超声乳化治疗白内障合并闭角型青光眼的临床体会

目的：观察超声乳化白内障摘除折叠人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障合并闭角型青光眼的临床效果。 方法：对29例29眼闭角型青光眼合并有白内障的患者行超声乳化白内障摘除折叠人工晶状体植入术,并对术后视力、眼压、前房角镜检查及并发症进行统计分析。 结果：患者28眼（96.5%）术后视力提高。25眼（86.2%）不需要用任何降眼压药物,眼压均维持在正常水平,3眼（10.3%）局部应用抗青光眼眼药水眼压控制正常,1眼（3.5%）行小梁切除术后眼压恢复正常。29眼房角镜检查房角较术前增宽。8例（27.6%）术后早期出现轻度角膜水肿,经治疗恢复正常。 结论：对合并白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼,术前房角粘连关闭≤270°者,可以考虑先行白内障超声乳化联合折叠人工晶状体植入术,可有效降低眼压,开放房角,提高视力,治疗效果良好。     

超声乳化术治疗合并白内障的闭角型青光眼临床分析

目的观察超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入治疗合并白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼的临床疗效。方法 32例(37只眼)合并白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼患者行超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术,观察患者术前术后视力、眼压、周边前房深度、房角等情况。术后随访时间为3个月。结果术后所有患者的矫正视力均有不同程度的提高;眼压较术前有所下降;周边前房深度均≥1CT;房角变宽。结论对术前眼压药物控制正常水平,房角关闭范围≤1/2圆周者,超声乳化白内障摘除术可有效治疗合并白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼。     

晶状体超声乳化人工晶状体植入术治疗闭角型青光眼

目的观察分析晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合后房人工晶状体植入术治疗合并白内障的急性闭角型青光眼的疗效。方法对我院治疗的合并白内障的闭角型青光眼48例(48眼),术前查前房角,前房角关闭粘连小于180°范围者行晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合后房型人工晶状体植入术。术前、术后分析比较眼压、视功能及前房深度,随访6～12个月。结果术后48眼眼压全部控制在21.0 mmHg以下,无严重并发症。46眼视力均有不同程度的提高,2眼视力无变化。术前术后视力及眼压差异有统计学意义。结论对于合并有白内障的前房角关闭粘连小于180°的急性闭角型青光眼可行单纯晶状体超声乳化人工晶状体植入术治疗。     

超声乳化吸除白内障联合房角粘连分离术治疗急性闭角型青光眼

目的:探讨超声乳化白内障吸除联合折叠式人工晶状体植入联合房角分离术治疗急性闭角型青光眼临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析采用超声乳化白内障吸除联合折叠式人工晶状体植入联合房角分离术治疗急性闭角型青光眼80例80眼临床资料。结果:术后最佳矫正视力较术前显著提高;患者术后眼压显著下降(P<0.01);房角粘连关闭象限均有不同程度开放。结论:白内障超声乳化及前房分离治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障具有安全、降眼压确切、增进视力和开放房角的效果。     

超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合房角分离术治疗急性闭角型青光眼的远期疗效观察

目的观察超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合房角分离术治疗急性闭角型青光眼的远期疗效。方法对2002年6月至2005年6月收治且随访的急性闭角型青光眼急性发作期合并白内障患者25例（25只眼），眼压控制后施行超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合房角分离术。术后随访2年以上，最长5年。结果，术后眼压控制在21mmHg以下者24只眼（占96％）。所有病例均维持稳定视力。结论超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合房角分离术，可解除因晶状体因素所致的瞳孔阻滞，使粘连、关闭的房角重新开放，可作为急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障的选择性治疗方法，远期疗效稳定、可靠。     

超声乳化白内障摘除联合房角分离术治疗闭角青光眼合并白内障的初步临床研究

目的 探讨白内障超声乳化摘除及人工晶体植入联合房角分离术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的临床效果方法 回顾性分析2009年10月至2011年6月我院收治的闭角型青光眼合并白内障共112例(120眼),应用白内障超声乳化摘除及人工晶体植入联合房角分离术,对房角关闭区域用粘弹剂和手指按压进行钝性分离.观察手术前后的房角及前房变化、视力、眼压及并发症情况,随访6月.结果均经统计学处理.结果 120眼手术顺利,术后追踪6月,全部患者术后视力提高,房角开放,中央前房加深,眼压控制良好,手术前后比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 超声乳化白内障摘除联合房角分离术是治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的有效方法之一,但具体适应证尚待进一步探讨.     

闭角型青光眼合并白内障行超声乳化术的临床观察

目的:探讨超声乳化白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障合并不同房角关闭程度的闭角型青光眼患者的临床疗效。方法:白内障合并闭角型青光眼患者31例35眼,根据房角关闭程度分为A,B两组。A组(房角关闭粘连≤90°)19眼,B组(房角关闭粘连90°～180°)16眼。均施行超声乳化白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入手术。观察两组手术前后视力、眼压、前房深度、房角变化情况。结果:白内障合并闭角型青光眼患者31例35眼术后视力均有提高,房角加深。房角镜检查:A组19眼房角完全开放者16眼(84%),B组16眼中房角完全开放者13眼(81%)。A,B两组房角开放差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。眼压:术前A组眼压为35.13±4.18mmHg,B组为45.01±5.31mmHg。术后1wk,A组眼压控制在14.25±3.22mmHg,B组眼压控制在14.30±3.19mmHg。A,B两组术后眼压差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:白内障合并闭角型青光眼的患者,单纯行超声乳化白内障可以有效治疗房角关闭粘连≤180°的患者,对于房角关闭粘连>180°的患者,可以考虑联合青光眼手术的治疗。     

晶状体乳化术治疗急性闭角型青光眼并白内障

目的探讨晶状体超声乳化吸出并人工晶状体植入治疗原发性急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障的疗效。方法原发性急性闭角型青光眼12例(14眼),视力<0.4,晶状体不同程度浑浊,行晶状体超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术,随访3月~3年。观察术前、术后视力、眼压、前房深度及前房角的变化。结果12眼(房角关闭<1/2周)术后眼压控制正常;2眼(房角关闭>3/4周)需滴降眼压滴眼液。其中1眼在1月后再次眼压急性升高,经YAG激光虹膜造孔后好转。视力均有不同程度提高。结论晶状体超声乳化并人工晶状体植入术治疗急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障,房角关闭小于1/2周者手术有效;房角关闭大于3/4周的病例需进一步随访观察。     

不同联合手术方式对白内障合并闭角型青光眼的疗效分析

目的: 观察超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术,超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术联合房角分离术治疗白内障合并闭角型青光眼的临床疗效,为治疗白内障合并闭角型青光眼提供可靠方法。方法: 收集白内障合并闭角型青光眼患者78例106眼,将其随机分为两组:其中A组患者40例56眼,采用超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术治疗;B组患者38例50眼,采用超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术联合房角分离术治疗,对其疗效进行对比分析,观察治疗前后视力、眼压、前房深度、房角的变化及并发症的发生率。结果: 两组手术顺利,视力、眼压、前房深度、房角变化在手术前后具有显著的差异(P<0.05)。两组手术后疗效的比较,房角镜检查:A组56眼房角完全开放的49眼;B组50眼房角360°开放的44眼,两组间无统计学差异。术前前房深度:A组为1.73±0.42mm,B组为1.78±0.39mm;术后前房深度:A组为3.25±0.36mm,B组为2.91±0.53mm,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。A组并发症发生率明显高于B组。结论: 超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术联合房角分离术治疗白内障合并闭角型青光眼可明显地提高视力,有效地控制眼压,减少手术早期并发症,且操作简便,可广泛运用。     

超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶状体植入术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼

目的探讨晶状体超声乳化吸除联合后房型人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障合并原发性闭角型青光眼的疗效。方法2002年2月～2004年3月本院收治白内障合并原发性闭角型青光眼34例（36只眼）。术前控制眼压,经视力检查、前房角镜和裂隙灯显微镜等检查后,均单独采用晶状体超声乳化吸除联合后房型人工晶状体植入术。术后随访1—12个月。结果32只眼视力较术前提高,视力〉0．5者占69．5％;33只眼术后眼压〈21mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,另3只眼用一种降眼压药物眼压控制在21mmHg以下;全部治疗眼前房加深,房角粘连范围减轻。结论超声乳化白内障吸除联合后房型人工晶状体植入术可有效地治疗合并白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼。     

Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners

As part of an ongoing investigation into real-world copying and drawing, I recorded the eye-hand drawing strategies of 16 subjects with drawing experiences ranging from expert to novice while they copied a line drawing of a standing nude. The experts produced accurate copies whereas all the beginners produced marked inaccuracies of overall scaling, proportion and shape. Analysis of eye and hand movements showed that the experts alone segmented the original drawing into simple line sections that were copied one at a time using a direct eye-hand strategy not requiring intermediary encoding to visual memory. The results suggest that segmentation into simple lines defines the task-specific process of accurate copying, and that this process is restricted to experts, i.e. acquired through training and practice. Additional preliminary tests also suggest that a similar process may apply to drawing a model from life.     

Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management

Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are a heterogeneous group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy. Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected, underlying malignancy, sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented, and gives the patient an increased chance at survival. We outline the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for the retinal- and optic nerve–based paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-associated retinopathy; melanoma-associated retinopathy; paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; paraneoplastic optic neuropathy; and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome. Distinguishing these disorders from their non-paraneoplastic counterparts (e.g., autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy) and determining appropriate systemic evaluation for the responsible tumor can be challenging. In addition, we discuss the utility and interpretation of autoantibody testing.     

Sensitivity to first- and second-order motion and form in children and adults

We compared the sensitivity of adults and children aged 3-10 years to first- and second-order motion and form. For first-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for motion than form, and motion thresholds were better at 6 Hz than at 1.5 Hz. For second-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for form than motion, and motion thresholds were better at 0.25 cyc/deg than at 1 cyc/deg. Thresholds became adult-like later for motion than for form and later for first-order than second-order stimuli. For first-order stimuli, the changes with age were larger and more protracted.     

Nodes and nodal points and lines in eyes and other optical systems

The typical stigmatic optical system has two nodal points: an incident nodal point and an emergent nodal point. A ray through the incident nodal point emerges from the system through the emergent nodal point with its direction unchanged. In the presence of astigmatism nodal points are not possible in most cases. Instead there are structures, called nodes in this paper, of which nodal points are special cases. Because of astigmatism most eyes do not have nodal points a fact with obvious implications for concepts, such as the visual axis, which are based on nodal points. In order to gain insight into the issues this paper develops a general theory of nodes which holds for optical systems in general, including eyes, and makes particular allowance for astigmatism and relative decentration of refracting elements in the system. Key concepts are the incident and emergent nodal characteristics of the optical system. They are represented by 2 × 2 matrices whose eigenstructures define the nature and longitudinal position of the nodes. If a system's nodal characteristic is a scalar matrix then the node is a nodal point. Otherwise there are several possibilities: Firstly, a node may take the form of a single nodal line. Second, a node may consist of two separated nodal lines reminiscent of the familiar interval of Sturm although the nodal lines are not necessarily orthogonal. Third, a node may have no obvious nodal line or point. In the second and third of these classes one can define mid-nodal ellipses. Astigmatic systems exist with nodal points and stigmatic systems exist with no nodal points. The nodal centre may serve as an approximation for a nodal point if the node is not a point. Examples in the Appendix , including a model eye, illustrate the several possibilities.     

Nutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy

Loss of vision is the second greatest, next to death, fear among the elderly. Age-related cataract (ARC) and maculopathy (ARM) are two major causes of blindness worldwide. There are several important reasons to study relationships between risk for ARC/ARM and nutrition: (1) because it is likely that the same nutritional practices that are associated with prolonged eye function will also be associated with delayed age-related compromises to other organs, and perhaps, aging in general, (2) surgical resources are insufficient to provide economic and safe surgeries for cataract and do not provide a cure for ARM, and (3) there will be considerable financial savings and improvements in quality of life if health rather than old age is extended, particularly given the rapidly growing elderly segment of our population. It is clear that oxidative stress is associated with compromises to the lens and retina. Recent literature indicates that antioxidants may ameliorate the risk for ARC and ARM. Given the association between oxidative damage and age-related eye debilities, it is not surprising that over 70 studies have attempted to relate antioxidant intake to risk for ARC and ARM. This article will review epidemiological literature about ARC and ARM with emphasis on roles for vitamins C and E and carotenoids. Since glycation and glycoxidation are major molecular insults which involve an oxidative stress component, we also review new literature that relates dietary carbohydrate intake to risk for ARC and ARM. To evaluate dietary effects as a whole, several studies have tried to relate dietary patterns to risk for ARC. We will also give some attention to this emerging research. While data from the observational studies generally support a protective role for antioxidants in foods or supplements, results from intervention trials are less encouraging with respect to limiting risk for ARC/ARM prevalence or progress through antioxidant supplementations, or maintaining higher levels of antioxidants either in diet or blood. Without more information it is difficult to parse these results. It would be worthwhile to determine why the various types of studies are not yielding similar results. However, there are many common insults and mechanistic compromises that are associated with aging, and proper nutrition early in life may address some of these compromises and provide for extended youthful function later in life. Indeed, proper nutrition, possibly including use of antioxidant supplements for the nutritionally impoverished, along with healthy life styles may provide the least costly and most practical means to delay ARC and ARM. Further studies should be devoted to identifying the most effective strategy to prevent or delay the development and progress of ARC/ARM. The efforts should include identifying the right nutrient(s), defining useful levels of the nutrient(s), and determining the age when the supplementation should begin.     

Ethics and optometry: concepts and applications

Ethics refers both to the study of behaviour, and moral principals. The related concepts of justice and law are also relevant to optometry. A profession typically claims specialist knowledge and ethical behaviour – putting the interests of clients above its own. However, professional codes fail as ethical directives, and their goals are questioned. Beginning with broad principles, institutional ethics and issues of general health care provision are considered, and applications to optometry are made. Ethical theory can guide us in interacting with our patients, utilising resources and ordering priorities. The conservative approach to consumerism and advertising is defended on the basis of protecting public and professional interests. Ethical behaviour can be fostered, and this process should begin in undergraduate education.     

Exogenous attention and color perception: performance and appearance of saturation and hue

Exogenous covert attention is an automatic, transient form of attention that can be triggered by sudden changes in the periphery. Here we test for the effects of attention on color perception. We used the methodology developed by Carrasco, Ling, and Read [Carrasco, M., Ling, S., & Read, S. (2004). Attention alters appearance. Nature Neuroscience, 7 (3) 308-313] to explore the effects of exogenous attention on appearance of saturation (Experiment 1) and of hue (Experiment 2). We also tested orientation discrimination performance for single stimuli defined by saturation or hue (Experiment 3). The results indicate that attention increases apparent saturation, but does not change apparent hue, notwithstanding the fact that it improves orientation discrimination for both saturation and hue stimuli.     

Aberration and contrast sensitivity comparison of aspherical and monofocal and multifocal intraocular lens eyes

BACKGROUND: Higher-order aberrations and contrast sensitivity were evaluated in patients who underwent phacoemulsification cataract extraction followed by implantation of aspherical, monofocal or multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) replacements. METHODS: In this comparative trial, 124 patients with an average age of 66.8+/-5.2 years and their 124 eyes were randomly divided into three surgical implantation groups to receive one of three types of IOLs in replacement of cataract lenses. The patients of group 1 were given an aspherical IOL Z9001 (AMO, Santa Ana, CA, USA) replacement, and group 2 was implanted a monofocal IOL SA60AT (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) and group 3 the multifocal IOL SA40N (AMO). Post-surgical best-corrected visual acuity, corneal aberrations, total ocular aberrations, pupil diameters, capsulorhexsis sizes and contrast sensitivity were measured and compared. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference for mean best-corrected visual acuity, pupil diameter, curvilinear capsulorhexis size and corneal aberration among the three groups. For the spherical aberration, fourth-order higher-order aberration and total ocular higher-order aberration, the SA40N group was higher than the SA60AT group and the SA60AT group was higher than the Z9001 group, and the differences between the three groups were statistically significant for these measurements. Contrast sensitivity was higher for the Z9001 group than the SA60AT group and the SA60AT group was higher than the SA40N group, and the difference was statistically significant in all the spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18. CONCLUSIONS: Although the multifocal IOL can provide near vision, it can increase higher-order aberration and negatively influence contrast sensitivity. However, the aspherical IOL can reduce aberration and improve contrast sensitivity as compared with the monofocal IOL.