肠道菌群及其生物学意义

文章综述了人类肠道菌群的形成机制及其抗感染和免疫调控功能,剖宫产对肠道菌群形成的影响以及新生儿感染、过敏的风险.介绍并评价了益生菌和益生原对剖宫产新生儿感染和过敏反应的治疗、预防作用.     

肠道菌群与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病(IBD)的病因和发病机制目前尚不清楚。有研究显示IBD患者存在肠道内菌群失调,补充益生菌纠正菌群失调,可使IBD病情缓解。该文针对肠道菌群与IBD发病的相关性,菌群紊乱与肠道免疫功能异常、肠黏膜屏障功能缺陷、肠道通透性增高等的关系,探讨益生菌对IBD的治疗作用。随着人类对肠道黏膜免疫系统及IBD遗传易感性研究的不断完善,益生菌制剂将是一类有广阔前景的治疗IBD的药物。     

肠道菌群与儿童过敏性疾病

肠道菌群在调节机体免疫功能、维持肠道黏膜屏障、抑制外源性致病菌定植等方面具有重要作用.近年来流行病学调查和实验研究提示生命早期肠道菌群的紊乱与过敏性疾病的发生发展有密切关系.关于益生菌对过敏性疾病的预防和治疗作用,近年来已有多项研究,但尚无确切结论.     

儿童幽门螺杆菌感染与肠道菌群研究进展

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染介导机体免疫应答,同时促进胃肠黏膜的自噬,两种途径都将影响肠道菌群。儿童Hp感染后根据其适应证,选择标准三联疗法进行根除治疗,但该疗法可能打破机体的微生态平衡。该文就儿童Hp感染与肠道菌群相关性及益生菌在Hp感染治疗中的作用作一综述。     

关注微生态制剂在儿童中的应用

随着肠道菌群与人类健康和疾病关系研究的深入,微生态制剂越来越受到儿科医务人员和公众的关注,微生态制剂包括益生菌、益生元、合生元和后生元,其中益生菌是目前应用最为广泛的制剂。益生菌能够通过拮抗潜在致病菌、增强黏膜免疫功能和肠道屏障功能、激活和调节全身免疫应答、改善肠道代谢等,发挥对某些疾病的防治和健康促进作用。益生菌可以以药物、配方奶添加、食品添加和保健品等方式补充。益生菌具有菌株特异性、剂量依赖性和个体或人群差异性的特点,是临床进行益生菌应用选择、推荐和评价的主要依据。     

肠肺轴——谁影响谁

人体肠道是一个巨大的微生物栖息地, 肠道菌群为人体提供营养、调节代谢、调控肠道上皮发育和诱导先天性免疫, 对生长、发育、衰老有着重要的影响。肠道菌群受遗传因素、生活环境或生活模式以及疾病等多种因素的影响, 同时也通过多种途径与全身脏器相互影响。肺与大肠具有胚胎学同源性、共同黏膜免疫系统、具有分泌功能等现代生物学基础, 肠道菌群既调节胃肠道的功能, 也影响呼吸系统健康与疾病, 形成"肠肺轴";依据肠肺轴理论, 肠道微生态调控已在预防和治疗呼吸道感染、哮喘等多种呼吸系统疾病取得较好疗效。     

益生菌在儿童特应性皮炎中的应用

特应性皮炎（atopic dermatitis,AD）是一种儿童常见的慢性炎症性皮肤病,其发病机制尚不清楚。研究证实,人体微生态异常与AD关系密切,皮肤和肠道菌群紊乱在AD 的发生和发展中起着重要作用。益生菌可纠正菌群紊乱,具有调节免疫、抗氧化、抗菌等作用,有助于微生态稳态的恢复。国内外专家已针对益生菌制剂在儿童AD防治中的作用进行了多年临床研究,初步证实益生菌可作为预防和辅助治疗儿童AD的方法之一。     

粪菌移植在儿科应用的研究进展北大核心CSCD

粪菌移植(FMT)可将健康人粪便中的各种肠道微生物、代谢产物和天然抗菌物质等移植到受者肠道内,可重建肠道菌群平衡、修复肠黏膜屏障、控制炎症反应、调节机体免疫,是治疗肠道菌群失调所致疾病的新方法。FMT治疗儿童复发性艰难梭菌感染已写入复发性艰难梭菌感染的诊疗指南。FMT治疗儿童炎症性肠病、孤独症谱系障碍的有效性及安全性较好。     

益生菌在儿童抗生素相关性腹泻病的应用

儿童抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)是指抗生素扰乱和破坏肠道菌群稳态,是儿科临床上最为常见的副反应。艰难梭菌相关性腹泻(CDAD)是AAD中的严重结肠炎类型。抗生素造成肠道菌群的结构改变,多样性减少,菌群组成结构重新分布;宿主肠黏膜免疫应答模式变化,开放病原菌侵入结合位点,诱导耐抗生素机会菌株的定植,感染易感性增高;菌群构成改变,干扰糖和胆汁酸代谢等原因引起腹泻。益生菌早期干预可以有效减低AAD和CDAD的发生率,临床上在使用抗生素同时应用益生菌是合理有效的。     

益生菌在儿童反复呼吸道感染中的应用

免疫功能低下和病原菌暴露是造成儿童反复呼吸道感染的主要原因,多采用免疫调节剂治疗。益生菌可以通过多种途径参与局部和全身的免疫调节,包括定植抵抗力、增强自然杀伤细胞的数量与活性、释放细胞因子、提高抗体应答等。资料显示,益生菌可以减少呼吸道感染患病次数,减轻症状的严重度,缩短病程,减少抗生素使用和缺席(日托/上学)的时间。作为减少儿童呼吸道感染切实可行的方法,益生菌治疗中合适的菌株、用量、使用频数和疗程仍须进一步研究。     

早产儿视网膜病的危险因素分析及随访调查

研究早产儿视网膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的发生率、高危因素、治疗与随访情况。方法对2005年7月-2007年12月温州医学院附属第一医院NICU收治的符合ROP筛查标准的早产儿,于生后2周开始由资深眼科医师开始行间接眼底镜检查眼底,并进行随访。结果434例早产儿中ROP的发生率为5.5%(24/434例),24例ROP中Ⅰ期19例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期2例。Ⅲ期阈值病变者行激光光凝治疗,全部患儿均恢复正常。对434例早产儿行单因素分析得出,胎龄、出生体重、住院时间、吸氧、吸氧浓度、吸氧时间、呼吸暂停、新生儿肺透明膜病(RDS)、肺表面活性剂(PS)的应用、机械通气、输血、光疗时间、感染与ROP的发生有相关性(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示胎龄、出生体重、胎数、吸氧时间、光疗时间、代谢性酸中毒、母亲妊高症、颅内出血是影响ROP发生的主要因素。结论早产是ROP的根本原因,防治各种并发症、合理的氧疗是预防ROP的关键。建立完善有效的ROP筛查制度,早期发现、早期治疗ROP,可改善ROP的预后。     

术中判断肠活力三种方法的比较

术中准确地评价肠活力是外科医师面临的一个普遍问题。应用兔肠缺血模型，比较静脉荧光素、表面血氧测定和激光多普勒三种技术判断肠活力的精确性。结果：诊断效率静脉荧光素法为７８％，表面血氧测定为６８％，激光多普勒为９５％。后者精确度显著优于前二者，且操作简便、迅速，具有临床应用前景。     

Spectrum of clinical presentations of vein of Galen aneurysm

Aneurysm of the vein of Galen is a rare intracranial vascular malformation. It is known to have diverse manifestations and varying severity. Four cases with different modes of presentation and outcome are reported. A mortality of 50 per cent was encountered. Among the survivors, one had neurologic sequelae whereas the other had attained age-appropriate developmental milestones. The former was a rare case of spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm while the latter was a boy who underwent therapeutic embolization.     

Outcome of the Treatment of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

The use of specific dietary restrictions, cofactor administration, mobilisation of insoluble substances, environmental modifications, product replacement and selective enzyme inhibition are now established for the treatment of some inborn errors of metabolism. There is no generally accepted application for enzyme administration, cytopharmacology (manipulation of the cytoskeleton) or for cell transplantation except for bone marrow transplantation in disorders where the bone marrow is primarily at fault. The other uses of bone marrow transplantation which have been proposed require further evaluation. Results of recent research suggest that the scope of this approach is gradually being widened. There is also scope for development in the field of organ transplantation taking advantage of recent technical¹ and immunological progress. The treatment of inborn errors of metabolism by genetic modification is not yet on a practical clinical level; more laboratory and animal studies are needed before this can be attempted in man. Adenosine deaminase deficiency appears to be the disease in which this will be first attempted using a retroviral vector to insert the gene into the genome of pluripotential bone marrow cells.     

婴幼儿法乐四联症手术治疗近期疗效的影响因素

目的 探讨影响婴幼儿法乐四联症手术治疗近期疗效的各相关因素.方法 将2003年8月至2011年2月经作者一期手术纠治的117例年龄≤3岁的法乐四联症患儿分为疗效良好、疗效较差两组.分析手术时患儿年龄、体重、术前HCT值、McGoon指数、EDVI、主动脉阻断时间、转流时间、室间隔缺损大小、升主动脉与肺动脉干直径比、...     

主动脉缩窄的治疗研究进展

主动脉缩窄(coarctation of aorta,CoA)是主动脉的局限性狭窄,狭窄最常见于峡部,是一种常见的先天性心血管畸形,占所有先天性心脏病的5％ ～8％.缩窄导致上肢血压升高,下肢血压降低,并可引起心功能下降,未经治疗的CoA预后不佳.治疗方式包括外科治疗及经皮介入治疗,不同治疗方式的并发症发生率不同,术后长期监测其并发症、心功能是评估预后的重要指标.该文对主动脉缩窄的治疗方式及术后并发症、心功能情况的研究进展作一综述.     

早产儿脑病研究进展

早产儿脑病是复杂的原发性脑损伤和继发性脑发育异常疾病.过去几年对该病有了较为深刻的认识,该文就最新的有关早产儿脑病概念演变,脑损伤后的细胞分子机制和损伤后发育障碍,尤其是活化小胶质细胞介导的少突胶质细胞损伤机制、神经/髓鞘受损和丘脑、板层下神经元及大脑皮层的受损机制或发育成熟障碍进行综述,以便对该病有更深刻的认识.     

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??Inhaled corticosteroids??ICS?? are the most effective medicine for chronic airway inflammation nowdays. Atomization inhalation has been widely applied in clinics because of its efficacy??fewer side-effects and convenience. Here??we focused on some points which should be paid attention to??including how to choose appropriate patients??how to ensure the effectiveness of inhaled steroids and how to reduce possible side-effects.     

Treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity is a potentially blinding disorder of premature infants. Retinal ablation of the avascular retina originally described using cryotherapy but now most commonly undertaken with laser photocoagulation, reduces the unfavourable structural outcomes and improves the functional visual acuity outcome. The CRYO-ROP study showed the long-term benefit of treatment of threshold disease compared with no treatment, however even with cryoablation 44.4% of treated eyes had a visual acuity of 6/60 or worse at 10 year follow-up. The ETROP study of earlier treatment for high-risk pre-threshold disease, rather than treatment at threshold, has shown that pre-threshold treatment of type 1 disease produces a significantly improved outcome. Despite treatment some infants develop retinal detachment for which various surgical treatments have been described, although not always with a good functional outcome. Future treatment modalities may include the use of anti-VEGF therapies.     

Epidemiology of respiratory distress of newborns

The present prospective study was conducted to find out the incidence, etiology and outcome of respiratory distress (RD) in newborns. All newborns (n=4505), delivered at this hospital over a period of 13 months, were observed for respiratory problems. Relevant antenatal, intranatal and neonatal information was noted. Cases were investigated for the cause of respiratory distress and followed up for the outcome. The overall incidence of RD was 6.7% Preterm babies had the highest incidence (30.0%) followed by post-term (20.9%) and term babies (4.2%). Transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN) was found to be the commonest (42.7%) cause of RD followed by infection (17.0%), meconium aspiration syndrome (10.7%), hyaline membrane disease (9.3%) and birth asphyxia (3.3%). TTN was found to be common among both term and preterm babies. While Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was seen mostly among preterms, and Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) among term and post-term babies. Overall case fatality ration for RD was found to be 19%, being highest for HMD (57.1%), followed by MAS (21.8%) and infection (15.6%). Our results indicate that RD is a common neonatal problem. TTN accounts for a large proportion of thhese cases. MAS and infection also contribute significantly and are largely preventable. Without adequate ventilatory support HMD and MAS carry high mortality.