复方双氯芬酸钠成膜凝胶剂的体外透皮及药效学研究

摘要：目的:研究复方双氯芬酸钠成膜凝胶剂的体外透皮特性、镇痛作用以及促进伤口愈合作用。方法:采用Franz扩散池法研究复方双氯芬酸钠成膜凝胶剂的体外透皮特性;采用热板法以及醋酸扭体法考察其镇痛作用;采用小鼠皮肤创伤模型考察其促进伤口愈合作用。结果:双氯芬酸钠在完整皮肤和破损皮肤中的24 h单位面积累积透过量分别为（159.15±5.32）μg·cm-2和（307.31±7.09）μg·cm-2,皮肤内滞留量分别为（17.41±0.86）μg·cm-2和（6.63±0.53）μg·cm-2。葡萄糖酸氯己定在完整皮肤和破损皮肤中的24 h单位面积累积透过量分别为（0.14±0.19）μg·cm-2和（4.36±0.97）μg·cm-2,皮肤内滞留量分别为（1.80±0.43）μg·cm-2和（0.86±0.42）μg·cm-2。复方双氯芬酸钠成膜凝胶能明显抑制小鼠的热板舔足反应和醋酸扭体反应,明显促进小鼠创面愈合。结论:复方双氯芬酸钠成膜凝胶具有良好的透皮性能和滞留性,镇痛、促愈合作用较好。     

盐酸利多卡因脂质体凝胶剂的体外透皮扩散研究

目的 对盐酸利多卡因(lidocaine hydrochloricde,LDH)脂质体凝胶剂体外透皮量、皮肤层滞留量进行评价.方法 超声法制备LDH脂质体,再用卡波普为基质制成凝胶剂;以体外经皮渗透释药法,比较LDH脂质体凝胶剂及LDH凝胶剂中的经皮渗透规律.结果 平均包封率为(83.4±1.81)%;LDH 凝胶剂的渗透符合Higuchi方程,其中脂质体凝胶剂24h内药物渗透速率为770.32μ g·h-1,明显高于游离药物凝胶渗透率280.01μg·h-1.结论 载药脂质体凝胶剂可显著促进药物经皮吸收,为经皮吸收药物的理想载体.     

姜黄二酮醇质体凝胶的制备与经皮渗透性研究

摘要：目的:采用醇质体凝胶装载药物改善姜黄二酮透皮性能。方法:分别制备姜黄二酮醇质体凝胶、普通凝胶、乳膏选取小鼠腹部皮肤进行Franz体外扩散试验用HPLC法测定姜黄二酮的浓度。以透皮量、皮肤储滞留量和透皮速率为指标,评价三者透皮性能。结果:姜黄二酮醇质体凝胶中姜黄二酮的稳态透皮速率为64.24μg·cm-2·h-1,分别达普通凝胶的3.29倍、乳膏的1.21倍;皮肤滞留量为369.35μg·cm-2,分别为普通凝胶的5.11倍、乳膏的3.36倍。结论:姜黄二酮醇质体凝胶的透皮性能良好具有新药开发的前景。     

酮洛芬二元醇质体凝胶的研制及其质量考察

目的:研制酮洛芬二元醇质体凝胶,并对其质量进行考察.方法:采用乙醇注入法制备酮洛芬二元醇质体,采用研和法制备醇质体凝胶;透析法测定包封率;Franz扩散池进行离体皮肤渗透试验,测定其体外累积渗透量及皮内滞留量;并对其体外稳定性进行了初步考察.结果:酮洛芬二元醇质体形态圆整,平均粒径为(289.86±44.75)nm,平均包封率为(73.85±2.62)%.体外透过皮肤进入接收液中的二元醇质体(乙醇/丙二醇=7:3)累积渗透量为一元醇质体的1.8倍,24 h时二元醇脂质体和醇质体皮肤中药物滞留量分别为(52.33±3.12)μg·cm-2和(40.25±2.85)μg·cm-2.在实验期内,体外稳定性较好.结论:酮洛芬二元醇质体具更好的透皮吸收性及皮肤滞留性,且质量稳定.     

乳酸左氧氟沙星脂质体凝胶剂经小鼠在/离体的透皮吸收

目的:研究乳酸左氧氟沙星脂质体凝胶剂的皮肤渗透性。方法:以普通凝胶剂为对照,将乳酸左氧氟沙星脂质体制备成凝胶剂并应用于小鼠皮肤,用改良的Franz扩散池研究其透皮速率,以高效液相色谱法测定接受液、皮肤、血液及其他组织中的乳酸左氧氟沙星的含量。结果:所制脂质体凝胶剂有较大的透皮速率,平均为(13.5±1.0)μg.cm-2.h-1(n=6),透皮吸收行为符合Fick’s第一定律;经皮吸收结果显示体内吸收量均较普通凝胶剂低,而皮内滞留量无论是在体还是离体均较高。结论:该制剂具有良好的局部皮肤靶向性。脂质体有促进药物进入皮肤的能力,而药物进入血循环的量并不增加。     

丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂的研究

目的:研制丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂,为临床新制剂的开发提供参考。方法:以逆相蒸发—超声法等制备丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂;并采用改良Franz扩散池体外经皮渗透实验技术,对丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂及其普通凝胶剂的经皮渗透作用进行了比较。结果:丁卡因脂质体平均粒径为105.5 nm,平均包封率为 63.8％;体外透皮实验中,12 h累积透皮吸收百分率(Q％)为34.6％,明显高于普通凝胶制剂(17.7％);皮内药物滞留百分率(Q_滞％)分别为24.6％,明显高于普通凝胶制剂(0.65％)。结论:丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂有望成为适于临床给药的一种新剂型。     

盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶离体和在体透皮特点研究

目的:研究盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶在体和离体透皮特点。方法:采用Franz扩散池进行体外透皮实验,考察盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶、脂质体凝胶和普通凝胶经皮渗透性和皮肤滞留量;以小鼠为实验动物,3种凝胶腹部经皮给药,考察盐酸特比萘芬的血药浓度和皮肤滞留量,对比不同类型凝胶剂的透皮效果。结果:离体透皮扩散实验中,透皮速率排序为:脂质体凝胶>醇类脂泡囊凝胶>普通凝胶;皮肤内24 h累积滞留量排序为:醇类脂泡囊凝胶>脂质体凝胶>普通凝胶。在体透皮吸收实验中,皮肤内6 h累积滞留量排序为:醇类脂泡囊凝胶>脂质体凝胶>普通凝胶。3种凝胶中的盐酸特比萘芬在皮肤深层中的滞留量均远远大于角质层,醇类脂泡囊凝胶中药物在皮肤深层的滞留量远大于另外两种凝胶,而脂质体凝胶和普通凝胶在皮肤深层的滞留量无明显差异。结论:醇类脂泡囊对盐酸特比萘芬透皮吸收具有一定的促进作用,同时也能显著提高盐酸特比萘芬在皮肤内特别是皮肤深层中的滞留量,为治疗深部皮肤真菌感染提供了一种新方法。     

酮洛芬醇质体体外经皮渗透研究

目的:考察酮洛芬醇质体的体外经皮渗透特性。方法:乙醇注入法制备酮洛芬醇质体,采用Franz扩散池,以离体小鼠皮为皮肤屏障,对酮洛芬醇质体的体外经皮渗透量、稳态透皮速率进行研究,并测定24 h时皮肤中的滞留量。结果:酮洛芬醇质体体外24 h累积渗透量Q为(720.88±2.04)μg.cm-2,稳态透皮速率J为(28.15±0.20)μg.cm-2.h-1,24 h皮肤中的滞留量(50.86±1.44)μg.cm-2,与同剂量酮洛芬脂质体及其30%醇溶液相比,均有明显提高(P<0.05)。结论:醇质体可显著增加酮洛芬的体外经皮渗透,值得进一步研发。     

传递体作为双氯芬酸钠经皮渗透载体的研究

目的:研制双氯芬酸钠传递体,进行初步临床研究.方法:通过实验筛选该传递体的处方工艺,对其性状、包封率、稳定性、体外透皮及初步临床进行实验.结果:制得的传递体为乳白色混悬液,平均粒径81.50 nm ;平均包封率73.12% ;24 h时药物累积透皮吸收百分率58.62%,药物滞留在皮内的百分率22.61% ;临床应用中实验组与对照组双氯芬酸凝胶的疗效相当,不良反应发生率低.结论:双氯芬酸钠传递体有望成为适于临床给药的一种新剂型.     

丹皮酚脂质体凝胶剂的透皮作用机制考察

目的 研究丹皮酚脂质体凝胶的体外透皮扩散作用。方法 采用Franz扩散池,以大鼠皮肤进行体外经皮渗透试验,考察丹皮酚脂质体凝胶的经皮渗透行为及皮肤内药物滞留量。结果 制得的丹皮酚脂质体凝胶包封率为78.62%,平均粒径为127 nm。体外经皮渗透试验表明,与丹皮酚凝胶相比,丹皮酚脂质体凝胶透皮速率较慢,但皮肤中药物滞留量明显增加。结论 丹皮酚脂质体凝胶制备工艺可行,其体外释放有明显缓释特征,有望成为丹皮酚应用的新剂型。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.