极低出生体重儿尽早达到足量肠内营养喂养策略——《极低出生体重儿喂养指南》解读

极低出生体重儿的营养和喂养不仅对减少初生早期的合并症而且对远期预后产生重要影响。营养和喂养的目标是在保证安全的前提下,尽早建立肠内喂养,尽快地达到全肠内营养。2015年加拿大麦克马斯特大学儿童医院发表了《极低出生体重儿喂养指南》,内容涉及到临床上极低出生体重儿的营养和喂养经常遇到的问题,包括极低出生体重儿达到足量肠内营养的时间、开奶时间和喂养频次、出生早期肠内营养喂养方式的选择、奶量增加的速度、喂养耐受性的评估、胃内残余奶量的管理,以及早产儿胃食管反流等。     

238例极低出生体重早产儿的生长速率和影响因素

目的 观察极低出生体重早产儿住院期问的生长速度及营养支持情况,研究影响其生长的因素.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法,收集2005年1月1日至2006年6月30日我国不同地区10所三甲医院檄低出生体重早产儿的临床资料,对影响早产儿生长的因素进行分析.结果 共有238例符合条件的极低出生体重早产儿,出生胎龄为(30.9±1.9)周,出生体重(1313±129)g.生后第1周～第6周平均体重生长速率分别为-7.2、14.2、13.6、13.7、14.2、14.8 g/(kg·d).肠内、外营养开始平均时间分别为(3.4±2,3)d和(3.1±1.7)d,总热卡达120 kcal/(kg·d)平均时间为(21.3±11.6)d,喂养奶量达150 ml/(kg·d)平均时间为(23.4±10.8)d.恢复出生体重后平均生长速率为(13.8±3.5)g/(kg·d),平均住院时间(39.8±13.9)d.出生时小于胎龄者较适于胎龄者恢复出生体重后的平均生长速率快[14.4 vs 13.2 g/(kg·d),t=2.703,P<0.05].结论 平均生长速率较快组[≥15 g/(kg·d)]与较慢组[<15g/(kg·d)]相比,出生胎龄差异无显著性,但出生体重低、接受肠内肠外营养早.大多数极低出生体重早产儿在住院期间不能达到正常胎儿在官内的生长速率.更积极的肠内肠外营养,可能有利于极低出生体重儿生后的早期牛长.     

肠内营养开始时间对极低出生体重儿消化功能及生长速度的影响

目的 探讨极低出生体重儿（VLBWI）适宜的肠内营养开始时间,观察不同肠内营养开始时间对VLBWI 消化功能、生长速度及院内感染率的影响。方法 选择NICU 病区2012 年2~12 月入院的全部VLBWI,根据肠内营养开始时间,将其分为3 组,即≤ 3 d 组（116 例）、4~6 d 组（36 例）、≥ 7 d 组（26 例）。分析不同肠内营养开始时间对消化功能、生长速度及院内感染率等的影响。结果 ≤ 3 d 组生后1 周奶量明显高于另2 组,≤ 3 d 组及4~6 d 组生后2 周、3 周奶量明显高于≥ 7 d 组。3 组生长速度指标比较差异无统计学意义。≤ 3 d 组中心静脉置管时间明显短于另外2 组,≥ 7 d 组达全肠内营养的时间明显长于另外2 组。≤ 3 d组院内感染率（13.8%）明显低于≥ 7 d 组（46.2%）。结论 肠内营养开始时间对VLBWI 生长速度无影响,但早期开始肠内营养能促进其胃肠功能成熟,利于奶量增长,能更快达到全肠内营养,缩短中心静脉置管时间,降低院内感染率。     

新生儿喂养不耐受的药物治疗

为缩短极低出生体重儿(VLBWI)胃肠外营养时间、降低迟发型感染和胆汁淤积发生率及缩短住院时间,成功建立肠内营养是关键。多数情况下,微量喂养可成功诱导胃肠运动和喂养耐受。     

极低出生体重儿的营养管理

美国儿科学会营养委员会推荐的极低出生体重儿(VLBW)的营养目标是生后的生长速度达到或接近正常胎儿在孕后期相应胎龄的宫内生长速度。然而实际情况是绝大多数VLBW的生长相当滞后。尤其是出生体重低于1000g的早产儿(VVLBW),而且无论是小于胎龄儿还是适于胎龄儿均发展为宫外发育     

不同肠内营养开始时间对极低出生体重儿肠道菌群及代谢产物影响的前瞻性研究北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨不同肠内营养开始时间对极低出生体重儿肠道菌群及代谢产物的影响。方法 选取2020年6~12月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿科收治的29例极低出生体重儿为研究对象,根据生后肠内营养开始时间(开奶时间)不同分为<24 h组(n=15)和24~72 h组(n=14)。采集患儿住院第2周和第4周的粪便标本,采用16S rDNA高通量测序和气相色谱-质谱法分别分析粪便样本的菌群和短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)。结果 菌群结果显示,生后第2周和第4周2组间Chao指数(反映菌群丰富度)和Shannon指数(反映菌群多样性)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。菌群组成分析中,生后第2周和第4周2组间主要菌群在门、属水平上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组SCFAs比较显示,开奶时间<24 h组第4周丙酸高于24~72 h组(P<0.05),而2组SCFAs总量及其他各SCFAs含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 较早开始肠内营养对极低出生体重儿肠道菌群多样性和丰富度无影响,但24 h内开始肠内营养可以使代谢产物丙酸水平增高。     

基于循证的标准化喂养方案可以帮助极早产儿/极低出生体重儿尽早达到全肠道喂养北大核心CSCD

目的探讨实施基于循证的标准化喂养方案能否促进极早产儿/极低出生体重儿全胃肠道营养建立及其对早期临床结局的影响。方法回顾性纳入胎龄≤32周或出生体重<1500g的早产儿312例为研究对象。根据2020年5月实施早产儿标准化喂养方案前后1年时间将患儿分为对照组(2019年5月1日至2020年4月30日,n=160)和试验组(2020年6月1日至2021年5月31日,n=152),比较两组患儿达到全肠道喂养时间、开始肠内喂养时间、静脉营养持续时间、恢复至出生体重时间、中心静脉留置时间的差异及相关早产儿常见合并症发生率。结果试验组达到全肠道喂养时间、肠内喂养开始时间、静脉营养持续时间和中心静脉留置时间均较对照组明显缩短,中心导管相关性血流感染率较对照组明显降低(p<0.05),但Ⅱ~Ⅲ期新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎等早产儿常见合并症的发生率及病死率在两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论实施早产儿标准化喂养方案可以帮助极早产儿/极低出生体重儿更快建立全肠道喂养,减少静脉营养使用,降低中心导管相关性血流感染,而不增加新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎风险。     

极低出生体重儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积高危因素分析

目的：胆汁淤积是婴儿肠外营养最常见的并发症,本研究旨在调查极低出生体重儿长期肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的高危因素。方法：回顾性分析2006年8月至2011年12月在重症监护室住院且肠外营养时间大于2周的极低出生体重儿204例,使用营养液前后定期检测肝功能,发生胆汁淤积的观察组和未发生胆汁淤积的对照组进行单因素及多因素分析。结果：204例极低出生体重儿发生胆汁淤积46例（22.5%）;单因素分析显示经鼻持续正压通气（CPAP）、呼吸衰竭、呼吸窘迫综合征、支气管肺发育不良及早产儿视网膜病在观察组的比例明显高于对照组;另外,与对照组相比,观察组出生体重低、吸氧时间长、第一次开奶时间晚、禁食时间长、肠外营养持续时间长、总氨基酸和总脂肪的摄入量高。Logistic回归分析显示禁食时间（OR:1.115,95%CI： 1.031~1.207）是胆汁淤积的高危因素。结论：胆汁淤积的发生是多因素的,危重儿尽早开展肠内营养,减少肠外营养时间,降低胆汁淤积的发生。     

Mounla营养评价方法在极低出生体重儿中应用

目的采用Mounla方法对极低出生体重儿进行营养评价。方法上海市2003年1月～2004年12月间5家医院的极低出生体重儿126例,采集出生体重、体重下降最明显的日龄、最低体重及回到出生体重的日龄,用Mounla提出的方法进行营养评价。结果126例极低出生体重儿用Mounla的营养评价方法,营养不良的发生率为48.4%。结论Mounla这一评价方法的提出,为临床营养支持提供一定参考。     

超低出生体重儿的营养管理

超低出生体重儿是NICU中最具风险的一组早产儿,除了必要的生命支持技术以外,营养管理成为直接影响到其生存和预后的关键因素.本文从超低出生体重儿的营养需求、肠内外营养和出院后喂养几个方面阐述了其营养管理的特点.超低出生体重儿营养支持的理想目标是使其生长速率及与之相关的功能发育和体重增长的成分接近正常胎儿.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.