Three-ligament tenodesis for the treatment of scapholunate dissociation: indications and surgical technique

Different surgical techniques have been proposed to treat traumatic scapholunate instability. Deciding which treatment is best for each individual case is not easy. In this article we report an algorithm of treatment based on a number of prognostic factors that may help in this matter. We also report on the promising results obtained using a new technique, the 3-ligament tenodesis, for the treatment of nonrepairable complete scapholunate ligament rupture, causing a reducible carpal malalignment without secondary osteoarthritis. This technique incorporates features from 3 previously described techniques.     

Outcomes of dorsal capsulodesis and tenodesis for treatment of scapholunate instability

PURPOSE: The ideal treatment for scapholunate (SL) instability has not yet been established. This study examined the results of 2 procedures for the primary treatment for chronic SL dissociation of dorsal capsulodesis and flexor carpi radialis tenodesis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted that examined dorsal capsulodesis and tenodesis procedures performed for chronic SL instability between January 1995 and February of 2003. Twenty-nine patients were identified with isolated chronic SL instability. Of the 29 patients, 14 had a dorsal capsulodesis procedure and 15 had a tenodesis procedure. The follow-up period averaged 38 months in the capsulodesis group and 36 months in the tenodesis group. Results were reviewed clinically and radiographically. Groups were compared with a Student t test. RESULTS: Postoperative wrist motion decreased in both groups after surgery. Final wrist range of motion was 64% of the unaffected side in the capsulodesis group and 63% of the unaffected side in the tenodesis group. Postoperative grip strength remained unchanged in both groups; grip strength measured 91% of the unaffected side in the capsulodesis group and 87% of the unaffected side in the tenodesis group. The average Mayo wrist scores were 77 in the capsulodesis group and 74 in the tenodesis group. One frank failure occurred in the tenodesis group resulting in a wrist fusion. There was no statistical difference in the overall wrist motion, grip strength, or wrist scores between the capsulodesis and tenodesis groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal capsulodesis and tenodesis provided improvement in symptoms for patients with chronic SL instability. Both procedures appear to provide similar results in the treatment of this difficult problem.     

Recognition and conservative management for a spectrum of sport-related scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries: a case series

This case series presents four cases of scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injury. We discuss the process of early recognition and highlight difficulties encountered in current diagnostic and conservative management strategies. The cases profile interdisciplinary management of four scapholunate (SL) injuries that have different clinical presentations and injury mechanisms. Three sport-related SL injuries were managed conservatively by a sport specialist chiropractor and one sport-related case was self-managed. Management strategies included early wrist immobilization, soft tissue manual therapy, low-level laser therapy, proprioceptive and strengthening exercises, and early orthopedic referral. This case series highlights: (1) the spectrum of SL injuries (2) the importance of early specialty referral, (3) the paucity of literature with respect to conservative management of these injuries and (4) the role of manual therapy and rehabilitation professionals as part of the healthcare team in detecting and helping manage these wrist injuries.     

Kinematic behavior of the human wrist joint: a roentgen-stereophotogrammetric analysis

Using a roentgen-stereophotogrammetric measurement system, the three-dimensional kinematic characteristics of each carpal bone in two human wrist joints were obtained as the hands were moved in vitro through dorsopalmar flexion and through radioulnar deviation, both in the supinated and pronated positions of the hand. The results were described in terms of Euler rotation angles and showed that in flexion, the distal carpal bones may be considered as one fixed group while the proximal carpals may not. For the deviation motion, quite different rotational excursions for the carpal bones were observed, therefore, none of the two rows may be assumed acting as rigid groups. In both of the hand motions performed, all carpal bones moved synchronously and uniformly. These results demonstrate that accurate measurements of three-dimensional carpal-bone motions are feasible by using an adequately refined roentgen-stereophotogrammetric system. The detailed and precise kinematic information obtained can serve as a database for future developments of functional wrist-joint models, and will provide more insight into carpal-bone behavior, useful in clinical diagnosis and surgical reconstruction procedures.     

腕关节镜辅助下修复舟月韧带治疗腕关节不稳定

目的分析腕关节镜辅助下利用骨锚修复腕舟月韧带的疗效。方法自2008年10月一2011年4月,对6例腕关节损伤患者通过腕关节镜探查舟月韧带,确定损伤部位后,应用Mitek骨锚重建舟月韧带,术后石膏托固定腕关节于功能位4周后开始患腕被动活动,6周后开始主动运动。术后随访6个月,测定患腕术前及术后的握力、应用改良Mayor评分法对腕关节功能进行客观评分、患者源性调查表（disabilityofarm-shoulder-hand,DASH）问卷法进行主观评分,以及术前与术后的x片检查对比。并与健侧腕关节x片进行对比。结果术后6例患者腕关节疼痛均有缓解．握力明显改善。按照改良Mayor评分：优2例,良3例,可1例,优良率为83．3％,与术前评分的差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。术后DASH分值平均为（14．6±7．0）,与术前评分差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。结论舟月韧带损伤是导致腕关节不稳定的重要原因之一,在腕关节镜辅助下利用骨锚修复舟月韧带是一种微创、实用的方法。     

Pressure distribution in the wrist joint

We performed a study to determine pressure distribution properties of the normal radio-carpal joint. A system was developed for measurement of the contact pressure within the wrist joint surfaces. The transducer was based on Fuji pressure-sensitive paper, which was inserted into the joint space through a dorsal capsular incision. The hand was then positioned using a jig that permitted free axial loading of the joint. Each of five specimens was tested in 36 positions combining flexion/extension with radio/ulnar deviation and supination/pronation. The transducers were analyzed for contact area, scapho-lunate contact area ratio, pressure, and centroid locations using a microcomputer-based video-imaging system. The scaphoid and lunate contact areas on the radius and triangular fibrocartilage were separate and distinct in all wrist positions. Together these contact areas accounted for a relatively small fraction of the total joint surface area (average contact area/total joint area = 0.206, SD = 0.0495). For an applied 103 Newton compressive load, the high pressure averaged 3.17 MPa (SD = 0.83 MPa). Overall, the scaphoid contact area was 1.47 times that of the lunate, although variations occurred with position, as in flexion, in which the scaphoid/lunate area ratio was 0.83. The high-pressure centroids of both scaphoid and lunate contact areas shifted palmarly from 20 degrees of flexion to 20 degrees of extension and then dorsally with further extension. The scaphoid-lunate intercentroid distance averaged 14.91 mm with a range of 10-20 mm.     

健康成人舟月关节间隙形态MRI的研究

目的 研究成人舟月关节间隙形态在MRI上的表现。方法 63例健康成人，均为右利手，其中男38例，女25例；右手41侧，左手22侧。年龄从19—62岁不等，平均31．08岁。采用GE1．5TSigna Horizon MR扫描仪，行冠状面PDW、T2＊W扫描和横断面PDW扫描，记录不同序列上舟月关节间隙的形态。结果 健康成人舟月关节间隙的形态，不论在冠状面还是在横断面上，均以平行型多见，其次为Y型，X型最少见。结论 健康成人舟月关节间隙的形态在MRI能够清晰显示，为临床提供参考。     

Early results of reconstruction of the dorsal scapholunate ligament

Abstract

We present the clinical results of a study of chronic dynamic scapholunate (SL) dissociation treated by reconstruction of the dorsal SL ligament. A total of 35 patients who presented with chronic dynamic SL instability had the scapholunate ligament reconstructed with a tendon graft. Twenty-nine patients were available for follow-up evaluation after a minimal interval of 17 months (range 17–72). Patients' satisfaction was good in 26/29 patients. Postoperative range of movement was reduced in extension and improved for flexion and ulnar deviation. Mean wrist movements were 75% of those on the opposite side. Most patients had good pain relief and recovered their grip strength, and returned to their regular employment. Follow-up stress radiographs showed a reduction in the SL angle and gap. Reconstruction of the dorsal SL ligament provides sufficient restoration of stability, pain relief, and functional improvement of the wrist for patients with dynamic SL instability. Although the short-term results are encouraging, we think that this method should be verified by longer follow-up.     

手术治疗成人同侧肘关节和桡腕关节同时骨折脱位3例

成人同侧肢体肘关节和桡腕关节同时发生骨折脱位的报道较少,需要手术治疗。自2005年至2011年,收治同侧肘关节和桡腕关节同时骨折脱位3例,予切开复位内固定治疗。     

AO-wrist arthrodesis: with and without arthrodesis of the third carpometacarpal joint

The incorporation of the third carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ-3) during wrist arthrodesis is controversial. This retrospective study of 146 consecutive wrist arthrodeses with AO plate fixation specifically addresses this question. In 79 wrist arthrodeses the CMCJ-3 was also arthrodesed, and in 67 the CMCJ-3 was simply bridged. Problems relating specifically to the CMCJ-3 could not be analyzed clearly with the plate in situ. Therefore after plate removal only 81 wrists were evaluated with respect to the CMCJ-3. Of 47 wrists that had CMCJ-3 arthrodesis and plate removal, 20 developed a nonunion. Eleven of these were painful and further surgical treatment was required. In contrast, of 34 wrists with the CMCJ-3 bridged all but one remained free of symptoms after the plate had been removed. We conclude that the CMCJ-3 must not be included in the arthrodesis when performing an AO-wrist arthrodesis.     

腕关节色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎1例

患者,女,34岁,4年前右手大鱼际处在提重物牵拉损伤后出现疼痛肿胀,理疗热敷后症状消失,期间疼痛肿胀反复发作,1周前再次发作时右腕掌侧发现一质软、轻度触痛的肿物,前来就诊。专科检查示:右腕尺掌侧可触及1个直径约4·0 cm的肿块,质软、界限不清,皮温正常无红肿,轻度触压痛。右     

Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid after three-ligament tenodesis for scapholunate dissociation: case report

An unusual complication after tenodesis for scapholunate instability (Brunelli's technique) is described. More than 1 year after the procedure, a fracture of the scaphoid with collapse was observed. Further examination concluded there was avascular necrosis of the scaphoid. The patient was treated with a proximal row carpectomy.     

Arthroscopic electrothermal collagen shrinkage for symptomatic laxity of the scapholunate interosseous ligament

The medical records, radiographs and operative reports of ten consecutive patients of average age 37 (range 19-67) years with wrist pain secondary to structural disruption of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (Geissler Type 2 injuries) who were treated with wrist arthroscopy and electrothermal collagen shrinkage of the scapholunate interosseous ligament were reviewed. Functional outcomes were assessed using the DASH scoring system at an average follow-up of 28 (range 12-44) months. At latest follow-up, nine patients (90%) were asymptomatic and had returned to their pre-injury functional level. The mean score on the DASH questionnaire was 20 (range 11-48). One patient developed wrist discomfort and mechanical symptoms 7 months postoperatively and required revision surgery. Our preliminary findings suggest that this may be a viable treatment option in the management of patients with symptomatic scapholunate interosseous ligament laxity without complete ligament disruption. Additional study is needed to better understand the role of this treatment modality.     

An all-inside technique for arthroscopic suturing of the volar scapholunate ligament

Repair of the volar scapholunate ligament has not been performed arthroscopically. We present an all-inside technique that presents closure of the anterior scapholunate interval. A Tuohy needle and a resorbable suture are all that is required.     

桡侧腕长伸肌腱与拇长展肌腱重建韧带治疗拇指腕掌关节脱位

在手外科工作中，拇指腕掌关节脱位比较常见，治疗方法比较多，但为了使此关节稳定，就必须行韧带重建术。根据拇指腕掌关节的解剖学特点及力学分析，我们应用了桡侧腕长伸肌腱与拇长展肌腱各一半的腱束交叉重建拇指腕掌关节韧带治疗拇指腕掌关节脱位。从１９８７年～１９９０年对１１例病人１２个拇指进行了治疗，术后随访２年以上，疗效满意。我们认为，这种方法比较简单、损伤小，值得推广。