鼻咽癌放射治疗后颅底骨坏死的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗(简称放疗)后颅底放射性骨坏死的诊断和治疗，提高本病的诊治水平。方法 对15例确诊的鼻咽癌颅底骨坏死患者的资料、临床症状及体征、治疗方式等特点进行分析与总结。结果 颅底放射性骨坏死的常见症状为恶臭、头痛和鼻衄；内镜表现为鼻咽坏死，可见骨质裸露或死骨形成。CT特征性表现：骨破坏广泛而对称或局限；骨体的表面裸露在气腔中；有死骨形成；软组织内见小气泡。9例局限性颅底骨坏死手术治疗，2例死于放射性颞叶坏死，生存7例，生存时间2～7年。5例广泛颅底骨坏死和1例局限性颅底骨坏死保守治疗，3例死于鼻咽大出血，1例死于呼吸循环衰竭，生存2例，生存时间3～5年。结论 颅底骨坏死根据症状结合CT或磁共振成像(magneticresonance imaging，MRI)及内镜特征可作出临床诊断，确诊须病理证实；手术治疗效果最佳。广泛颅底骨坏死伴放射性脑损伤或颅神经损伤者预后较差，鼻咽大出血及衰竭为主要死因。     

Diagnosis and management of skull base osteoradionecrosis after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnosis and management of skull base osteoradionecrosis (ORN) after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: The general information, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes were retrospectively evaluated in 15 patients with skull base ORN after radiotherapy for NPC. RESULTS: The common symptoms of skull base ORN included foul odor, headache, and epistaxis. Endoscopic examination showed exposed bone or sequestration in the nasopharynx. The characteristic findings according to computed tomography included the following: bone was destroyed extensively and symmetrically or regionally; bone was exposed to the air cavity; sequestration can be observed; and small air bladder was present in the parenchyma. There were nine patients regional skull base ORN receiving surgery, two of whom died of postradiation temporal lobe necrosis and seven of whom survived for 2 to 7 years. Conservative treatments were provided to six patients, including five patients with extensive skull base ORN and one patient with regional ORN, among which three patients died of nasopharyngeal bleeding, one patient died of exhaustion, and two patients survived for 3 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical diagnosis of skull base ORN was based on symptoms, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopy. The final confirmation was according to pathologic examination. Surgery had the best effect. Extensive ORN accompanied by radiation brain damage or cranial nerves damage had poor prognosis. Nasopharyngeal bleeding and exhaustion were the main causes of death.     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后颅底骨坏死的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗 (简称放疗 )后颅底放射性骨坏死的诊断和治疗 ,提高本病的诊治水平。方法　对 15例确诊的鼻咽癌颅底骨坏死患者的资料、临床症状及体征、治疗方式等特点进行分析与总结。结果　颅底放射性骨坏死的常见症状为恶臭、头痛和鼻衄 ;内镜表现为鼻咽坏死 ,可见骨质裸露或死骨形成。CT特征性表现 :骨破坏广泛而对称或局限 ;骨体的表面裸露在气腔中 ;有死骨形成 ;软组织内见小气泡。 9例局限性颅底骨坏死手术治疗 ,2例死于放射性颞叶坏死 ,生存 7例 ,生存时间 2～ 7年。 5例广泛颅底骨坏死和 1例局限性颅底骨坏死保守治疗 ,3例死于鼻咽大出血 ,1例死于呼吸循环衰竭 ,生存 2例 ,生存时间 3～ 5年。结论　颅底骨坏死根据症状结合CT或磁共振成像 (magneticresonanceimaging ,MRI)及内镜特征可作出临床诊断 ,确诊须病理证实 ;手术治疗效果最佳。广泛颅底骨坏死伴放射性脑损伤或颅神经损伤者预后较差 ,鼻咽大出血及衰竭为主要死因     

内镜手术治疗鼻咽癌放射治疗后颅底软组织坏死的临床研究

目的探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗(放疗)后颅底软组织坏死患者的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2015—2019年收治的7例鼻咽癌放疗后颅底软组织坏死且不合并骨组织坏死患者的临床资料。7例患者中男6例,女1例;年龄45~80岁,中位年龄54岁。分析7例患者的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。7例患者的主要临床症状包括:头痛7例;听力下降7例;长期鼻部恶臭5例;反复鼻出血2例。7例患者术前均行颅底高分辨率CT、MR以及磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查。7例患者高分辨率CT检查可见鼻咽部软组织病灶,骨皮质完整,颅底软组织病灶与颅底骨面交界处可见小气泡影;MR、MRA检查显示鼻咽部为广泛炎性反应改变,6例可见鼻咽旁不规则坏死腔,病变中心无强化,周围软组织水肿。所有病例均采用全身麻醉内镜下扩大经鼻入路手术切除坏死组织的治疗方式。7例患者均行鼓膜切开置管术;5例行部分或全切患侧咽鼓管软骨段;1例同时行全组鼻窦开放术。7例患者均在围手术期进行抗炎等对症处理,术后随访6个月至3年,观察记录患者恢复情况。结果 7例患者手术清除的鼻咽颅底坏死组织经术后组织病理学检查,结果证实为坏死软组织及坏死的软骨组织,无肿瘤复发。全部患者术后症状均得到不同程度的改善,包括:听力提高7例;头痛消失5例,头痛缓解2例;鼻部恶臭消失4例,减轻1例。随访期间5例存活,2例死亡。2例未切除咽鼓管的患者中1例术后3个月再次出现鼻咽坏死灶,之后死于鼻咽大出血;1例术后6个月出现严重颅内感染导致死亡。结论鼻咽癌放疗后颅底软组织坏死诊断需依据患者的放疗病史、临床表现和影像学检查综合分析,颅底高分辨率CT、MR、MRA对于诊断非常重要,早期积极采用内镜下大范围坏死灶清除同时根据咽鼓管软骨受累情况行咽鼓管软骨的部分切除或全切除是治疗放疗后颅底软组织坏死的有效手段,可提高患者的生活质量。     

脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射断层显像在鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽颅底病变的诊断效果研究

目的探讨脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射断层显像（F-18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography，FDG-PET）在鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽颅底病变中的诊断价值。方法通过9例行FDG-PET、CT和（或）MRI检查，以及内镜下鼻咽颅底病灶探查活检术的鼻咽癌放疗后患者，比较FDG-PET、CT和（或）MRI与病理活检结果。结果9例鼻咽癌放疗后患者中CT和（或）MRI提示枕骨斜坡复发7例，可疑复发2例；FDG-PET鼻咽颅底有浓聚灶9例；病理确诊复发3例，慢性炎症和（或）骨组织部分坏死6例。PDG—PET诊断准确率是33．3％（3／9），假阳性率为66．7％（6／9）。结论FDG-PET对鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽颅底病变诊断有一定假阳性率，确诊需根据内镜下的病理诊断。     

Salvage surgery for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of salvage surgery for patients with primary recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Eighteen consecutive patients with primary recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiation failure underwent nasopharyngectomy for cure via a facial translocation approach from July 1, 1993, to December 31, 1999. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 71 months. Five patients with skull base invasion required a combined neurosurgical approach to treatment. Seven patients had additional postoperative radiotherapy. RESULTS: The actuarial 3-year survival was 57%, while the local control was 78%. Four of 5 patients who had skull base invasion achieved local control. There was no surgical mortality, and the morbidity was 22%. CONCLUSION: Advances in skull base surgery make possible the effective control of primary recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with acceptable mortality and morbidity.     

Systematic Management of Osteoradionecrosis in the Head and Neck

Objectives: Osteoradionecrosis is one of the most serious and devastating complications of radiotherapy. The proper management of osteoradionecrosis is currently undetermined. The objective of this study is to evaluate the treatment results of a systematic approach to osteoradionecrosis. Study Design: A prospective study of a systematic approach to osteoradionecrosis in the head and neck area was undertaken. Methods: From July 1993 to June 1998, 33 cases of osteoradionecrosis in the head and neck area were treated using a systematic approach that combined sequestrectomy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Results: Seven (21%) had recurrent cancer. The control rate of the other 26 osteoradionecrosis cases was 77% (20/26). Conclusions: Persistent osteoradionecrosis, despite diligent radical treatment, raises the suspicion of recurrent cancer. Extensive osteoradionecrosis with a multiple discharging fistula, a large area of exposed necrotic bone, or a coexistent fracture should be treated primarily with radical sequestrectomy and microvascular free flap reconstruction. Surgery still plays a major role in controlling osteoradionecrosis, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy is adjuvant.     

Differentiation of Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Skull Base Osteoradionecrosis by Epstein‐Barr Virus‐Derived Latent Membrane Protein‐1 Gene

Objectives In patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the differentiation between recurrent primary cancer and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is clinically difficult. Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐derived latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) has been demonstrated to be highly associated with NPC. The objective of this study is to define the role of the LMP‐1 gene in the differential diagnosis of recurrent NPC and ORN. Study Design Prospective. Methods From July 1998 to June 2000, 15 postirradiated patients with NPC who were initially diagnosed to have skull base ORN underwent endoscopic sequestrectomy. The sequestra were examined for the presence of the LMP‐1 gene and cancer. Results Two of 15 patients had recurrent cancer and only these two patients demonstrated a positive LMP‐1 gene in their surgically removed sequestra. The presence of the LMP‐1 gene in the sequestrum coincided with biopsy‐proven local recurrence. Conclusions The LMP‐1 gene is a potential marker to differentiate between recurrent NPC and ORN. The presence of the LMP‐1 gene in patients with ORN may indicate local recurrence.     

啮蚀艾肯菌致鼻咽颅底感染1例报道

目的 总结1例啮蚀艾肯菌引起鼻咽颅底感染的诊疗经验,提高对该菌感染病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例啮蚀艾肯菌致鼻咽颅底感染患者的病例资料,并结合文献进行讨论。结果 本例患者完善内镜检查、影像学检查以及实验室检查,鼻咽颅底组织2次病理报告均为慢性肉芽肿性炎,经实验室确诊为啮蚀艾肯菌感染,予清创引流、口服抗生素2个月后,患者痊愈,术后随访3个月未复发。结论 鼻咽颅底感染临床少见,临床症状、影像学检查与鼻咽癌相似。啮蚀艾肯菌为罕见致病菌,发病率低。诊治上,需结合病理学、病原学检查明确诊断,及早清创引流、选取合适的抗感染药物。     

鼻咽癌放疗后颅底骨感染坏死的治疗体会

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放疗后颅底放射性骨坏死(ORN)的临床处理策略。 方法 收集11例确诊为鼻咽癌ORN的病历资料,分析其临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后特点。 结果 7例鼻咽部放射性骨坏死(NORN)患者中(其中3例合并上颌骨坏死),2例于术后1年分别因颅内感染、肺部感染死亡,其余5例生存患者中,3例感染控制,骨质坏死未见扩大(1例随访5年,1例随访3年,1例随访1年),2例骨坏死范围均有不同程度扩大(1例随访1年,1例随访8个月)。4例颞骨放射性骨坏死(TORN),其中3例为局限性,1例术腔完全上皮化(随访3年),2例术腔间断性渗出(分别随访1年、2年),上述3例均未发现有明显的骨质坏死扩大现象。另1例为广泛性坏死,最终死于颈内动脉破裂大出血。11例中有3例行责任血管栓塞治疗。 结论 鼻咽癌放射治疗后引起的颅底骨感染坏死病情复杂,早期积极采用内镜下彻底清除坏死骨质是治疗该病的有效途径。责任血管栓塞既可避免突发大出血,降低死亡率,又能降低手术风险,彻底清理坏死灶。     

Endoscopic techniques in resection of anterior skull base/paranasal sinus malignancies

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the role of endoscopic approaches to the resection of anterior skull base and paranasal sinus malignancies at one tertiary care medical center. STUDY DESIGN: The authors conducted a retrospective chart review over a period of 17 years. METHODS: Patients undergoing anterior skull base resections for malignancies over a 17-year period were reviewed. Data were collected on each patient with respect to the pathology of the tumor and approach used as well as demographic and follow-up information. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients were treated at a tertiary care medical center for malignancies of the paranasal sinuses and anterior skull base. The most common diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma occurring in 33% of the cases. The remaining pathologies included esthesioneuroblastoma (23%), adenoid cystic carcinoma (15%), melanoma (3%), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (3%), lymphoma (5%), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (4%), and other tumor types (14%). Endoscopic techniques were used extensively in this population of patients. Combined approaches using a sublabial/transmaxillary approach and coronal approaches were used when indicated and complemented the endoscopic approach. A majority of patients were without evidence of disease at the end of this review. Using endoscopic techniques allowed for acceptable cosmetic results and facial incisions were used minimally. CONCLUSION: With complete endoscopic surgical resection followed by radiation therapy, local recurrence, morbidity, and cosmetic deformity have been minimized. The microscopic view provided by endoscopic techniques, with or without complementary approaches, allows for complete tumor removal.     

内镜经口入路行鼻咽癌放疗后肿瘤残留切除或咽旁隙转移及复发淋巴结清扫术

 目的探讨内镜经口入路行鼻咽癌放疗后咽旁隙残留或复发淋巴结清扫术的有效性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2015年3月～2017年10月南方医科大学珠江医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的12例鼻咽癌放疗后咽旁隙淋巴结残留或复发患者的临床资料,所有患者术前均行影像学检查诊断,其中5例单纯行内镜下经口入路咽旁隙淋巴结清扫术,7例因有鼻咽癌原发灶残留或者复发同时行鼻咽-颅底肿瘤切除术。结果12例（共13侧）患者手术顺利,术后均未出现声嘶、进食呛咳及颈内动脉损伤等并发症,1例患者出现口内切口感染,1例患者切口部分缝线松脱,均经对症处理后痊愈。术后随访至2018年4月,中位随访23个月（6～36个月）,所有患者术后均未出现咽旁隙内再发转移灶。结论内镜下经口入路行鼻咽癌放疗后咽旁隙淋巴结清扫术可有效地切除转移灶,且手术创伤小,并发症少,术后恢复快,具有临床应用价值。     

经鼻内镜治疗儿童脑膜脑膨出

目的:探讨鼻内型儿童脑膜脑膨出的诊断和鼻内镜微创外科治疗的方法。方法:2例均经CT和MRI确诊。在鼻内镜或耳内镜下,经鼻吸出膨出于鼻腔的脑膜组织,判断缺损位置和范围,取同侧大腿外肌肉和筋膜封堵颅底。结果:2例均经1次手术治愈,术后随访1~2年未见复发,无其他并发症。结论:CT和MRI在诊断鼻内型脑膜脑膨出具有重要价值。鼻内型脑膜脑膨出可选择经鼻内镜的鼻内进路手术方式,鼻内镜下经鼻进路手术修补鼻内型脑膜脑膨出具有安全、简便、损伤小、并发症少等优点。     

涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤的治疗

目的:探讨涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤处理的有效方法.方法:对2000年3月～2005年7月36例涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤患者资料进行回顾性分析.采用的手术入路分别是:经颈侧切开入路15例,经颈-腮腺入路10例,下颌骨外旋入路4例,上颌外旋入路5例,眶颧入路2例.结果:36例肿瘤中,5例为恶性肿瘤,其余皆为良性肿瘤.31例良性肿瘤皆完整切除.5例恶性肿瘤中有2例为鼻咽黏膜下型鳞状细胞癌颅底咽旁间隙转移,经颈侧切开探查病理确诊后放射治疗,1例随诊3年无复发;1例随诊5年,复发带瘤生存;1例侵犯颅底的恶性神经纤维瘤术后3年复发,放弃治疗死亡;1例侵犯颅底的恶性神经鞘膜瘤术后已随诊3年余,健在;1例腮腺深叶黏液表皮样癌,已随诊2年余,健在.36例中,术后声嘶者3例伴呛咳1例,4例发生Horner综合征;2例发生舌偏斜,3个月后好转.结论:不同的涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤有不同的临床特点,应根据各自的临床特点选择适当的处理方法.     

Endoscopic endonasal approach for the treatment of anterior skull base tumours

INTRODUCTION: The increasing expertise of transnasal endoscopic surgery has recently expanded its indications to include the management of tumours affecting the skull base. We report our experience with endoscopic management of these tumours, emphasising the indications and surgical technique used. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients treated by an endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) in our department from 2004 until 2011. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were analysed. We performed an endoscopic craniofacial resection in 32 patients (51%), an expanded EEA in 22 (35%), a transclival approach in 6 (9%) and a transpterygoid approach in 3 (5%). The most frequent benign tumour was nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (24%), while adenocarcinoma (30%) was the most common among malignancies. Mean follow-up was 26 months (range: 6 to 84 months). The complication rate was 5% and resection was complete in 56 cases (89%). The 5-year overall-survival was 71% in patients with malignant tumours and the effectiveness was 100% in benign tumours. CONCLUSION: Our results support that endoscopic surgery, when properly planned, represents a valid alternative to standard surgical approaches for the management of skull base tumours.     

Malignant external otitis

Malignant external otitis or skull base osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis of the skull base and the skull are potentially life-threatening conditions. The standard methods of treatment involve the use of antibiotics, local treatment and, where necessary, surgical excision of necrotic tissue. These approaches do not provide a complete cure in many cases. Severe functional deficits and even death can occur in advanced stages. We conducted a long-term retrospective follow-up study and report on a multimodal approach that we have been using with great success since 1987. The four cornerstones of this treatment are surgical debridement, combinations of antibiotics, specific immunoglobulins, and adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This multimodal treatment approach has proved to be highly effective in improving the survival and quality of life of the patients concerned. These excellent outcomes justify the high costs that this therapy admittedly involves.     

Endoscopic laser-assisted excision of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas

BACKGROUND: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) are highly vascular tumors that originate in the nasopharynx of young males. The primary treatment is surgical excision. Traditional surgical approaches are associated with significant morbidity and facial deformity. We introduce and outline the clinical advantages of an endoscopic surgical approach to JNAs using the Nd:YAG laser with image-guided surgery. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our study included 5 male patients (age range, 8-21 years) with extensive JNAs. Their tumors were large and ranged from Fisch stage IIA to IIIA. Embolization of tumor-feeding vessels was performed before surgery. The tumors were photocoagulated via a transnasal endoscopic approach using a Nd:YAG laser. Devascularized, lased tumor was removed with a microdebrider. Image-guided navigation systems were used to assist skull base tumor removal, and sublabial and buccolabial incisions were used as needed to gain lateral endoscopic tumor access. Endoscopic tumor margins were obtained for frozen section. RESULTS: All patients achieved symptomatic remission, with no complications. No blood transfusions were necessary. The patients were ready for discharge 1 to 2 days after surgery. Postoperative and magnetic resonance imaging scans showed 2 skull base recurrences, which were removed endoscopically. Follow-up ranged between 2 and 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional external surgical approaches to large JNAs may result in significant morbidity. Laser-assisted image-guided endoscopic excision of JNAs is a safe and effective minimally invasive surgical treatment. Its distinct advantages include (1) diminished blood loss, (2) superior cosmesis without observed altered facial growth, (3) direct access of skull base with minimal morbidity, and (4) ease of endoscopic follow-up.     

内镜下经鼻-翼突入路切除翼突周围颅底病变的临床分析

目的探讨内镜下经鼻-翼突入路处理翼突周围颅底病变的手术方式。方法回顾性分析2015—2019年蚌埠医学院第一附属收治的10例内镜下经鼻-翼突入路治疗颅底病变的临床资料,其中神经鞘瘤2例,鼻咽纤维血管瘤2例,恶性黑色素瘤2例,嗅神经母细胞瘤1例,内翻性乳头状瘤1例,腺样囊性癌1例,胆脂瘤1例。结果8例患者完整切除肿瘤;1例嗅神经母细胞瘤患者术中鼻腔内肿瘤切除,颅内肿瘤残留,术后辅助化疗,肿瘤控制;1例神经鞘瘤术中瘤体出血,肿瘤残余。术后1例胆脂瘤患者出现术侧眼干、面部感觉减退,4个月后症状缓解;所有患者术后随访4~41个月,无复发。结论内镜下经鼻-翼突入路是处理翼突周围颅底病变的有效手段,可有效减少术中出血及术后并发症,安全性高。     

In vivo diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using contact rhinoscopy

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the potential use of contact endoscopy for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study to examine the nasopharynx of 30 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and 18 subjects with normal nasopharynx in a clinic setting using contact rhinoscopes (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany, 7215 AA, 00 and 7215 BA, 300; 23 cm long; 4 mm in diameter). METHODS: The superficial cells of the normal nasopharynx and the nasopharyngeal tumors were stained with 1% methylene blue and examined with contact rhinoscopes at high magnifications (x 60 and x 150). The areas under examination were then biopsied. The contact endoscopic images were compared with the corresponding hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic sections of the biopsied tissues. RESULTS: Sixty-six procedures were performed in 48 patients. The images of normal pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and squamous epithelium were readily recognized by contact endoscopy in all subjects with normal nasopharynx (10 men and 8 women; mean age, 51.9 y). Twenty-six of 30 patients with NPC (86.6%; 18 men and 8 women; mean age, 50.6 y) were successfully examined by contact endoscopy under local anesthesia. In these 26 patients, two patterns of malignant cells were identified with contact endoscopy. The patterns of contact endoscopic images corresponded well with the histologic findings. CONCLUSION: Contact endoscopy is an accurate and reliable office-based procedure, which allows for in-vivo diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

鼻咽癌放疗后颞骨放射性骨坏死的诊治

目的总结鼻咽癌放射性颞骨坏死的临床资料,为今后的诊断和治疗提供经验。方法根据骨坏死的范围是否局限,分为局限性和广泛性的放射性颞骨坏死,对1995～2002年期间收治的13例鼻咽癌放射性颞骨坏死的患者进行回顾性分析,9例局限性骨坏死采用手术清除死骨8例,对症治疗1例;4例广泛性骨坏死采用手术治疗3例,保守治疗1例。结果9例局限性骨坏死,经手术一次性治愈7例,1例再次手术治愈;1例保守治疗,经历4年后死骨脱落,无新死骨形成;4例广泛性骨坏死除了保守治疗1例死于鼻咽大出血外,另3例经手术治愈。结论手术治疗是有效的治疗手段,广泛性的骨坏死可引起危及生命的并发症。