北京市海淀区中小学生伤害流行状况及影响因素调查

目的探讨北京市海淀区中小学生伤害的现状及其相关因素,为伤害的预防提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法对北京市海淀区1008名在册中小学生及其家长进行问卷回顾性调查。结果1008名中小学生中,1年期间共有153人发生伤害,伤害发生率为15．18％;伤害共发生230人次,次数发生率为22．82％;伤害发生者中仅发生1次伤害（单发伤害）的报告率为11．01％（111／1008）,发生2次及以上伤害（多发伤害）的报告率为4．17％（42／1008）;跌倒／跌落为首位发生伤害类型,操场、体育馆、游泳馆等为伤害发生主要地点,手部／脚部是最常见的伤害部位。负二项回归分析结果提示,性别、年龄、肥胖、闯红灯、打架次数、家庭类型和父亲文化程度等是伤害频次的影响因素。结论中小学生的伤害仍然是一个严重的公共卫生问题,应针对学生伤害的特点及其影响因素采取有效的干预措施,减少儿童伤害的发生,促进儿童健康成长。     

Dietary intake based on physical activity level in Korean elementary school students

Prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing significantly worldwide due to energy imbalance perhaps stemming from undesirable dietary behavior and physical activity level. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of physical activity level on nutritional status in elementary school students. The subjects were comprised of 287 elementary school students between 4th and 6th grades in Seoul, Korea. The level of physical activity was scored with a modified Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire and was categorized as active, moderately active, and sedentary. Dietary intakes were obtained using a 24-hour food recall method. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to test for global significant differences of nutrient intakes by physical activity level. Boys were more active than girls. Daily intakes of energy in moderately active boys were significantly higher than in the sedentary group, but intakes of calcium and iron in moderately active boys were lower than active boys. For girls, physical activity level did not affect nutrient density at all. Intakes of calcium, vitamin C, and folate for both boys and girls were below 50% of recommended intake. Physical activity did not affect nutrient density and our participants were exposed to nutritional imbalance. Therefore, the results suggest that nutrition education regarding balanced diet and optimum physical activity is required for children''s health and growth.     

广东省佛山市南海区中小学生营养知识-态度-行为调查分析

目的了解广东省佛山市南海区中小学生关于营养的态度、营养知识的知晓情况和健康行为的形成情况,为有效开展营养健康教育提供支持。方法采用问卷调查方法,对18所中小学1747名学生进行营养知识-态度-行为调查。结果学生营养知识知晓率仅为58.70%,随学段升高知晓率明显提高;学生普遍认为营养知识很重要,对营养知识很感兴趣;有16.00%的学生不是每天吃早餐,学生早餐食物主要有米饭、面包等,蔬菜、水果较少。大部分的学生存在挑食、偏食的行为,37.70%的学生不喜欢吃猪肝,52.00%的学生喜欢吃煎炸食品,吃零食的时间多为"不定时"。近两成的学生喝老火汤不吃汤渣。50.70%小学生每天吃得最多的一餐是晚餐。结论南海区中小学生特别是小学生对营养知识比较感兴趣,但是营养知识掌握不够,存在不合理的进餐行为。营养健康教育有必要在中小学生中开展,以培养其健康的饮食习惯。     

2008年杭州市区小学生健康状况调查分析

目的了解杭州市区小学生的营养状况和常见病的患病情况,为制定预防措施提供科学依据。方法用整群抽样的方法,抽取杭州市区3所小学1321名小学生的体检资料进行分析,用评价学龄期儿童和青少年体格发育状况的Rohrer指数对营养状况进行评价。结果男女生肥胖率分别为30.53%和17.23%,营养不良率分别为11.21%和16.64%。患病情况,龋齿患病率最高（59.05%）,其他依次为视力不良（28.69%）、平跖足（6.81%）、贫血（5.37%）、扁桃体炎（3.41%）、心脏病（0.38%）,沙眼以及肠道蛔虫各见1例。结论杭州市区小学生与国内同类调查结果相比,肥胖、龋齿、视力不良、扁桃体炎、平跖足患病率较高。营养不良、贫血患病率较低,沙眼、肠道蠕虫的患病率很低。应根据调查结果,开展相应的健康教育。     

A varicella outbreak in a school with high one-dose vaccination coverage, Beijing, China

Background

Varicella vaccine is available in the private sector in China, with a single dose currently recommended for children aged ≥12 months. We investigated a varicella outbreak in a school in Beijing with high varicella vaccination coverage to describe the outbreak, examine risk factors for vaccine failure, and calculate vaccine effectiveness.

Methods

A varicella case was defined as an acute generalized maculopapular rash without other apparent cause in a student without prior varicella attending the elementary school during August 30–December 28, 2010. Varicella among vaccinated students (breakthrough varicella) was defined as varicella occurring >42 days after vaccination. Students’ vaccination status was verified with immunization records and clinical presentations were collected from health care practitioners.

Results

Of the 951 students, 934 (98%) had no prior varicella history. Among these students, 916 had received 1 dose of varicella vaccine and 2 had received 2 doses (98% vaccination coverage) before the outbreak. A total of 87 cases occurred during the outbreak; most had breakthrough varicella (86/87, 99%) and mild disease (83/87, 95%). Age at vaccination (<15 months vs. ≥15 months) and time since vaccination before outbreak (<5 years vs. ≥5 years) were not associated with development of breakthrough varicella. Single-dose varicella vaccination was 89% effective in preventing any varicella and 99% in preventing moderate/severe varicella.

Conclusion

Single-dose varicella vaccination is highly effective in reducing varicella incidence and mitigating disease severity, but not high enough to prevent outbreak. A two-dose program might help to prevent varicella outbreaks in Beijing.     

水痘疫苗在学校水痘疫情中的保护效力分析

目的 评价不同免疫策略下水痘疫苗在学校水痘暴发疫情中的保护效力.方法 在2019年中山市发生水痘暴发疫情的学校中,选取病例数较多(＞5例)的班级学生作为研究对象,采用回顾性队列研究的方法评价水痘疫苗的保护效力.结果 共有10个班级418名学生纳入研究,水痘疫苗总接种率为83.5％(349/418),1、2剂次接种率分别...     

长沙市岳麓区559名小学教师营养知信行现状研究

目的了解小学教师的营养知识、态度和行为现状,分析其影响因素,为今后开展小学生营养教育干预提供依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,2006年9月对长沙市岳麓区29所小学559名小学教师进行营养知识-态度-行为的问卷调查。结果小学教师掌握了一定的基础营养知识,平均得分为20．72±3．49分,答题正确率达到71．46％±12．04％。营养态度方面,对接受营养知识和营养教育的态度很好,但营养行为有待进一步改善。经两样本t检验和逐步回归分析发现,性别（P〈0．05）、城郊分组（P〈0．01）是小学教师营养知识得分的影响因素。结论有必要对小学教师开展营养教育。     

Long-term study of urinary bisphenol A in elementary school children

Objectives  Due to its industrial application and frequent use as a coating material for food containers, bisphenol A (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol, BPA) is present in abundance in our environment. Data on intake levels of BPA are limited in preadolescent children in Japan. This study was designed to help us better understand the current state of BPA exposure in children in Japan. Methods  We followed first graders (n = 104) attending school in a Tokyo suburb from 1998 until the sixth grade (2003), during which time we collected a total of three morning urine samples. Urinary BPA was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Results  Ninety-four children were followed for 5 years. Median urinary BPA level was 2.66 ng/mg creatinine (CRE) (range 0.9–38.9) at first grade (1998), 1.52 ng/mg CRE (0.4–11.8) at third grade (2000), and 0.66 ng/mg CRE (0.2–8.5) at sixth grade (2003), showing a significant decrease in urinary BPA levels over a 5-year follow-up study (p < 0.001). No significant difference was seen between boys and girls at each grade. Conclusions  Urinary levels of BPA were relatively low throughout the study period; however, as the study progressed, we observed a significant decline in levels, the reason behind which is not yet clear.     

北京市小学生水痘疫苗应急接种效果及影响因素评价

目的 评价北京市小学生水痘疫苗应急接种效果及其影响因素.方法 对2007年5-7月北京市4个区(县)49起小学水痘疫情应急接种进行前瞻性观察.将应急接种前发生水痘病例的班级和同楼层或同排平房无病例班级的全体7882名学生作为观察对象;收集水痘病史、疫苗接种史、病例个案等资料,采用描述流行病学方法评价水痘疫苗应急接种保护效果.结果 水痘疫苗应急接种总体保护率为85.26%.首例水痘病例既往有疫苗接种史、疫情发现及时、病例数少、距首例病例发病时间短的水痘疫苗应急接种保护效果较好;分别对水痘疫苗应急接种前已发生病例班级和同楼层或同排平房无病例班级的应急接种效果进行分析,疫苗保护率分别为84.26%和87.06%.首例病例既往有水痘疫苗接种史的应急接种保护率分别为92.09%和93.06%,均高于首例病例既往无疫苗接种史的学校.应急接种前仅发生1例病例的疫曲接种保护率分别为83.09%和93.02%,均高于应急接种前已发生2～3例病例的学校.首例病例发病后<5 d完成消毒、隔离和应急接种等综合措施的疫苗保护率分别为86.60%和92.73%,均高于首例病例发病后<5 d完成消毒、隔离、但≥5 d完成应急接种的学校.此外,学校教室为平房、无校车或食堂、无住宿、学生间无搭伴包车或就餐的学校应急接种后疫苗保护率较高.结论 北京市小学生水痘疫苗应急接种具有较高的保护率,有利于控制水痘疫情.     

北京市东城区第二类疫苗免疫接种知识调查

目的对北京市东城区儿童监护人第二类疫苗免疫接种相关知识的知晓情况进行调查分析。方法随机选取东城区4个地段保健科1月龄儿童监护人183名,对这183名儿童监护人进行面对面第二类疫苗接种知识问卷调查。结果第二类疫苗接种知识知晓情况,28.96%(53人)的儿童监护人知道第二类疫苗概念;疫苗的作用为儿童监护人是否选择第二类疫苗首先考虑的因素,其次儿童监护人根据儿童健康状况来选择接种第二类疫苗。结论采取切实可行的第二类疫苗宣传告知,普及儿童监护人对第二类疫苗的认识,从而做到充分告知,知情选择。