall survival and the disease-free survival at 3 years were not different between the groups.

Conclusions

Compared with the extracorporeal anastomosis technique, intracorporeal ileocolic anastomosis produces comparable short- and long-term outcomes in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colon cancer.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for T1 rectal cancer in patients with synchronous colorectal cancer

We treated T1 rectal cancer in three patients with synchronous colorectal cancer by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) before performing a radical operation for the second lesion. On pathological examination, all rectal specimens resected by TEM showed cancer invasion within the submucosal layer, while the margins of the specimen were completely free of cancerous tissue. Few complications were encountered with either the TEM for the rectal lesions or the succeeding radical operation for the second lesions. When patients present with synchronous colorectal cancer, including T1 rectal cancer, local excision of the rectal lesion via TEM can help to improve the patient's quality of life without affecting the curability of the disease.     

Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy).

The successful application of laparoscopic surgery to gallbladder disease and acute appendicitis has encouraged clinical investigators to develop this technology further in an attempt to manage other pathologic disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. After gaining experience with various laparoscopic skills while performing clinical biliary tract surgery, appendectomy and then in a controlled animal laboratory, a pilot program for laparoscopic colonic surgery was initiated. Twenty patients with ages ranging from 43 to 88 years (mean age of 57 years) underwent laparoscope-assisted colon resection. In nine patients, a right hemicolectomy was performed and a sigmoid colectomy in eight. A low anterior resection, Hartman's procedure, and abdominal perineal resection were each performed in one patient. Indications for surgery were large villous adenomas or adenocarcinoma in 12, diverticular disease in 5, sigmoid endometrioma in 1, cecal volvulus in 1, and inflammatory bowel disease in 1. Eighty percent of patients were able to tolerate a liquid diet on the first postoperative day and 70% were discharged within 96 h eating a regular diet and having normal bowel movements. There were three operative complications: a 3 unit postoperative bleed managed without surgery, one patient developed marked edema of the rectosigmoid anastomosis requiring decompression with a rectal tube, and one individual with metastatic colon cancer was operated on for a mechanical small bowel obstruction 7 days after the initial laparoscopic surgery. Although laparoscope-assisted colonic surgery may still be considered a procedure in evolution, we feel that in time it has the potential to be as popular as laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Utilization of laparoscopy in colorectal surgery for cancer at academic medical centers: does site of surgery affect rate of laparoscopy?

Use of laparoscopy in colorectal cancer surgery is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of use of laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer at academic medical centers and to evaluate if the site of surgery influences the rate of use. Clinical data of patients who underwent laparoscopic or open colon and rectal resections for cancer from 2007 to 2009 were obtained from the University HealthSystem Consortium database. Data concerning rate of laparoscopy, length of stay, morbidity, and risk-adjusted mortality were obtained. During the 36-month study period, 22,780 operations were performed. The overall rate for use of laparoscopy was 14.8 per cent. Laparoscopy was most often used for total colectomy (22.6%), sigmoid colectomy (17.3%), cecectomy (17.1%), and right hemicolectomy (17.0%). Laparoscopy was most infrequently used for abdominoperineal resection (8.0%), transverse colectomy (10.0%), and left hemicolectomy (13.1%). Length of stay for laparoscopic colon and rectal procedures was 3.2 days shorter than for open surgery. Although the benefits of laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer have been demonstrated, the use of laparoscopy for colorectal resection remains under 20 per cent for colon cancer and under 10 per cent for rectal cancer. Further studies are needed to determine the factors limiting the use of laparoscopy in colorectal surgery.     

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS AND PATHOLOGY IN COLORECTAL ADENOMAS REMOVED BY COLONOSCOPIC POLYPECTOMY

Between September 1981 and August 1987 420 patients with 565 adenomas underwent colonoscopic polypec-tomy to produce a ‘clean colon’. Data from these patients were analysed to identify associations between patient characteristics (age and sex), polyp characteristics (site, size, shape, multiplicity and villous content) and the degree of dysplasia in the index adenoma. In univariate analysis, severe dysplasia in the index adenoma was significantly but weakly associated with size (10mm), peduncular shape and villous architecture. Logistic regression confirmed an independent effect only from villous architecture. These findings suggest that it is unlikely that strong predictors of a patient developing a metachronous adenoma or colorectal cancer can be identified on the basis of an index adenoma found at initial colonoscopy. These patients will continue to be followed to investigate this question.     

Laparoscopy-assisted combined resection for synchronous gastric and colorectal cancer: Report of three cases

In gastric cancer patients, the most common form of synchronous cancer is colorectal cancer. To reduce the invasiveness of the resection, a laparoscopy-assisted combined resection was performed in three patients with synchronous gastric and colorectal cancer. Although all gastric lesions were in the early stages, two colorectal lesions were advanced cases. In all cases, the laparoscopic gastric resection and reconstruction was performed first, followed by the colorectal resection. In the case of right-side colon cancer in addition to gastric cancer, it was relatively easy to perform the combined resection with lymph node dissection sharing the same ports used for the gastrectomy, although we needed an additional port. In one case, in which rectal cancer was present in addition to gastric cancer located in the upper portion of the stomach, a totally laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy was combined with a laparoscopy-assisted low anterior resection, leaving only a lower abdominal minilaparotomy wound. All patients quickly returned to normal activity without remarkable complications, with the exception of a wound infection in one patient. With a mean follow-up of 30.7 months, all patients survived without any sign of recurrence. This procedure represents a feasible option for minimally invasive treatment of synchronous gastric and colorectal cancer.     

结肠癌侵犯十二指肠的手术方式探讨

目的探讨结肠癌侵犯十二指肠的手术方式,评估临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析第四军医大学附属西京医院2013年1月至2014年12月收治的结肠癌侵犯十二指肠患者共26例,结合患者不同的临床特点及手术方式进行生存分析。 结果根治性右半结肠切除术8例,根治性右半结肠切除术+十二指肠壁缺损间断全层缝合术10例,右半结肠切除、空肠十二指肠端侧吻合+空肠Roux-en-Y吻合、空肠营养管造瘘术4例,右半结肠切除、胰十二指肠切除术1例,根治性右半结肠切除、胃窦及球部切除、胃空肠吻合术1例,横结肠-回肠侧侧吻合术2例。术后除1例发生横结肠回肠吻合口瘘,未发生十二指肠瘘、胰瘘等严重并发症,12个月生存率84.6%,30个月生存率76.9%。 结论结肠癌侵犯十二指肠时,术前影像学评估、合理的手术方式选择和积极的外科处理将有助于减少术后并发症,提高临床疗效,改善预后。     

Current experience and future directions of completely NOTES colorectal resection

Clinical implementation and widespread application of natural orifice translumenal surgery (NOTES) has been limited by the lack of specialized endoscopic equipment, which has prevented the ability to perform complex procedures including colorectal resections. Relative to other types of translumenal access, transanal NOTES using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) provides a stable platform for endolumenal and direct translumenal access to the peritoneal cavity, and specifically to the colon and rectum. Completely NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection using TEM, with or without transgastric endoscopic assistance, was demonstrated to be feasible and safe in a swine survival model. The same technique was successfully replicated in human cadavers using commercially available TEM, with endoscopic and laparoscopic instrumentation. This approach also permitted complete rectal mobilization with total mesorectal excision to be performed completely transanally. As in the swine model, transgastric and/or transanal endoscopic assistance extended the length of proximal colon mobilized and overcame some of the difficulties with TEM dissection including limited endoscopic visualization and maladapted instrumentation. This extensive laboratory experience with NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection served as the basis for the first human NOTES transanal rectal cancer excision using TEM and laparoscopic assistance. Based on this early clinical experience, NOTES transanal approach using TEM holds significant promise as a safe and substantially less morbid alternative to conventional colorectal resection in the management of benign and malignant colorectal diseases. Careful patient selection and substantial improvement in NOTES instrumentation are critical to optimize this approach prior to widespread clinical application, and may ultimately permit completely NOTES transanal colorectal resection.     

Colorectal villous and tubulovillous adenomas equal to or greater than four centimeters.

The records of 237 patients treated for benign and malignant villous and tubulovillous adenomas at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1963 to 1987 were reviewed. Sixty-five adenomas were greater than or equal to 4 cm and form the basis of this report. Fifteen (23%) were in the cecum, 3 (5%) in the right colon, 1 (1%) in the splenic flexure, 10 (15%) in the sigmoid colon, and 36 (55%) in the rectum. The most common symptoms were rectal bleeding (70%), mucus diarrhea (44%), constipation (22%), and tenesmus (19%). Fifty-five (85%) of these large adenomas contained invasive adenocarcinoma and one in situ carcinoma. Two thirds of invasive carcinomas arose from predominantly villous adenomas and one third from tubulovillous adenomas. Half of all malignant adenomas demonstrated metastases to regional lymph nodes or distant metastases. Seven malignant adenomas (12%) were associated with synchronous adenocarcinomas of the colon, and 29% of malignant adenomas were associated with synchronous adenomatous polyps, principally tubular type. Four of nine benign, large adenomas were associated with synchronous adenomas but with no adenocarcinomas. No relationship was found between the size of the adenoma, location, or Dukes' stage. Though the incidence of in situ and invasive carcinomas is clearly related to the size of the adenoma, a linear relationship could not be demonstrated.     

Laparoscopic‐monitored colonoscopic polypectomy: a multimodality method to avoid segmental colon resection

Aim In some patients with adenoma, snare polypectomy may be technically impossible owing to angulation of the colon or after previous surgery. This may result in a segmental colonic resection, if malignant invasion is thought to be likely. Laparoscopic mobilization of the colon to enable a simultaneous colonoscopy can avoid this difficulty. Method A feasibility study was performed in 11 patients for whom endoscopic removal was technically impossible due to fibrosis after previous surgery or to anatomical difficulty. In 10, adenoma (histologically benign) had been diagnosed during diagnostic colonoscopy and in the remaining patient the indication was rectal bleeding. Results It was possible to perform a full colonoscopy after laparoscopic mobilization in all cases. In nine of the 10 patients with adenoma 11 tubulovillous adenomas were removed endoscopically, and in one the tumour was too large for endoscopic resection even after full mobilization. A laparoscopic segmental resection was performed in this case. In the patient with rectal bleeding, colonoscopy revealed an angiodysplasia of the caecum, also treated by resection. Apart from the two patients having resection, all patients were discharged within 24 h of the procedure. During endoscopic follow up (4–27 months) there were no recurrences. Conclusions Combined laparoscopy and endoscopy enabled removal of adenomas otherwise inaccessible for endoscopic techniques. Thus, segmental colon resections can be avoided in most of these patients.     

结直肠癌的腹腔镜手术治疗

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌的可行性。方法:回顾分析2008年9月至2010年6月我院为118例患者施行腹腔镜结直肠癌手术的临床资料。其中直肠癌71例,降结肠癌18例,升结肠癌29例;腹腔镜直肠癌切除术71例,腹腔镜左半结肠切除术18例,腹腔镜右半结肠切除术29例。结果:118例均成功完成腹腔镜手术,手术时间2~4h,术中出血50~100ml,无十二指肠、输尿管损伤及死亡病例,围手术期无严重并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌安全可行,患者创伤小,康复快,能达到根治目的。     

Staged anterior resection and TEM to preserve rectal function in synchronous malignant and benign rectal lesions

BACKGROUND: Traditionally patients with a high rectosigmoid carcinoma and a synchronous large distal rectal adenoma would be treated by low anterior resection with associated loss of rectal function. METHOD: Four patients with a carcinoma of the upper rectum or distal sigmoid colon and a synchronous distal rectal adenoma were treated by high anterior resection followed by staged Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) thus conserving the distal rectum. Preoperative and postoperative rectal function was assessed using the St. Mark's incontinence score. RESULTS: The proximal carcinomas and distal adenomas were 12-18 cms and 0.5-9 cms respectively from the dentate line. The mean surface area of the distal adenomas was 9.7 cms2. There were no deaths or major complications. There were no recurrences after a mean follow-up of 31.5 months. Rectal function was unchanged in three patients with a minor increase in the score in one. CONCLUSION: Staged high anterior resection and 'rEM offers effective treatment of synchronous rectosigmoid carcinoma and distal rectal adenoma with preservation of rectal function.     

Lasers in rectosigmoid tumours

The argon and the Nd-YAG lasers were used in the Lille Multidisciplinary Laser Centre for endoscopic destruction of rectosigmoid tumours over a 10 year period in 530 patients. The goal of the treatment was palliation of a rectal cancer (200 patients), palliation of a rectal polyposis after total colectomy (17 patients) and cure of a benign rectosigmoid villous adenoma (313 patients). The initial success and complications rates were, respectively, 88 and 2.7% for rectal cancers, 92 and 2% for villous adenomas and 100 and 0% for rectal polyposis. Average duration of improvement was 10.1 months for advanced rectosigmoid cancers. During a 3.1 years average follow up, the recurrence rate was 14% in patients with a villous adenoma. Immediate results were affected by the reason for treatment, the initial symptoms and the circumferential extension of the tumour base in advanced cancers and only by the circumferential extension in villous adenomas. Long-term results were affected by the reason for treatment and the circumferential extension in advanced cancers and the reason for treatment, initial histology and location in villous adenomas.     

Factors predicting early recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery excision for rectal adenoma

INTRODUCTION: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is an accepted way of excising rectal adenomas with low morbidity and mortality, avoiding major resectional surgery. However, there are no agreed criteria for surveillance following TEM. The purpose of this study was to identify criteria to guide surveillance programmes, thus reducing the surveillance burden for those patients at low risk of recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who had undergone TEM for rectal adenomas were identified, and a retrospective review of patient, pathological and histological parameters was performed. RESULTS: Seventy-five (40 male) patients were identified; median age 70 years (39-85). There were seven tubular, 33 tubulo-villous and 35 villous adenomas. All were considered completely excised by the operating surgeon. Forty-seven (62.7%) were reported as being completely excised histologically. There was no significant association between recurrence at 6 months and sex, age, type or position of adenoma, height above the anal verge, or degree of dysplasia. Recurrence rates at six months were 0% for the completely excised adenomas and 21.4% for the incompletely excised ones; this was statistically significant (Pearson chi(2), P < 0.001). In all there were 12 recurrences, 10 in the incompletely excised group at a median follow up of 31 (6-80) months (P < 0.001). In addition, a significant association for large adenomas to recur was noted at median follow up (Armitage Trend test, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Histological assessment of completeness of excision of rectal adenoma and size of adenoma are important predictors of early recurrence and have potential to guide follow-up strategies after TEM.     

经肛门微创系统治疗45例直肠肿瘤的临床分析以及经肛门内镜微创手术的进展

目的探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(TEM)治疗直肠肿瘤的安全性、疗效及预后,评价其临床应用价值及文献复习。方法回顾性分析2014年8月至2017年2月期间于佛山市第一人民医院行TEM治疗的45例直肠肿瘤患者的临床资料,总结其临床效果。结果所有患者的肿瘤病灶均完整切除,肿物直径为1.8±0.8 cm(1.0~4.0 cm),肿瘤距离肛缘为7.6±2.8 cm(6~17 cm);切缘行病理学检查均为阴性,其中全层切除18例,粘膜下及肌层部分切除27例;手术时间为72.7±18.1 min(40~120min),术中失血量的中位数为16.6 m L(5~200 m L);术后住院时间为4.9±1.7 d(4~7 d)。术后病理学检查示单纯直肠腺瘤13例,绒毛管状腺瘤13例,腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变5例,腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变7例,腺瘤癌变5例,均为Tis~T1期;另直肠类癌2例。术后发生创面大出血3例,均经保守治疗治愈;5例肛管及内痔损伤出血术中需加缝肛管创面;无大便失禁及肠穿孔情况。39例患者包括5例癌变患者术后常规随访,随访时间的中位数为15个月(2~30个月),随访期间均未出现肿瘤局部复发,未发生大便失禁和排便功能障碍。结论我们的结果与文献报道结果相近。TEM具有直视下操作、术野暴露清晰、切除范围准确、手术创伤小、复发率低等优点,是一种可用于治疗直肠肿瘤有效的、安全的微创手术方法,应在有条件的医院开展。