阿托品眼膏及环戊通眼液散瞳儿童验光结果对比分析

目的 比较屈光不正儿童使用1%环戊通眼液与1%阿托品眼膏后检影验光结果的差异情况.方法 对226例(452只眼)屈光不正儿童使用环戊通眼液扩瞳后检影验光,48h后用1%阿托品眼膏对相同的患者再行扩瞳检影验光,比较两次验光结果.结果 远视组中两种药扩瞳验光结果球镜差值≤0.5D的眼数占72.2%,球镜差值＞0.5D的眼数为27.8%;阿托品眼膏扩瞳后验光的远视球镜值均高于环戊通眼液扩瞳后验光的结果.随着年龄增加,两种药验光的远视球镜差异值下降,2～5岁组与5～7岁组和7～12岁组比较,球镜差异值均有统计学意义.2～8岁组中近视球镜差值＞0.5D的眼数占9%,8～12岁组中近视球镜差值＞0.5D的占2.7%.混合性散光组中两种药扩瞳验光结果球镜差值＞0.5D的眼数占32%.使用两种药扩瞳后验光,近视和混合性散光组的前、后柱镜差值无统计学意义,而远视组的前、后柱镜差异有统计学意义,但差异＞0.5D的仅为1.8%.结论 1%环戊通眼液扩瞳验光结果与阿托品眼膏扩瞳验光结果比较,主要表现为球镜值的误差,柱镜值误差极小.8岁以上近视儿童首诊验光可使用环戊通作为睫状肌麻痹剂.12岁以下的远视和混合性散光儿童验光应尽量使用1%阿托品眼膏扩瞳.     

阿托品眼膏及环戊通眼液散瞳儿童验光结果对比分析

目的 比较屈光不正儿童使用1%环戊通眼液与1%阿托品眼膏后检影验光结果的差异情况.方法 对226例(452只眼)屈光不正儿童使用环戊通眼液扩瞳后检影验光,48h后用1%阿托品眼膏对相同的患者再行扩瞳检影验光,比较两次验光结果.结果 远视组中两种药扩瞳验光结果球镜差值≤0.5D的眼数占72.2%,球镜差值＞0.5D的眼数为27.8%;阿托品眼膏扩瞳后验光的远视球镜值均高于环戊通眼液扩瞳后验光的结果.随着年龄增加,两种药验光的远视球镜差异值下降,2～5岁组与5～7岁组和7～12岁组比较,球镜差异值均有统计学意义.2～8岁组中近视球镜差值＞0.5D的眼数占9%,8～12岁组中近视球镜差值＞0.5D的占2.7%.混合性散光组中两种药扩瞳验光结果球镜差值＞0.5D的眼数占32%.使用两种药扩瞳后验光,近视和混合性散光组的前、后柱镜差值无统计学意义,而远视组的前、后柱镜差异有统计学意义,但差异＞0.5D的仅为1.8%.结论 1%环戊通眼液扩瞳验光结果与阿托品眼膏扩瞳验光结果比较,主要表现为球镜值的误差,柱镜值误差极小.8岁以上近视儿童首诊验光可使用环戊通作为睫状肌麻痹剂.12岁以下的远视和混合性散光儿童验光应尽量使用1%阿托品眼膏扩瞳.     

青少年儿童屈光参差临床分析

目的:探讨青少年儿童各类屈光参差分布,及各类屈光参差性弱视的治疗。方法:用阿托品扩瞳1wk后检影验光,两眼屈光参差≥3.00D的青少年儿童120例,年龄3～20(平均8)岁。在扩瞳情况下配镜治疗。结果:单纯远视性屈光参差75例,参差范围 3.00～ 8.50(平均 4.00)D,单纯近视性屈光参差32例,参差范围-3.00～-21.00(平均-6.50)D,远视散光性屈光参差2例,参差范围 3.25～ 4.75(平均 4.00)D,近视散光性屈光参差11例,参差范围-3.00～5.00(平均-4.00)D。结论:青少年儿童屈光参差以单纯远视性屈光参差多见,单纯近视性屈光参差范围较大,在扩瞳情况下,带镜均能接受,弱视治疗有不同程度效果。     

6～10岁屈光不正儿童复方托品酰胺与阿托品电脑验光结果的比较分析

目的探讨6～10岁屈光不正儿童复方托品酰胺与阿托品电脑验光结果的差异性.方法对诊断为屈光不正的6～10岁患儿92人(184眼),先后分别给予复方托品酰胺验光和阿托品验光,并对其结果进行比较分析.结果(1)对既往持续戴镜的不伴内斜的远视眼,其结果符合率为97.22%;对未曾戴镜的远视眼,其结果符合率为10%.(2)对既往持续戴镜的近视眼,其结果符合率为100%;未戴镜的近视眼,其结果符合率为61.76%.结论对既往持续戴镜的不伴内斜的屈光不正儿童,复方托品酰胺验光可以代替阿托品验光.     

近视眼戴镜对远近水平隐斜的影响

目的:探讨不同的戴镜情况对中度近视学生远、近水平隐斜的影响。方法:应用焦度计测量68名中度近视(-3.12～-5.87D)大学生的现戴眼镜度数,采用主观验光法测量应戴镜屈光度数。另选择16名正视(+0.50～-0.50D)大学生作为对照组。然后根据双眼平均等效屈光度的不同,镜片屈光度是否合适,以及戴镜状况分为:(1)正视组;(2)戴镜合适持续戴镜组;(3)戴镜合适间断戴镜组;(4)戴镜不合适持续戴镜组;(5)戴镜不合适间断戴镜组。对上述84名大学生采用综合验光仪分别进行眼屈光检查、远近水平隐斜测量,然后进行统计学分析。结果:远水平隐斜均值:正视组为-0.31△,戴镜合适持续戴镜、间断戴镜组分别为0.35△,-2.16△,戴镜不合适持续戴镜、间断戴镜组分别为-1.72△,-0.98△。近水平隐斜均值:正视组为-4.46△,戴镜合适持续戴镜、间断戴镜组分别为-2.80△,-0.48△,戴镜不合适持续戴镜、间断戴镜组分别为-3.15△,-1.00△。戴镜合适持续戴镜组的远水平隐斜显著大于戴镜合适间断戴镜组和戴镜不合适持续戴镜组(P<0.05),但与正视组比较,差异无显著性。近视间断戴镜组近水平隐斜显著高于正视组和近视持续戴镜组(P<0.05)。结论:中度近视眼配戴合适眼镜并持续戴镜后,其远、近水平隐斜等调节和辐辏参数渐趋正常,有利于恢复调节与集合功能的平衡。     

学龄前儿童假性近视眼292例分析

目的了解学龄前儿童假性近视眼的性质与特点。方法视光门诊中"近视眼"(远视力<1.0、近视力≥1.0、原瞳验光为近视的)4~6岁学龄前儿童292名515眼。除眼科常规检查外,均用1%阿托品眼膏散瞳,每晚涂眼1次,共7天。1周后由专职人员验光。结果292人515眼中,远视478眼,占92.81%,正视11眼(2.14%),混合散光26眼(5.05%)。结论学龄前儿童假性近视眼的屈光基础为远视眼,为调节导致。学龄前儿童应用阿托品散瞳验光。     

屈光性调节性内斜视儿童戴镜后的屈光演变

目的探讨屈光性调节性内斜视儿童戴镜后屈光状态随年龄的变化规律,为临床随访时间及配镜提供依据。方法回顾我院65例（130眼）屈光性调节性内斜视儿童连续多年的屈光数据,对主导眼和非主导眼的屈光度比较采用配对t检验,对屈光度差值与观察期进行直线回归分析。结果等效球镜度、球镜度、散光度差值与月龄存在直线回归关系（P〈0．01）。主导眼和非主导眼等效球镜度月平均分别减少0．015 D和0．012 D;等效球镜度改变规律为远视度先增加后减少,而后有逐渐向近视方向发展的趋势;转变年龄为3．58～4．90岁;散光度月平均演变速度仅为0．002 D。结论屈光性调节性内斜视儿童戴镜后屈光状态随着年龄的增长,远视度先增加后减少,而后有逐渐正视化趋势：年均改变速度〈0．25 D。     

近视的发生和发展是可以预防的吗？——近视回归镜临床应用观察报告

目的 临床观察近视回归镜预防近视的发生和发展的作用.方法 60例(120眼)近视度在-2.50D以内的中小学生,观察其戴镜1～1.5年后的裸眼远视力、屈光检查结果、角膜曲率、眼轴长度、立体视觉及隐斜度的变化.结果 戴镜1～1.5年后,0.00D～-0.25D的假性近视者(戴Ⅰ型回归镜),裸眼远视力均达到1.0以上,近视度下降为零;-0.50D～-1.50D的近视者(戴Ⅰ型回归镜),裸眼远视力有明显提高,近视度有所下降;-1.75D～-2.50D的近视者(戴Ⅱ型回归镜),裸眼远视力有明显提高,近视度无明显变化.结论 佩戴近视回归镜可以有效治疗青少年假性近视,并预防假性近视者发生近视,也可能对防止低度近视者近视度的发展有效.     

托吡卡胺与阿托品扩瞳验光结果对比研究

目的:了解5g/L托吡卡胺滴眼液与10g/L阿托品眼膏扩瞳对不同年龄阶段儿童验光结果的影响。方法:对212例疑屈光不正儿童先用5g/L托吡卡胺滴眼液扩瞳验光;待瞳孔恢复,再用10g/L阿托品眼膏扩瞳验光,比较两种扩瞳方法的结果。结果:远视组:球镜:相同5.6%,差异≥0.25DS者94.4%,柱镜:相同32.2%,差异≥0.25DC者67.8%,球、柱镜均以10g/L阿托品眼膏扩瞳高于5g/L托吡卡胺滴眼液扩瞳验光结果;各年龄组之间两两比较,具有显著统计学意义(P=0.000,P<0.01);近视组:球镜:相同者为10.7%,有不同程度的差异占89.3%;柱镜:相同者为26.7%,有不同程度的差异占73.3%,球、柱镜均以5g/L托吡卡胺滴眼液扩瞳高于10g/L阿托品眼膏扩瞳验光结果;混合散光组:球镜:33眼中有不同程度的差异占100.0%,以差异最大值为1.25DS,柱镜:33眼中两种扩瞳方法结果相同者40.0%,差异0.25～0.5DC者60.0%。结论:为确保验光结果的准确性,远视和混合散光12岁以内的儿童必须用10g/L阿托品眼膏扩瞳验光。     

不同程度的屈光矫正对青少年儿童近视进展的影响

目的：探讨近视儿童配戴不同程度的屈光矫正眼镜及不戴镜对近视进展的影响。方法：对90例180眼近视儿童分为3组：不戴镜组30例,低矫组（单眼矫正〈1.0）30例及全矫组（单眼矫正至1.0）30例,所有患儿均用复方托品酰胺进行睫状肌麻痹验光,次日复验配镜。1a后,复方托品酰胺进行睫状肌麻痹验光,屈光度以单眼矫正至1.0为标准。观察屈光度的改变。结果：各组患者近视屈光度均逐年增加,增加度数全矫组明显低于不戴镜组及低矫组,低矫组明显低于不戴镜组。结论：不同程度的屈光矫正及未矫正对近视患者屈光演变过程有影响,欠矫及未矫正均可加速近视的进展。     

非球面高透氧性硬性透气性角膜接触镜矫正特殊类型屈光不正的临床评价

目的:评价非球面高透氧性硬性透气性角膜接触镜(rig idgas-permeable contactlens,RGPCL)矫正特殊类型屈光不正的临床疗效及安全性。方法:收集2009-03/2009-12验配非球面高透氧性RGPCL的特殊屈光不正的患者53例99眼,分为:(1)高度近视组6眼;(2)高度散光8眼;(3)屈光参差组15眼;(4)高度近视+高度散光组(近视≥-6.00D或散光≥-2.00D)10眼;(5)高度近视+高度散光+屈光参差组8眼;(6)圆锥角膜组(确诊为圆锥角膜的患者)48眼;(7)混合散光2眼;(8)特殊类型屈光不正组(角膜屈光手术后)2眼。观察验配RGPCL后的矫正视力,并与框架镜的矫正视力比较。定期复诊,记录矫正视力、镜片配适及配戴情况。结果:本组病例戴框架镜(试镜架)的等效球镜度数为(-8.10±5.38)D,而RGP度数为(-6.50±4.13)D,两者差异有显著性(t=-7.499,P<0.01)。戴RGPCL后的视力矫正视力(LOGMAR)为(0.02±0.09),低于戴框架镜的最佳矫正视力(0.14±0.20)。两者具有统计学差异(t=7.03,P<0.01);戴镜3~6mo后,出现10眼角膜上皮擦伤,3眼镜片丢失。结论:应用非球面RGP可矫正高度近视散光、圆锥角膜及各种原因引起的高度屈光不正,其矫正视力明显优于框架眼镜,并有较高的舒适度和安全性,无明显的并发症发生。     

低度近视戴镜与否对近视发展程度的影响

目的:观察早期真性低度近视者不戴眼镜与配戴合适的眼镜对近视发展程度的影响。方法:回顾性研究2007-12/2009-12年就诊于我院的8～12岁在校学生中有完整病例,近视在-0.50～-2.00DS之间的初诊患者,分为2组,两组患者均采用睫状肌麻痹剂散瞳医学验光。第1组:未配戴眼镜组24眼;第2组:戴框架眼镜组28眼。将两组患者2a近视增长结果进行比较。应用t检验方法比较两组患者近视增长的程度。结果:第1组患者近视增长-2.07±0.52D,第2组患者近视增长-1.49±0.48D,两组差异显著(P<0.01)。结论:对于未戴镜患者近视增长较快,近视-0.50D以上者看远应配戴眼镜,以提高视网膜成像质量,使家长走出近视后不愿戴眼镜的误区。     

Long-term evaluation of hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and predictability of hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis (H-LASIK). SETTING: Departments of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. METHODS: This prospective noncomparative case series studied the results of H-LASIK in the first 92 consecutive eyes of 50 patients with up to +10.25 diopters (D) of hyperopia. For analysis, the patients were divided into 3 groups based on preoperative hyperopia: low hyperopia (< +3.00 D), moderate hyperopia (> or = +3.00 to 6.00 D), and high hyperopia (> or = +6.00 D). RESULTS: Forty-two patients, 77 eyes (83.7%), were followed for at least 12 months. At 12 months, the mean manifest spherical equivalent was +0.33 +/- 0.65 D (93.1% of eyes within +/-1.0 D of the intended correction) in the low myopia group, +0.21 +/- 0.60 D (92.3% within +/-1.0 D of the intended correction) in the moderate hyperopia group, and +1.62 +/- 1.50 D (36.4% within +/-1.0 D of the intended correction) in the high hyperopia group. The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was 20/40 or better in all eyes (100%), 24 eyes (92.3%), and 13 eyes (59.1%) in the low, moderate, and high hyperopia groups, respectively. Comparing the UCVA at the last examination with the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before surgery in all patients showed that 59 eyes (76.6%) were within +/-1 line and 18 eyes (23.4%) were within +/-2 or more lines of the preoperative BCVA. Three eyes (3.9%) in the high hyperopia group lost 2 or more lines of BCVA. Three eyes (3.9%) had flap- related complications. Eight patients (15 eyes) with a follow-up less than 12 months did not have intraoperative or postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Laser in situ keratomileusis was a safe, effective, and predictable procedure for hyperopia up to +6.0 D and less predictable for higher hyperopia.     

Phakic refractive lens experience in Spain

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy, predictability, and safety of a phakic refractive lens (PRL) for high myopia and hyperopia. SETTING: Instituto Oftalmológico Hoyos, Barcelona, Spain. METHODS: A PRL was implanted in 31 eyes (17 myopic, 14 hyperopic) with a mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) of -18.46 diopters (D) (range -11.85 to -26.00 D) for myopia and +7.77 D (range +5.25 to +11.00 D) for hyperopia. All eyes had a thorough ophthalmologic examination before and after surgery. The follow-up was at least 12 months. RESULTS: At 1 year, the mean postoperative SE in the myopic group was -0.22 D +/- 0.87 (SD) and 82% were within +/-1.00 D of the desired refraction. The mean postoperative SE in the hyperopic group was -0.38 +/- 0.82 D, and 79% were within +/-1.00 D. Snellen lines of visual acuity were gained in 65% of the myopic eyes (8 eyes gained 1 line, 3 eyes gained 2 lines), and no eye lost lines. In the hyperopic group, 1 eye gained 1 line of acuity and 1 eye lost 1 line. In the hyperopic group, complications included pupillary block in 2 eyes and pigment dispersion signs without intraocular hypertension in 1 eye. In the myopic group, 1 eye had a corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure rise, 1 eye had a spot of anterior cortical lens opacity immediately after surgery that did not progress, and 3 eyes with the PRL model 100 had decentration that required replacement of the lens. Four patients (2 myopic, 2 hyperopic) reported night halos in both eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that PRL implantation to correct high myopia and hyperopia is a relatively rapid, safe, predictable, and stable method that in many cases also improves the best corrected visual acuity. Complications such as visually significant progressive cataract and pigmentary glaucoma were not observed.     

角膜塑形镜对青少年近视眼 AC/A 的影响

目的：分析青少年近视患者在配戴角膜塑形镜和框架眼镜后对 AC/A 的不同影响。方法对23例（46眼）配戴角膜塑形镜和34例（68眼）戴框架眼镜的青少年近视患者,观察1年后两组患者的屈光度和 AC/A 值。结果戴镜1年后,角膜塑形镜组平均屈光度增加了0.35±0.25D ,框架镜组平均屈光度增加了0.82±0.36D ,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。角膜塑形镜组平均 AC/A 值降低了0.83±0.23,框架镜组增加了0.12±0.06,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论角膜塑形镜可以有效减缓青少年的近视加深,降低 AC/A 值,使患者的调节与集合的关系更加协调。     

Hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis: primary and secondary treatments are safe and effective

PURPOSE: To retrospectively analyze the safety and efficacy of hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) treatment of eyes with primary hyperopia and consecutive hyperopia after initial myopic treatment. METHODS: Thirty-two eyes of 19 patients with primary hyperopia (group 1) and 37 eyes of 26 patients with consecutive hyperopia after initial myopic LASIK overcorrection (group 2) that had LASIK for hyperopia with the Hansatome microkeratome and VISX S2 Smoothscan excimer laser with 6 months' follow-up after surgery were analyzed. Uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, fogged manifest refraction, and corneal topography with corneal irregularity measurement (CIM) were evaluated 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: In group 1, the mean preoperative cycloplegic spherical equivalent was +4.0 +/- 4.5 diopters (D) (range, +1.5 to + 8.75 D) and the 6-month postoperative cycloplegic spherical equivalent was +0.26 +/- 1.74 D (range, -3.00 to +2.75 D). Fifty-three percent of eyes (n= 17) in group 1 were within 1 D of emmetropia. Sixty-six percent of eyes (n= 21) had uncorrected visual acuity of at least 20/40. Three eyes (9%) lost two lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. Changes in uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent, and the CIM topographic index 6 months after surgery were statistically significant compared with the preoperative values. In group 2, the mean preoperative cycloplegic spherical equivalent was +1.58 +/- 0.35 D (range, +0.125 to +2.75 D), and the mean postoperative cycloplegic spherical equivalent was -0.48 +/- 0.46 (range, -2.75 to +0.38 D). Eighty-six percent of eyes (n= 32) were within 1 D of emmetropia. Eighty-four percent of eyes (n= 31) in group 2 had uncorrected visual acuity of at least 20/40. One eye (2.7%) lost two lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. Complications included an epithelial nest that resolved 3 months after surgery in one eye in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: LASIK is a relatively safe treatment of primary hyperopia and hyperopia resulting from overcorrection after initial LASIK treatment of myopia (consecutive hyperopia). Patients with high hyperopia (>5 D) are at risk for loss of two lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. A reduction in the level of attempted correction appears to be necessary in the treatment of consecutive hyperopia.     

角膜塑形镜治疗青少年近视的临床观察

目的:观察配戴角膜塑形镜治疗青少年近视的疗效。方法:近视患者76例152眼,年龄8～15岁,平均等效球镜度-3.92±1.13D,按照角膜塑形术的验配程序给予配戴角膜塑形镜,采取夜间配戴8～10h,戴镜后1wk;1,3,6mo;1,2a随访,观察裸眼视力(UCVA)、屈光度数、角膜曲率、眼轴长度、裂隙灯检查有无并发症的发生。结果:戴镜前的UCVA为0.15±0.12,戴镜1wk;1,3,6mo;1,2a后提高至0.60±0.12,0.80±0.10,0.90±0.18,0.88±0.16,0.90±0.15,0.89±0.18,差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);角膜曲率变平,分别降低2.31±0.82,2.41±0.91,2.12±0.75,2.21±1.01,2.51±1.12,2.46±0.98D,差异也均有显著统计学意义(均P<0.01);戴镜1a后眼轴长度较戴镜前增长0.13±0.11mm,2a后眼轴长度较戴镜前增长0.25±0.17mm,与戴镜前比较差异无明显统计学意义;经戴镜满2a者停戴1wk后查近视度数并与戴镜前度数比较,近视度数增加很少,平均每年0.25±0.11D,戴镜后少数患者出现点状角膜上皮剥脱、重影、结膜炎等,经治疗后均可恢复。结论:角膜塑形镜矫治青少年近视效果确切、安全,可以控制近视的发展。     

Optic disk size correlated with refractive error

PURPOSE: To evaluate for which range of refractive error the optic disk size depends on, or is independent of, the refractive error. DESIGN: Clinical observational study. METHODS: The study included 1999 eyes of 1011 subjects with a mean refractive error of -0.97 +/- 2.72 diopters (range, -24.25 to +9.4 diopters). Optic disk photographs were morphometrically evaluated. RESULTS: The relation between optic disk area and refractive error showed a curvilinear shape, with a steep increase toward high myopia starting at -8 diopters, and a decrease toward high hyperopia starting at +4 diopters. CONCLUSION: The optic disk size depends on the refractive error with an increase in highly myopic eyes beyond -8 diopters and a decrease in highly hyperopic eyes beyond +4 diopters. Confirming histomorphometric studies, the limits of -8 diopters and +4 diopters may be discussed to refine the definitions of high hyperopia and high myopia.     

Eyes of a lower vertebrate are susceptible to the visual environment

PURPOSE: Recently, it has been found that form deprivation myopia can be induced in fish (tilapia). This study examined the sensitivity of the tilapia eye to positive and negative lenses. It further investigated the sensitivity of the fish eye to form deprivation by examining the effect of fish weight. METHODS: Twenty-five Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; group 1) were weighed (range, 26-101 g) and killed, and their eyes were measured to provide normative data regarding fish eye size, body weight, and refractive state. Goggles with lenses of refractive powers in water of either +15 D (group 2, n = 7) or -12 D (group 3, n = 7) were sutured over the right eye of for 2 weeks to induce hyperopia or myopia. The untreated contralateral eye served as a control. An additional six fish (group 4), each wearing a goggle with an open central area, were used to evaluate the effect of the goggle itself. Refractive measurements for these 20 fish were made before and after treatment, after which the fish were killed, the eyes were removed, and axial lengths were measured from frozen sections. Another 21 fish were treated with goggles with lenses for 2 weeks, after which the goggle was removed and the refractive states of both eyes were measured every day for 6 days (day 19) and then after 28 days. These fish were placed in one group (group 5) wearing negative (-12 D) lenses (n = 8; average weight, 25.5 g) and two groups (groups 6, 7) of different size (average weights, 13.9 g [n = 5] and 26.9 g [n = 8], respectively) wearing positive (+15 D) lenses during the treatment period. In addition, translucent goggles were applied for 2 weeks to induce form deprivation myopia in three groups of fish (groups 8, 9, 10) of different weights, averaging 16.0 g (n = 7), 57.4 g, (n = 8), and 98.4 g, (n = 7), to provide an evaluation of the effect of weight on the development of form deprivation myopia. RESULTS: In untreated fish (group 1), the axial length of the eye, ranging from 5.86 mm to 7.16 mm, was proportional to weight (26.5-101 g), whereas refractive state shifted from hyperopia (+15D for 10-g fish) toward emmetropia. The +15D lens-treated fish (group 2) became hyperopic relative to the contralateral eye (+7.7 +/- 1.6 D; mean +/- SD), whereas the -12 D lenses (group 3) induced myopia relative to the control eye (-8.4 +/- 0.8 D) within 2 weeks. Hyperopic eyes were shorter (4.16 +/- 0.11 mm vs. 4.28 +/- 0.06 mm) and myopic were eyes longer (3.96 +/- 0.36 mm vs. 3.84 +/- 0.27 mm) than their contralateral control eyes. There were no significant differences in eye size or refractive state between treated and untreated eyes of fish wearing open goggles. In the groups that were allowed to recover (groups 5, 6, 7), the fish treated with minus lenses developed an average of -9.8 +/- 1.9 D myopia, whereas +15 D lenses induced average hyperopia amounts of +8.1 +/- 1.4 D (group 6) and +6.2 5 +/- 2.87 D (group 7). All these fish recovered completely within 2 weeks once the goggles with lenses were removed. Pretreatment and posttreatment refractive results indicated that the contralateral control eyes were affected by the positive and negative lens treatments, though to a lesser extent. Form deprivation myopia was induced in all three different weight groups, averaging -11.9 +/- 2.9 D for group 8, 6.3 +/- 2.5 D for group 9, and -2.3 +/- 1.0 D for group 10. All form-deprived eyes and those treated with positive and negative lenses recovered-i.e., little or no difference resulted in refractive state or dimensions between the treated and untreated eyes-to pretreatment levels within 1 week of goggle removal. CONCLUSIONS: Tilapia, a lower vertebrate species, exhibits positive and negative lens-induced refractive change, as is the case for higher vertebrates. In addition, the level of sensitivity to form deprivation is weight dependent.     

渗出性年龄相关性黄斑变性患者的屈光状态

目的 探讨渗出性年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）患者与非AMD健康者屈光状态的差异。设计 病例对照研究。 研究对象 筛选并纳入136例渗出性AMD患者具有屈光状态记录的247眼,其中154只患眼作为渗出性AMD组,包括34例双眼渗出性AMD患者的67眼及102例单眼渗出性AMD患者的87眼。选取北京德胜社区非AMD正常受试者中与渗出性AMD患者年龄、性别匹配的136例,纳入具有屈光状态的242眼作为对照组。方法 采用电脑验光后显然验光的方法测量纳入眼的屈光度。远视标准定义为>+0.5 D。比较两组患者的屈光状态。主要指标 屈光状态与屈光度。结果 渗出性AMD组远视72眼（46.7%）,屈光度（四分位数间距）为+0.50（-0.38,+1.25）D。对照组远视74眼（30.6%）,屈光度为+0.13（-1.13,+0.84）D。渗出性AMD组较对照组远视眼比例高（P<0.001）,渗出性AMD组较对照组更倾向于远视（P<0.001）。结论 渗出性AMD患者较非AMD健康者可能更倾向于发生远视,且远视的度数更高。（眼科, 2014, 23： 99-102）