宫颈癌根治术后盆腔淋巴结转移的预后研究

背景与目的:盆腔淋巴结转移是影响宫颈癌预后的重要因素,但是淋巴结阳性数、淋巴结转移部位及术后辅助治疗与预后的关系,尚有待探讨。本研究拟探讨Ⅰb～Ⅱb期宫颈癌根治术后有盆腔淋巴结转移时影响预后的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析66例根治术后证实有盆腔淋巴结转移的Ⅰb～Ⅱb期(FIGO分期)宫颈癌患者的临床资料,对可能影响预后的有关因素进行Cox比例风险模型分析。结果:66例盆腔淋巴结转移患者的5年总生存率为40.7％。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示:肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移数目和术后辅助治疗是影响预后的重要危险因素(P<0.05)。1枚淋巴结转移患者的5年总体生存率(56.5％)明显高于2枚或2枚以上淋巴结转移的患者(36.4％)(P<0.05),前者远处转移率(5.9％)低于后者(32.7％)(P=0.05),而两组患者盆腔复发率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。术后未予辅助治疗患者的5年生存率(12.6％)明显低于术后辅助治疗者(53.7％)(P< 0.05),而辅助放疗组、辅助化疗组与辅助放化疗组患者的5年生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:Ⅰb～Ⅱb期宫颈癌根治术后有盆腔淋巴结转移时预后差,术后辅助治疗能提高患者生存率,减少盆腔复发和远处转移。     

The Prognosis of Patients with Stage Ib-IIb Node-Positive Cervical Carcinoma after Radical Surgery

Objective To investigate the influence of positive lymph nodes on the prognosis for patients with stage Ib-IIb cervical carcinoma. Methods Sixty-six patients with stage Ib∼IIb cervical carcinoma who underwent a radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were analyzed retrospectively. The potential prognostic factors were calculated by the Cox proportional hazard model. Results The 5-year survival of the patients with pelvic lymph node metastasis was 40.7%. The Cox proportional hazard model analysis showed that cellular differentiation, the number of positive nodes and adjuvant therapy were independent prognostic factors (P< 0.05). The 5-year survival of patients with 1 positive node was higher than that of those with 2 or more positive nodes (56.5% vs 36.4%,P< 0.05). The distant metastasis rate in the former group (5.9%) was lower than the latter’s (32.7%) (P=0.05). However, there was no significant difference of pelvic recurrence between the 2 groups (P> 0.05). The 5-year survival of the patients who had no adjuvant therapy (12.6%) was much lower than that (53.7%) of those with adjuvant therapy (P< 0.05). However, there no obvious differences among the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy (P> 0.05). Conclusion The prognosis of patients with stage lb∼llb node-positive cervical carcinoma who underwent radical surgery was poor. Adjuvant therapy can increase the survival rate, decrease the pelvic recurrence and distant metastasis.     

手术切除联合辅助放化疗对腮腺黏液表皮样癌的疗效及预后影响因素

目的：探讨手术切除联合辅助放化疗对腮腺黏液表皮样癌的疗效及患者预后影响因素。方法选择80例腮腺黏液表皮样癌患者,按照治疗方案分为单纯手术组30例和术后联合放化疗组50例,对患者进行为期5年随访,以患者性别、年龄、病程、TMN分期、病理分型、手术类型、治疗方案、淋巴结远端转移等资料作为观察指标,分析影响患者预后的因素。结果术后联合放化疗组患者5年生存率为84.0%,高于单纯手术组5年生存率为63.3%（χ2=4.422,P=0.035）;生存分析显示术后联合放化疗组中位生存期为90.6个月高于单纯手术组的69.8个月,差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.039,P=0.001）。单因素分析显示年龄﹥60岁、T3～T4分级、低分化程度、单纯手术切除、合并淋巴结远端转移患者5年生存率降低（P﹤0.05）;多因素分析显示病理分型、治疗方案、淋巴结远端转移是影响患者预后的独立危险因素。结论术后辅助放化疗能够提高腮腺黏液表皮样癌患者的5年生存率,病理分型、治疗方案、淋巴结远端转移是影响患者预后的独立危险因素。     

Adjuvant Treatment Approaches after Radical Prostatectomy with Lymph Node Involvement

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adjuvant treatment preferences and effects on disease progression in patients with pathologically positive lymph node prostate cancer. Methods: Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy from the prostate cancer database of the Turkish Urooncology Association with lymph node involvement were included in the study. Database includes prostate cancer patients from many experience Urooncology centers of Turkey. Adjuvant treatment approaches and the factors that effect the PSA recurrrence was analysed. Results: Postoperative median 2 (1-3) lymph nodes were found to be positive, and the median lymph node density was reported as 0.13 (0.07-0.25). Seventy-four percent of patients received adjuvant treatment postoperatively. Seventy four of the patients (46.54%) received hormonal therapy in combination with radiotherapy; 47 of them (29.55%) received only hormonal treatment and 20(12.57%) only received radiotherapy. The number of lymph nodes removed was less in the group requiring adjuvant treatment, and this group had a higher rate of surgical margin positivity and seminal vesicle invasion. In addition, adjuvant treatment group had a statistically significant higher lymph node density. There was no significant difference in Kaplan-Meier method comparing 5-year PSA recurrence-free survival in patients with and without adjuvant therapy. When the patient clustered as non-adjuvant, only hormonal therapy and hormonal therapy with radiotherapy, a significant survival advantage was found in the hormonal therapy with radiotherapy group compared to the other two groups (p=0.043). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between two groups in terms of time until PSA recurrence during our follow-up. In subgroup analysis survival advantage was found in the hormonal therapy with radiotherapy group compared to non-adjuvant and only hormonal therapy groups.     

分化差的胃神经内分泌肿瘤预后分析

 目的 探讨分化差的胃神经内分泌肿瘤的临床病理特点和辅助治疗对预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析经根治性手术治疗的胃神经内分泌肿瘤124例，根据肿瘤分类标准对肿瘤进行分类、分级和分期，并进行随访，采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线，Log rank检验进行单因素分析，Cox比例风险回归模型进行多因素分析。结果 胃神经内分泌瘤、胃神经内分泌癌和混合性腺神经内分泌癌的5年生存率分别为100%、52.4%和38.8%，多因素分析示淋巴结转移与否（P=0.030）和有无辅助治疗（P=0.017），尤其是顺铂联合依托泊苷方案（HR=0.051, P=0.015）是影响胃神经内分泌癌患者的独立预后因素；而淋巴结转移、远处转移、TNM分期和有无辅助治疗均不是混合性腺神经内分泌癌患者的独立预后因素。结论 胃神经内分泌癌患者的预后与淋巴结转移和有无辅助治疗有关，其辅助治疗可以考虑顺铂联合依托泊苷方案。     

Lymphadenectomy and adjuvant therapy in endometrial carcinoma: role of adjuvant chemotherapy

To evaluate the therapeutic benefit of lymphadenectomy and adjuvant therapy, in particular chemotherapy, we retrospectively analysed survival rates and patterns of recurrence of endometrioid adenocarcinoma in 106 patients who underwent surgery including retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 46 patients (42 received a platinum-based regimen) and pelvic irradiation to 12. The 5-year survival rate of 23 patients with lymph node metastasis was worse than that of patients without lymph node metastasis (60% vs 96%, P<0.0001). Recurrence was observed in 14 patients (10 patients with chemotherapy, two with irradiation, and two without adjuvant therapy); the first site of recurrence was in distant sites in 12 patients; recurrence in the pelvic sidewall or exclusively in lymph nodes was not observed. The 5-year survival rate of 18 patients with lymph node metastasis treated with chemotherapy, was 61% including all 14 with macroscopically positive nodes and all nine with paraaortic metastasis. Of seven patients with bulky positives nodes, three patients with bulky paraaortic nodes died of the disease, three of the four patients with bulky pelvic but without bulky paraaortic nodes had no recurrence. In summary, lymphadenectomy may afford a survival benefit via the debulking of macroscopically positive nodes, and the predominance of distant recurrences suggests that chemotherapy is a suitable choice as an adjuvant therapy in endometrial carcinoma after lymphadenectomy.     

118例小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者的临床特征和预后分析

目的分析小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移(肿块直径≤2 cm、腋窝淋巴结转移≥4个)乳腺癌患者的临床特征和预后。方法1993年1月至2003年12月我院共收治小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者118例,对其临床病理特征、辅助治疗进行分析,以发现相关的预后因素。结果全组患者的5年总生存率为75.0%。腋窝淋巴结转移4～9个及≥10个者的5年生存率分别为89.5%和59.8%(P=0.009),术后化疗患者与未化疗患者的5年生存率分别为82.1%和53.3%(P=0.001),术后内分泌治疗者与未行内分泌治疗者的5年生存率分别为89.2%和61.9%(P=0.001)。单因素Kaplan-Merier生存分析显示,肿瘤分期、术后化疗和内分泌治疗是影响患者预后的重要因素。Cox多因素预后分析显示,肿瘤分期、术后化疗和内分泌治疗是影响患者预后的独立因素。结论小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者具有易于转移的趋势,患者预后较差,尤其是腋窝淋巴结转移≥10个的患者;肿瘤分期、辅助化疗和内分泌治疗是影响患者预后的独立因素;合理的综合治疗有可能改善小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者的预后。     

第7版食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移分期方式的探讨及152例病例分析

分析食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移放疗疗效及探讨第7版国际食管癌M分期方式。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2009年12月经病理证实的锁骨上淋巴结转移的胸段食管癌病例152例,其中食管原发灶放射治疗患者95例,手术治疗57例;食管原发灶治疗后锁骨上淋巴结转移的患者81例,首诊时发现71例;141例患者锁骨上淋巴结行放射治疗,11例未行放射治疗。结果:全组患者中位随访时间为17（2～68）个月。放射治疗后近期疗效评价52.5%的患者达CR（74/141）、41.8%达PR（59/141）、3.6%达NC（5/141）、2.1%达PD（3/141）。至随访截止日期生存者40例,1、2、3年生存率分别为69.1%、37.4%、24.0%。多因素分析显示年龄、锁骨上淋巴结转移时间、单侧或双侧转移、近期疗效及是否合并内脏转移对预后的影响有统计学意义（P<0.05）。根据第7版国际食管癌TNM分期按食管原发灶首诊时有无胸腔内及锁骨上区淋巴结转移分为N分期（39例）和M分期（71例）组,两组患者1、2、3年总生存率分别为82.1%、54.1%、31.0%和56.3%、28.1%、21.7%（P=0.041）。按照第6版国际食管癌TNM分期,根据患者食管原发灶首诊时有锁骨上区淋巴结转移的M分期组71例分为M1a 20例与M1b 51例,两组患者1、2、3年总生存率分别为60.0%、27.3%、27.3%和54.9%、28.7%、19.0%,（P=0.930）。单纯锁骨上淋巴结转移（104例）与合并内脏转移（48例）患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为72.1%、47.0%、32.9%和62.5%、17.5%、5.8%（P<0.001）。结论:胸段食管癌出现锁骨上淋巴结转移与胸腔内淋巴结转移患者生存情况存在显著性差异;单纯锁骨上淋巴结转移与合并内脏器官转移患者的预后有显著性差异,分期时是否应将锁骨上淋巴结转移划分为M分期或N分期,还是分亚组需进一步研究;原发灶的位置对食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移的预后影响不大;患者的年龄、锁骨上淋巴结转移时间、单侧或双侧转移、近期疗效及是否合并内脏转移对预后有影响。      

食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移放疗疗效及预后因素分析

目的 回顾性分析胸段食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移患者的放疗疗效及其预后影响因素.方法回顾2005年1月-2009年12月经组织学证实的锁骨上淋巴结转移的胸段食管癌病例152例,其中食管原发灶采用放射治疗患者95例,手术治疗57例;食管原发灶治疗后锁骨上淋巴结转移81例,初诊时发现71例;141例患者锁骨上淋巴结行放射治疗,11例患者未行放射治疗.结果全组患者中位随访时间为17.5月(2～77月).放射治疗后近期疗效评价达CR、PR、NC及PD的分别为52.5％(74/141)、41.8％(59/141)、3.6％(5/141)和2.1％(3/141).1、2、3年生存率分别为51.3％、26.6％、17.3％.单侧转移与双侧转移患者1、3年生存率分别为54.0％、17.6％和26.7％、13.3％(P=0.033).转移灶放疗剂量≥60 Gy和＜60 Gy患者的1、3年生存率分别为61.5％、21.7％和12.5％、0(P＜0.01).单侧锁骨上区淋巴结转移的患者中,健侧锁骨上区预防照射与未行预防照射患者的1、3年生存率分别为53.7％、12.3％和56.3％、20.6％(P=0.939).多因素分析示患者的年龄、锁骨上淋巴结转移时间、锁骨上淋巴结转移时食管原发灶控制情况及是否合并内脏转移对预后的影响差异有统计学意义(P=0.007、P=0.009、P=0.008、P＜0.01).结论 放射治疗是食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移的有效治疗手段;锁骨上转移灶放射治疗范围以累及野为宜,剂量60～70Gy;患者的年龄、锁骨上淋巴结转移时间、食管原发灶的控制情况及是否合并内脏转移对患者的预后有影响.     

Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and pirarubicin for endometrial carcinoma patients with lymph node metastasis: A pilot study

We evaluated the effects of a combined chemotherapy regimen on endometrial carcinoma in 14 patients with lymph node metastasis. After surgery, the patients were treated with 3 cycles of chemotherapy (PVP regimen) every 4 weeks. The PVP regimen consisted of 75 mg/m2 cisplatin on day 1, 40 mg/m2 pirarubicin (P) on day 1, and 75 mg/m2 etoposide (VP-16: V) on days 2, 3 and 4. The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated based on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse effects. The 5-year PFS rate was 52% [95% confidence interval (CI), 10-94%], and the 5-year OS rate was 50% (95% CI, 16-84%). The major toxicity was myelosuppression. One hundred percent of patients had neutropenia above grade 3, but all recovered from myelosuppression. PVP therapy may be an effective adjuvant therapy for endometrial carcinoma patients with lymph node metastasis used as an alternative to radiation therapy.     

盆腔淋巴结转移性前列腺癌大分割调强放疗联合内分泌治疗疗效分析

目的:探讨盆腔淋巴结转移性前列腺癌大分割调强放疗联合内分泌治疗疗效及预后。方法:回顾分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院2006—2018年收治的42例Ⅳ A期前列腺癌行大分割调强放疗联合内分泌治疗病例的临床资料。前列腺及精囊腺放疗总剂量67.5 Gy分25次,盆腔淋巴引流区处方剂量45～50 Gy,1.8～2.0 ...     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律与术后放疗范围的探讨

目的 分析胸段食管痛淋巴结转移规律、失败部位,为术后放疗范围提供依据.方法 549例食管癌根治术后患者随机进入单纯手术组(275例)和术后放疗组(274例).术后放疗组术后3～4周开始双锁骨上淋巴引流Ⅸ和全纵隔放疗50～60 Cy分25～30次5～6 周完成.结果 全组1、2个解剖1)(域淋巴结转移者5年生存率分别为31.5%、13.9%(P=0.013),单纯手术组淋巴结转移个数≥2个(82例)的分别为24.8%、4.9%(P=0.046).上、中、下段食管癌淋巴结切除均数分别为13、17、20个,上、中、下段食管癌淋巴结转移率分别为26.1%、49.6%、64.9%(χ2=15.51,P<0.01).胸段食管痛食管旁、纵隔、胃周围(贲门左、贲门右、胃小弯)淋巴结转移率分别为33.2%、12.4%、30.4%(χ2=79.93,P<0.01),在上、中、下段食管痛中食管旁淋巴结阳性率相似(61.5%、65.6%、64.9%,χ2=0.16,P>0.05).在单纯手术组,纵隔淋巴结转移和锁骨上淋巴结转移失败率上、中段分别为26.7%、29.8%和16.7%、14.3%.上段食管癌吻合口的复发率16.7%明显的高于中、下段(3.1%、7.7%,χ2=9.02,P=0.011).结论 食管癌术后生存率受淋巴结转移区域多少的影响.上段食管癌淋巴结转移率低可能与淋巴结清扣个数少有关,发牛在食管旁淋巴结转移率最高,且不受病变部位的影响.上、中段食管癌除纵隔、锁骨上区域的复发率高外,上段食管癌的吻合口也很高,这些部位应是术后放疗的重点.     

Influence of number of metastatic lymph nodes on survival of curative resected thoracic esophageal cancer patients and value of radiotherapy: report of 549 cases

PURPOSE: To analyze the significance of the number of metastatic lymph nodes on survival with and without the addition of prophylactic postoperative radiotherapy (RT) after radical resection of thoracic esophageal carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 549 thoracic esophageal squamous cell cancer patients who had undergone radical resection were randomized by the envelope method into a surgery-alone group (S, n = 275) and a surgery plus RT group (S+R, n = 274). We performed a retrospective review of all patients according to the extent of metastasis. The patients were classified into three groups: Group 1, 269 patients (49.0%) without lymph node involvement; Group 2, 159 patients (29.0%) with one to two positive nodes; and Group 3, 121 patients (22.0%) with three or more positive lymph nodes. RESULTS: For the same T stage (T3), the 5-year survival rate for Groups 1, 2, and 3 was 50.6%, 29.3%, and 11.7%, respectively (p = 0.0000). For patients with Stage III, the 5-year survival rate for Groups 1 (T4N0M0), 2 (T3-T4N1M0), and 3 (T3-T4N2M0) was 58.1%, 30.6%, and 14.4%, respectively (p = 0.0092). The 5-year survival rate of the S and S+R groups with positive lymph nodes (Groups 2 and 3) was 17.6% and 34.1% (p = 0.0378). In the positive lymph node groups, the incidence of failure by intrathoracic lymph node metastasis and supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in the S+R group (21.5% and 4.6%, respectively) was lower than in the S group (35.9% and 19.7%, respectively; p <0.012). In the negative lymph node group, the incidence of failure by intrathoracic lymph node metastasis in the S and S+R groups was 27.8% and 13.3%, respectively (p = 0.006). Hematogenous metastasis was the greatest (27.5%) in Group 3 (three or more positive lymph nodes). CONCLUSION: The number of metastatic lymph nodes is one of the important factors affecting the survival of patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma. In our study, postoperative RT improved the survival of patients with positive lymph nodes. Additionally, postoperative RT reduced the incidence of intrathoracic recurrence and supraclavicular lymph node metastasis for all patients.     

Dedifferentiation in the metastatic progression of prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Dedifferentiation is a distinctive feature of cancer progression. Detailed histologic analysis of primary prostate carcinoma and synchronous lymph node metastases may improve our understanding of the complex process of cancer progression and metastasis. METHODS: The authors studied 242 regional lymph node positive prostate carcinoma patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy between 1987 and 1992 at the Mayo Clinic. Patients ranged in age from 47-79 years (median, 66 years). The median follow-up was 6.1 years. Gleason scores of lymph node metastases and primary tumors were compared and correlated with systemic disease progression. Histologic dedifferentiation was defined as a higher Gleason grade in the lymph node metastases than in the primary tumor. Systemic disease progression was defined as the presence of distant metastases documented by biopsies, abdominal computed tomography, plain radiograph, or bone scan. RESULTS: The 5-year systemic progression free survival (PFS) rate was 90%. The Gleason score in the lymph node metastases was higher than in the primary tumor in 45% of patients, lower in 12% of patients, and matched exactly in 43% of patients. The 5-year PFS was significantly different between patients with histologic dedifferentiation (88% +/- 3) and those without dedifferentiation (94% +/- 2) (P = 0.04). Adjusting for the Gleason grade of the primary tumor and total lymph node tumor volume, the relative risk for disease progression associated with dedifferentiation was 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.7-4.7; P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study demonstrate the morphologic heterogeneity of metastases from prostate carcinoma. There is a trend toward histologic dedifferentiation when prostate carcinoma metastasizes to regional lymph nodes. This dedifferentiation, although univariately significant, was not associated with disease progression when adjusted for lymph node tumor volume.     

Intermittent adjuvant chemo-immunotherapy after resection of non-small cell lung cancer with multilevel mediastinal lymph node metastasis

The prognosis of patients with multilevel mediastinal lymph node metastasis remains poor notwithstanding the progress in multimodal therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. We conducted a feasible study of intermittent adjuvant chemo-immunotherapy after surgery for patients with multilevel mediastinal lymph node metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Eleven patients with pathologically N2 or N3 lung cancer (10, adenocarcinomas; 1, squamous cell carcinoma) were enrolled. Five completely resected cases received systemic chemo-immunotherapy and six incompletely resected cases received local chemo-immunotherapy by an indwelling catheter in the thoracic cavity. Cisplatin-based and dose-dependent anti-cancer drugs were selected on the basis of sensitivity tests. Either adoptive immunotherapy with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell or combination of interferon gamma# and OK432 were administered after chemotherapy. This adjuvant therapy was performed every 2-3 months after surgery for 2 years. The 2-year survival rate for all cases were 72.7% and the 2-year disease-free survival were 36.4%. The 2-year survival rate for five completely resected cases and six incompletely resected cases was 80% and 66.7%, respectively. Combined intermittent chemo-immunotherapy after surgical resection of tumors may be a promising modality to improve the survival of patients with multilevel mediastinal lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer.     

Extent of extracapsular spread: a critical prognosticator in oral tongue cancer

BACKGROUND: Extracapsular spread (ECS) of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to regional lymph nodes is the most reliable predictor of poor treatment outcomes. Recently, the authors have shown that ECS is significantly associated with higher rates of locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, and decreased survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT). The purpose of this review was to determine if the degree of ECS impacts distant metastasis rates and survival. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-six patients treated for SCCOT with surgery +/- adjuvant radiotherapy from 1980-1995 were reviewed. The setting was a tertiary referral center. The extent of ECS on histopathologic review of involved lymph nodes was measured from the capsular margin to the farthest perinodal extension in mm. Extent of ECS and the number of pathologic lymph nodes with or without ECS were analyzed for disease-free interval, survival rates, and distant metastases. RESULTS: No differences in the survival of patients with ECS of 2 mm was found (P = 0.92). Patients with both ECS and multiple positive lymph nodes had decreased overall survival (P = 0.0003), disease-specific survival (P = 0.0005), and a shorter disease-free interval (P = 0.019) when compared with those with a single positive lymph node with ECS. Those with multiple ECS+ lymph nodes had the worst prognosis (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, the authors recommended that all patients with SCCOT with ECS or multiple positive lymph nodes with or without ECS on pathologic review be considered for clinical trials that intensify regional and systemic adjuvant therapy.     

下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的规律及其对预后的影响

  目的  探讨下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的规律、相关因素及其对预后的影响,以指导制定下咽癌的治疗策略。  方法  回顾性分析2000年1月至2016年12月天津医科大学肿瘤医院收治的140例经手术治疗的下咽癌患者临床资料,采用χ2检验行计数资料分析,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,采用Cox模型对影响预后的因素进行多因素分析。  结果  140例患者中,颈淋巴结总转移率为68.6%,cN0期患者隐匿性转移率为25.0%,双侧颈淋巴结转移率为25.0%;淋巴结转移最常见区域Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区转移率分别为44.6%、45.2%、18.2%;Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率分别为10.7%、10.4%、7.9%。66.7%转移淋巴结伴有结外侵犯。单因素分析显示颈淋巴结转移与肿瘤病理分级关系密切（P=0.012）,与性别、年龄、原发病灶部位、肿瘤T分期均无关（均P > 0.05）。本组患者3、5年总生存率分别为61.0%、49.1%。Cox回归分析表明转移淋巴结的直径（P=0.012）、数量（P=0.039）、结外侵犯（P=0.010）与下咽癌患者生存率明显相关。当转移淋巴结直径≥2.8 cm、数量≥2枚、伴有结外侵犯时预后较差。  结论  下咽癌恶性程度高,易发生颈部淋巴结转移,预后较差。颈淋巴结转移是影响患者预后的重要因素,对影响预后的淋巴结因素采取个体化治疗策略是提高下咽癌治疗效果的关键。      

食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移放射治疗的疗效和预后因素分析

目的:探讨食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移放疗后的疗效和预后因素。方法:接受放射治疗的食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移患者共64例,中位随访34个月(3~80个月)。其中食管癌治疗后锁骨上淋巴结转移33例,治疗时发现31例。所有锁骨上转移淋巴结患者均行常规分割放射治疗,总剂量为36~70Gy/5~7周,1·8~2·0Gy/d;其中单纯放疗组43例,放疗联合化疗组16例,放疗联合热疗5例。结果:在锁骨上淋巴结放射治疗结束时23例(35·9%)达CR;30例(46·9%)达PR。全组患者中位生存期13·5个月,最长随访时间80个月。1、3和5年生存率分别为56·3%、9·4%和3·1%。随访结束时37例(57·8%)患者死亡,无病生存患者15例(23·4%),7例患者带瘤生存(10·9%),5例失访。多因素分析显示,锁骨上转移淋巴结的直径(P=0·001)、单侧还是双侧(P=0·015)和转移的数目(P=0·042)对其放射治疗后能否达到CR差异有统计学意义;但对于生存率只有淋巴结的直径差异有统计学意义,P=0·010。结论:在食管癌治疗后发现锁骨上淋巴结转移的患者给予进一步的治疗仍能获得一定的治疗效果,采用综合治疗并未提高患者的长期生存率。     

食管癌术后淋巴结转移对生存率的影响和放射治疗的意义

目的 分析淋巴结转移个数对生存率的影响及放射治疗的意义。方法 495例食管癌根治性手术切除患者,随机分为单一手术组(275例)和术后放疗组(220例),根据淋巴结转移的个数分为3组：A组无淋巴结转移,占47．2％;B组淋巴结转移个数1～2枚,占29．5％;C组淋巴结转移个数≥3枚,占23．2％。结果(1)相同T分期(T3)时,A、B、C三组的5年生存率分别为52．6％、28．8％和10．9(P=0．0000);在C组,单一手术和术后放疗者的5年生存率分别为0和19．3％(P=0．0336)。(2)在淋巴结阳性组(B C组),单一手术和术后放疗者的胸内淋巴结转移率分别为35．9％和21．2％(P=0．014),锁骨上淋巴结转移率分别为19．7％和4．4％(P=0．000);在淋巴结阴性组(A组),单一手术和术后放疗的胸内淋巴结转移率分别为27．8％和10．3％(P=0．003);A、B、C三组的腹腔淋巴结转移率分别为3．9％、9．4％和17．5％(P=0．000)。血行转移率以C组最高,为27．8％。结论 淋巴结转移个数是影响食管癌生存率的因素之一。淋巴结转移个数≥3枚时,血行转移率高,是全身化疗的指征。术后放疗降低了放疗部位淋巴结转移率,明显提高了C组生存率。     

Locoregional failure of postmastectomy patients with 1-3 positive axillary lymph nodes without adjuvant radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To analyze the incidence and risk factors for locoregional recurrence (LRR) in patients with breast cancer who had T1 or T2 primary tumor and 1-3 histologically involved axillary lymph nodes treated with modified radical mastectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between April 1991 and December 1998, 125 patients with invasive breast cancer were treated with modified radical mastectomy and were found to have 1-3 positive axillary nodes. The median number of nodes examined was 17 (range 7-33). Of the 125 patients, 110, who had no adjuvant RT and had a minimum follow-up of 25 months, were included in this study. Sixty-nine patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 84 received adjuvant hormonal therapy with tamoxifen. Patient-related characteristics (age, menopausal status, medial/lateral quadrant of tumor location, T stage, tumor size, estrogen/progesterone receptor protein status, nuclear grade, extracapsular extension, lymphovascular invasion, and number of involved axillary nodes) and treatment-related factors (chemotherapy and hormonal therapy) were analyzed for their impact on LRR. The median follow-up was 54 months. RESULTS: Of 110 patients without RT, 17 had LRR during follow-up. The 4-year LRR rate was 16.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.1-23.1%). All but one LRR were isolated LRR without preceding or simultaneous distant metastasis. According to univariate analysis, age <40 years (p = 0.006), T2 classification (p = 0.04), tumor size >==3 cm (p = 0.002), negative estrogen receptor protein status (p = 0.02), presence of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.02), and no tamoxifen therapy (p = 0.0006) were associated with a significantly higher rate of LRR. Tumor size (p = 0.006) was the only risk factor for LRR with statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. On the basis of the 4 patient-related factors (age <40 years, tumor >==3 cm, negative estrogen receptor protein, and lymphovascular invasion), the high-risk group (with 3 or 4 factors) had a 4-year LRR rate of 66.7% (95% CI 42.8-90.5%) compared with 7.8% (95% CI 2.2-13.3%) for the low-risk group (with 0-2 factors; p = 0.0001). For the 110 patients who received no adjuvant RT, LRR was associated with a 4-year distant metastasis rate of 49.0% (9 of 17, 95% CI 24.6-73.4%). For patients without LRR, it was 13.3% (15 of 93, 95% CI 6.3-20.3%; p = 0.0001). The 4-year survival rate for patients with and without LRR was 75.1% (95% CI 53.8-96.4%) and 88.7% (95% CI 82.1-95.4%; p = 0.049), respectively. LRR was independently associated with a higher risk of distant metastasis and worse survival in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: LRR after mastectomy is not only a substantial clinical problem, but has a significant impact on the outcome of patients with T1 or T2 primary tumor and 1-3 positive axillary nodes. Patients with risk factors for LRR may need adjuvant RT. Randomized trials are warranted to determine the potential benefit of postmastectomy RT on the survival of patients with a T1 or T2 primary tumor and 1-3 positive nodes.