髋关节后侧入路应用解剖

目的:为髋关节后侧手术入路及如何避免易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法:对60侧成尸下肢标本,参照手术进路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果:1.臀大肌的神经和血管及其分支均从肌深面入肌,入肌点均在臀大肌前缘后方。2.在竖脊肌起点外侧缘与大转子尖连线上距大转子尖距离:臀上血管神经束上支为(105.8±29.6)mm;臀上血管神经束下支为(78.6±36.8)mm。3.坐骨神经半腱肌支上支入肌点与坐骨结节距离为(102.6±56.2)mm;坐骨神经股二头肌支最上支入肌点与坐骨结节距离为(127.1±50.5)mm;坐骨神经半膜肌支上支入肌点与坐骨结节距离为(135.6±85.1)mm。结论:1.从大转子尖向上分离臀中肌臀小肌时不要超过大转子尖与髂嵴连线的下1/2,最安全应在1/3以内,以免损伤臀上血管神经束下支。2.切断梨状肌的位置越贴近大转子越不易损伤坐骨神经,梨状肌肌腱残留长度在保证吻合的情况下越短越好。     

臀三角的应用解剖

目的确定臀三角内梨状肌上、下孔和坐骨神经的体表定位,为临床应用提供解剖学资料。方法解剖观察30侧成人臀区标本。以同侧股骨大转子外侧缘最突出点(A)、坐骨结节(B)、髂后上棘(C)三点,形成的三角形区域称为臀三角。观测臀三角内梨状肌、坐骨神经、梨状肌上、下孔以及穿梨状肌上、下孔的血管神经与臀三角的位置关系。结果臀三角各边的长度分别为:髂后上棘转子间距,男(15.2±1.35)cm,女(11.5±0.72)cm;髂后上棘结节间距,男(13.3±0.87)cm,女(10.3±0.49)cm;转子结节间距,男(8.3±0.83)cm,女(5.5±0.61)cm。臀上动脉、静脉、神经出入梨状肌上孔的体表投影在髂后上棘与大转子连线中、上2/5交界处向下0~6.8 mm内;臀下动脉、静脉、神经出入梨状肌下孔处的体表投影在髂后上棘与坐骨结节连线中、下2/5处;坐骨神经出梨状肌下孔处的体表投影在坐骨结节与大转子连线中外3/5处。结论臀三角的相关数据对临床应用具有一定的参考价值。     

肛神经阻滞麻醉的解剖学基础研究

目的:为肛神经阻滞麻醉提供解剖学基础。方法:15例(30侧)成人尸体标本,置俯卧位,解剖坐骨肛门窝,观测肛神经走向肛门的长度、角度,肛神经毗邻关系及定位标志。结果:肛后缘与尾骨尖的距离为(4.56±0.62)cm(3.80～5.80cm),尾骨尖与坐骨结节最凸点的距离为(6.01±0.86)cm(4.50～8.00cm),肛后缘与坐骨结节最凸点距离为(6.05±0.65)cm(4.50～7.50cm)。肛门3点钟和9点钟位距肛神经主干为(4.93±0.91)cm(3.80～7.10cm),肛门3点钟和9点钟位向肛神经主干外偏角度为(35.6±3.3)°(30～40°)。肛神经主干位于坐骨结节与尾骨尖的联线上,距坐骨结节(2.21±0.28)cm(1.50～2.70cm),距坐骨结节或骶结节韧带平面前(1.36±0.13)cm(1.10～1.60cm)。结论:(1)肛神经位置恒定,其主干位于坐骨结节与尾骨尖联线上,坐骨结节内侧2.21cm,约相当于联线的外、中1/3相接处,这个距离约相当于肛后缘至尾骨尖的1/2距离。(2)肛门手术时,平坐骨结节最凸点(相当于平骶结节韧带)前1.36cm,将麻醉剂从此点注入,会有很好的麻醉效果。     

股二头肌长头血管神经的研究

本文就25具成人尸体进行了股二头肌长头的形态及其血管神经的观察,结果是:股二头肌长头从坐骨结节尖到长、短头会合点之间的距离平均为24.41±0.26厘米;会合点到腓骨小头尖之间的距离平均为14.58±0.2厘米;长头最宽处平均为3.61±0.12厘米,最宽处距坐骨结节尖之间的平均距离为18.2±0.31厘米,最厚处平均为1.83±0.08厘米。股二头肌长头的动脉来自旋股内侧动脉、股深动脉第一、二穿支。其中以来自旋股侧动脉和股深动脉的第一穿支的分支者为最多。每支动脉入肌前可分为1～3支入肌,这些分支均在长、短头会合点以上。肌支的外径均在0.5厘米以上。每支肌支动脉均为双支静脉伴行。股二头肌长头的神经均来自坐骨神经,平均为1～4支。股二头肌在矫形外科中常用于转位矫正股四头肌麻痹所致的跛行。近来游离肌瓣移植广泛开展,对该肌的应用解剖学研究逐渐引起人们的注意。复习文献,国外有 McCraw,国内有陶永松等、罗克忱等有过这方面的报导。综观这些资料,数量不多,且多限于血管主干。本文一方面想补充这方面国人资料,另一方面试图从应用角度出发,综合分析解剖所见,商榷几个临床应用的问题。     

骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的解剖定位研究

目的通过测量骶结节和骶棘韧带附着处附近的骨性标志间的距离,获得两条韧带的解剖定位方法及其体表投影位置,为临床相关应用提供解剖学依据。方法 20例(男、女性各10例20侧)正常成人防腐骨盆标本,用游标卡尺测量同侧髂后上棘至坐骨结节、髂后上棘至坐骨棘、髂后上棘至第4骶椎横突结节、髂后上棘至骶角、坐骨结节至坐骨棘、坐骨棘至骶角、坐骨结节至骶角的距离,并进行性别比较。结果男、女性骨盆髂后上棘至坐骨结节距离分别为(12.19±0.49)cm和(11.20±0.39)cm(P0.05);髂后上棘至骶角距离(7.62±0.50)cm和(6.70±0.92)cm(P0.05)。骶结节韧带的体表投影线为同侧髂后上棘至骶角连线中点与坐骨结节的连线;骶棘韧带的体表投影线为同侧髂后上棘至坐骨结节连线的上3/4与下1/4交点(坐骨棘位置,约距髂后上棘8.5cm)与骶角的连线。结论本研究不仅丰富了人类学数据,且提供的体表定位方法,为临床相关应用和康复治疗提供解剖学参考。     

以第1或第2穿动脉为蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距的应用解剖

目的：为带血管蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距提供解剖学依据。方法：３０侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本，对第１、２穿动脉起始、走行、分支分布和骨膜支进行详细的解剖学观察。结果：股深动脉在小转子尖下４．５±１．３ｃｍ、９．３±２．７ｃｍ处分别发出第１、２穿动脉，外径分别为２．８±０．７ｍｍ、２．４±０．６ｍｍ。穿动脉发出１～３支外径在１．０ｍｍ以上的肌骨膜支，分布于股骨后部中上段骨膜。结论：可以第１或第２穿动脉为蒂设计股骨瓣，可转位重建股骨距或修复股骨颈。     

坐骨神经在坐骨结节及股骨大转子间的体表定位

目的:通过对成人坐骨结节宽度的测量及坐骨神经与坐骨结节及股骨大转子距离观察测量,得出从体表定位坐骨神经的方法。方法:测量40块髋骨的坐骨结节最大宽度及最后突处的宽度;解剖成人尸体28具(56侧),测量坐骨神经在坐骨结节与股骨大转子间的宽度、坐骨结节最突处与股骨大转子最外突点距离及坐骨结节最后突处与坐骨神经内侧缘间距离。结果:坐骨神经在坐骨结节的最后突处与股骨大转子最外凸点连线的内中1/3交点走行,即在坐骨结节最内侧缘与股骨大转子最外突点连线的中点处走行。结论:体表投影的描述需要明确体表标志的准确部位,才能准确定位血管神经,避免定位时的误差。     

第1穿动脉升支大转子骨瓣在股骨颈（距）重建中的应用

目的：报道应用第１穿血管升支大转子骨瓣转位重建股骨颈（距）手术方法。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，解剖观察了第１穿动脉的分支分布情况。结果：股深动脉于小转子尖下方４．５±１．７ｃｍ处发出第１穿动脉，外径为２．８±０．７ｍｍ，第１穿动脉分为升支和降支，升支走向大转子方向，发出外径１．０ｍｍ以上的肌骨膜支，分布于臀大肌下部和大转子等处，并参与十字吻合。自１９９１年始，以第１穿动脉为蒂切取大转子骨瓣转位修复股骨颈和股骨距缺损８例，疗效满意。结论：以第１穿血管为蒂的大转子骨瓣，可用于股骨颈及股骨距缺损的修复与重建     

大转子区筋膜骨膜血管分布及其临床意义

目的：为股方肌蒂大转子筋膜骨膜骨瓣移位术提供解剖学基础。方法：在３４侧下肢标本上对大转子区筋膜和骨膜的形态特点及其血供进行了解剖学观察。结果：大转子区筋膜较厚,分浅、深两层,与臀大肌筋膜和大转子骨膜通过疏松结缔组织相连。筋膜和骨膜的动脉来源为多源性,来自旋股内侧动脉深支、臀下动脉大转子支、第１穿动脉升支、旋股外侧动脉升支和横支。它们在大转子形成广泛的吻合。旋股内侧动脉深支管径为１．７±０．５ｍｍ,长３．３±０．７ｃｍ,其筋膜支和骨膜支是大转子的主要营养血管。臀下动脉大转子支管径１．４±０．５ｍｍ,长５．２±０．８ｃｍ,常与旋股内侧动脉深支吻合。结论：带筋膜血管的骨膜骨瓣比不带筋膜的骨膜骨瓣血供丰富。根据大转子区筋膜和骨膜的血管分布特点,可设计带筋膜血管的股方肌蒂大转子骨膜骨瓣。     

大鼠腹壁浅动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学

目的探讨大鼠腹壁浅动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学特点,为该皮瓣切取提供解剖学依据。方法 SD大鼠27只,7只行大体解剖,描述该皮瓣的解剖学特点;20只经颈总动脉行明胶-氧化铅灌注,并通过图片处理技术测量相关数据。结果腹壁浅动脉由股动脉发出后在穿浅筋膜处发出第1个分支,随即分为内外侧支,分别与胸外侧动脉和胸背动脉吻合。其外径在股动脉发出处为(0.46±0.02)mm,在穿经浅筋膜处为(0.46±0.02)mm,其营养面积为(18.37±3.67)cm2,其与胸背动脉的吻合区距离腋下水平线和腹中线分别为(5.34±0.86)cm和(4.38±0.38)cm;与胸外侧动脉的吻合区距离腋下水平线和腹中线分别为(6.28±0.69)cm和(2.04±0.33)cm。结论大鼠腹壁浅动脉解剖位置和外径恒定,是游离皮瓣移植、皮瓣动脉增压、血流动力学研究等的理想模型。     

The gluteal sling: an anatomical study

Introduction

Sciatic nerve palsy is a devastating complication which may be seen after acetabular exposure in total hip resurfacing via a posterior approach. An anatomical structure termed as the “gluteal sling” was suggested to play a role in sciatic nerve palsies during this operation. “Gluteal sling” is formed by the attachment of the deep fibers of the inferior part of the gluteus maximus on the gluteal tuberosity of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum. It is suggested to be released to avoid such compressive injuries. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how much of the gluteal sling should be released to decrease the tension on sciatic nerve during posterior hip arthroplasties. We also aimed to study the anatomical structures at risk during releasing procedure.

Materials and methods

The gluteal sling was examined in 17 sides of 9 adult cadavers. Its relation with the sciatic nerve, first perforating artery, the tip of greater trochanter and the ischial tuberosity were evaluated.

Results

The closest distance between the gluteal sling and the sciatic nerve was measured as 1.9 ± 0.6 cm. This point was corresponding to the distal 2/3 part of the gluteal sling. The distance of the proximal edge of the gluteal sling to the first perforating artery was 3.7 ± 0.9 cm, while its ascending branch was closer, being 1.8 ± 0.8 cm.

Conclusions

Theoretically, it is enough to release the proximal 2/3 of the gluteal sling to avoid its compression on the sciatic nerve. However, further clinical studies would need to be undertaken to properly determine the effects of this procedure.     

臀部肌肉注射术的应用解剖

目的提供科学的臀部解剖学数据,确定安全的臀部肌肉注射部位。方法选取33例(66侧)成人下肢标本,在臀部外上区进行逐层解剖,观察并测量皮肤与皮下组织以及臀大肌和臀中肌的厚度;观察臀上神经的分支类型以及臀上动脉、静脉的管径。结果皮肤与皮下组织厚度男性约为1.2cm,女性约为1.4cm;臀大肌厚度男性约为1.8cm,女性约为1.5cm;臀中肌的厚度男性约为1.4cm,女性约为1.2cm。臀上神经与臀上血管的深支在臀肌之间共同形成血管神经层,多分为上、下两支,血管分别位于相应神经的下方。结论从股骨大转子到坐骨结节连线以上的臀部外上区,其下中1/3和前1/3区的上部最适宜肌肉注射,上中1/3区下部两横指处可作被选部位,其余区域不宜肌肉注射。     

Extraneural arterial blood vessels of human fetal sciatic nerve

Nerves get segmental blood supply either from the neighboring muscular and cutaneous branches or from the regional main arterial trunks. The aim of our research was to detect, in the gluteal and posterior femoral region, the blood vessels which are involved in the blood supply of the human fetal sciatic nerve, as well as to establish their origin. Micro-dissection was performed on 48 fetal lower extremities which were previously fixed in 10% formalin. Micropaque solution (barium sulfate) was injected into their blood vessels. The fetal gestational age was established by measuring the crump-crown length and it ranged from the third to the ninth lunar month. The observed nutritional arteries of the human sciatic nerve originated from the inferior gluteal artery, medial circumflex femoral artery, perforating branches, and popliteal artery. The anastomotic arterial chain of the human sciatic nerve was observed in all cases. In 75% of the cases it was composed of the branches of the inferior gluteal artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery and the first two perforating arteries. The nutrient branch of the third perforating branch was less frequently (in 14.5% of the cases) part of this anastomotic arterial chain.     

Basic anatomical investigation of semitendinosus and the long head of biceps femoris muscle for their possible use in electrically stimulated neosphincter formation

Anal neosphincter formation with electrically stimulated gracilis muscle is used increasingly for the surgical treatment of fecal incontinence. An alternative to gracilis might be of interest if this muscle is not available. 30 semitendinosus muscles and 15 long heads of biceps femoris were investigated on human cadavers. In particular, the nerve and vascular supply of these muscles was studied, both representing basic factors for muscle transposition. The long head of biceps femoris m. was found to receive its dominant vascular supply from the first and second perforating artery and its nerve supply from one motor branch out of the sciatic nerve, both as described in literature. The examination of semitendinosus m., however, revealed new anatomical aspects in its vascular supply. In all cases semitendinosus m. was found to receive dominant vascular pedicles from the medial circumflex femoral artery close to the ischial tuberosity and the second perforating artery. The nerve supply consisted of two motor branches out of the sciatic nerve. Both muscles fulfilled several basic criterias for transposition to the anus. However, regarding these requirements, semitendinosus offered distinct advantages in comparison with the long head of biceps femoris. Due to its vascular and nerve topography, semitendinosus seems suitable to serve as an alternative to gracilis.     

带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损     

First cutaneous branch of the internal pudendal artery: an anatomical basis for the so-called gluteal fold flap

We investigated the cutaneous blood supply in the gluteal and perineal regions of 35 donated cadavers to provide an anatomical basis for reliable vulvo-vaginal reconstruction using a skin flap such as the so-called gluteal fold flap. The cutaneous areas along the gluteal cleft and sulcus were likely to be supplied by 3 routes: 1) the internal pudendal artery (IPA), especially its first cutaneous branch; 2) perforators running through the gluteus maximus muscle and arising from the inferior gluteal artery (IGA); and 3) a non-perforator running around and inferior to the ischial tuberosity and originating from the IGA. Route 1 supplied the skin along the gluteal cleft, route 2 the gluteal fold (i.e., a bulky skin fold along the upper edge of the gluteal sulcus), and route 3, just along the gluteal sulcus. In those 3 routes, we noted the consistent morphology of the thick and long, first cutaneous branch of the IPA. The first arterial branch, 1.5 mm in diameter at its origin on average (ranging from 0.7-2.6 mm), usually originated from the IPA under the cover of or at the inferomedial or distal side of the sacrotuberous ligament (almost always less than 20 mm from the inferomedial margin of the ligament). The branch ran superomedially toward the coccyx or ran medially in the ischiorectal fat. It accompanied the vein and nerve at its distal (peripheral) course although the nerve often ran independently at its proxomal course near the ligament. Therefore, the first branch of the IPA seems to provide a reliable pedicle using the skin along the gluteal cleft whether the incision for approach is conducted along the gluteal sulcus or not. However, if the gluteus maximus muscle extended much inferomedially, the pedicle would be very short. In this case, preparation of the pedicle seems to be necessary along the arterial course under the cover of the muscle.     

Does the direct lateral approach to the hip joint jeopardize the superior gluteal nerve?

The purpose of this anatomical study was to determine the location and course of the superior gluteal nerve in relation to the superior pole of the greater trochanter and the surgical pathway for the direct lateral approach to the hip joint. Twenty adult cadaveric lower extremities in ten patients (five male and five female) were carefully dissected to identify the location of the superior gluteal nerve and its terminal branches. The most inferior branch of the superior gluteal nerve was variable, could be asymmetrical, and was located 3–6.5 cm above the superior tip of the greater trochanter. During the lateral approach to the hip, it is recommended that the proximal extension be limited to 3 cm above the most superior aspect of the greater trochanter.     

髋前外侧肌间隙入路治疗股骨转子间骨折的应用解剖

目的    为髋前外侧肌间隙手术入路治疗股骨转子间骨折提供解剖学基础。  方法    12侧成人尸体下肢标本,模拟髋前外侧肌间隙入路对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。  结果    臀中肌阔筋膜张肌间隙髂嵴附着处距髂前上棘距离（5.13±0.52）cm(4.25~6.30 cm）,在该间隙内常见臀上神经最下支以及旋股外侧动脉升支臀中肌支穿过,臀上神经最下支穿臀中肌阔筋膜张肌间隙处至股骨大转子外侧最凸点距离为（8.15±0.67）cm(7.13~9.56 cm）;旋股外侧动脉升支臀中肌支走行至该间隙处距离股骨大转子外侧最凸点距离为（5.57±0.39）cm(5.05~6.62 cm）。  结论    髋前外侧肌间隙入路治疗股骨转子间骨折具有安全、暴露充分、软组织损伤小等特点,为股骨转子间骨折的手术治疗提供了新思路和新方法。     

Arterial supply to the sciatic nerve in the gluteal region

The arterial supply to the sciatic nerve was investigated in 20 human lower limbs (10 right, 10 left) from 20 cadavers (14 females, aged 84 +/- 9.6 years, range 66-95 years: 6 males, aged 80 +/- 8.2 years, range 70-90 years). In all limbs examined at least 1 sciatic artery could be identified supplying the sciatic nerve in the gluteal region. In total 28 sciatic arteries were identified, of which 14 arose from the medial circumflex femoral artery, 11 from the inferior gluteal artery, 2 from the first perforating artery, and 1 from the internal pudendal artery. In 5 limbs, 2 sciatic arteries were observed, being independent branches from the medial circumflex femoral and inferior gluteal arteries in 4 limbs and separate branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery in 1 limb. In 1 limb, 4 sciatic arteries were observed: 1 from the inferior gluteal artery, 2 from the medial circumflex femoral artery, and 1 from the first perforating artery. In the remaining 14 limbs a single sciatic artery was observed, which in one case arose from the internal pudendal artery, a previously unreported observation.     

前臂近中段Thompson入路中桡神经深支医源性损伤的解剖学因素及对策

目的　探讨前臂近中段Thompson入路中容易发生桡神经深支损伤的解剖学因素并提出对策。 方法　教学用成人尸体标本48具,按照Thompson入路显露,观察前臂伸肌与桡神经深支及其肌支的位置关系;测量桡神经深支穿出旋后肌的位置距离桡侧腕短伸肌的横向距离;观察指伸肌和桡侧腕短伸肌在前臂近段的愈着情况,测量二者在肱桡关节线以远的愈着长度。 结果　指伸肌和桡侧腕短伸肌在前臂近段相愈着,愈着长度在肱桡关节以远(7.1±2.1)cm;桡神经深支在旋后肌下缘的穿出点与桡侧腕短伸肌尺侧缘的水平距离为(1.3±0.3) cm,与肱桡关节线距离为(6.1±1.8) cm。 结论　前臂近中段Thompson入路中容易发生桡神经深支损伤存在着解剖学因素,了解桡神经深支的解剖特点及其与前臂伸肌的位置关系可以避免桡神经深支损伤。