Dietary status of lactating women. II. Relation of nutritional knowledge and attitudes to nutritional intake

Dietary practices of sixty-one nursing mothers who had been breast-feeding their infants an average of four months were examined in relation to their knowledge of nutrition and their attitudes about nutrition, taking vitamin supplements, meal preparation, and meal planning. The women were fairly knowledgeable about nutrition, and most exhibited an attitude that "nutrition is important". Nutritional knowledge, as measured by performance on a reliable test instrument, correlated well with the attitude that "nutrition is important" and with education. Nutritional knowledge also correlated well with four dietary factors used as dependent variables. Associations between nutrition-related attitudes and dietary factors were much less strong. Path analysis was used to test the knowledge-to-attitudes-to-behavior paradigm. Results, using multiple regression analysis, indicated that this model was not supported by the data. Rather, path analysis supported the model of attitudes-to-knowledge-to-behavior. This research suggests that nutrition education programs should adopt, as a primary goal, that of instilling positive attitudes about nutrition and demonstrating to learners that "nutrition is important". Once such attitudes have been formulated, ability to learn and comprehend nutritional facts and concepts will be facilitated, thus resulting in improved dietary intake of crucial nutrients.     

Factors Affecting Public Prejudice and Social Distance on Mental Illness: Analysis of Contextual Effect by Multi-level Analysis

Objectives

While there have been many quantitative studies on the public''s attitude towards mental illnesses, it is hard to find quantitative study which focused on the contextual effect on the public''s attitude. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect the public''s beliefs and attitudes including contextual effects.

Methods

We analyzed survey on the public''s beliefs and attitudes towards mental illness in Korea with multi-level analysis. We analyzed the public''s beliefs and attitudes in terms of prejudice as an intermediate outcome and social distance as a final outcome. Then, we focused on the associations of factors, which were individual and regional socio-economic factors, familiarity, and knowledge based on the comparison of the intermediate and final outcomes.

Results

Prejudice was not explained by regional variables but was only correlated with individual factors. Prejudice increased with age and decreased by high education level. However, social distance controlling for prejudice increased in females, in people with a high education level, and in regions with a high education level and a high proportion of the old. Therefore, social distance without controlling for prejudice increased in females, in the elderly, in highly educated people, and in regions with a high education and aged community.

Conclusions

The result of the multi-level analysis for the regional variables suggests that social distance for mental illness are not only determined by individual factors but also influenced by the surroundings so that it could be tackled sufficiently with appropriate considering of the relevant regional context with individual characteristics.     

Attitudes towards people with mental illness. Effects of a training program for secondary school students

This article reports a control study on the influence of a training program on attitude change towards people with mental illness. One hundred and seventeen students from 13 schools formed school-based mental health clubs, which composed the treatment group. They were given a mental health training program at different schools. The comparison group consisted of 102 secondary school students who had received no intervention. Students of both groups were assessed before the commencement, at the last session, and seven months after completion of the program with an OMICC (Opinion about Mental Illness in Chinese Community) scale developed by the authors. The study revealed significant positive changes, which could last a longer period of time, in specific attitudes on separatism and stigmatization of people with mental illness among students after the training program.     

Attitudes toward mental illness in medical students: does personal and professional experience with mental illness make a difference?

PURPOSE: Medical students may be susceptible to emotional difficulties because of the high levels of both academic and interpersonal stress associated with their training. This study examined attitudes toward mental illness in medical students. It was expected that people who had experience of mental illness, either in their personal lives or through their professional experience, would have more positive attitudes toward students with mental health problems than would people who had not had such experience. METHOD: Faculty and staff employed by a large American university medical centre completed a questionnaire package including several measures designed to assess specific attitudes toward medical students with emotional problems. Data were also collected on the degree to which specific mental disorders were thought to interfere with the performance of medical students. RESULTS: In general, prior experience with mental illness, either through personal or professional activities, was associated with more positive attitudes about students with mental illness. However, the pattern of findings was complex. CONCLUSION: Future research should examine the extent to which specific mental illnesses actually affect the performance of medical students.     

A Study of Mental Health Literacy Among North Korean Refugees in South Korea

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate North Korean refugees’ knowledge of mental illnesses and treatments and analyze the factors affecting this knowledge.

Methods:

Subjects were selected via a snowball sampling method, and the survey outcomes of 152 North Korean refugee participants were analyzed. The factors affecting knowledge of mental illnesses were analyzed via a regression analysis by constructing a multivariate model with mental illness knowledge score as the dependent variable.

Results:

The North Korean refugees’ mental illness scores ranged from 3 to 24 points, with an average score of 13.0. Regarding the factors that influence mental illness knowledge, the subjects with South Korean spouses and those who had spent more time in South Korea had higher knowledge scores. Furthermore, the subjects who considered the mental health of North Korean refugees to be a serious issue revealed lower knowledge scores than those who did not believe it was a serious issue. The subjects who visit psychiatric clinics showed higher knowledge scores than those who do not. The South Korean subjects who had at least a college education exhibited higher scores than did those without advanced education. The subjects who are satisfied with life in South Korea manifested a higher mental illness knowledge score than those who are not.

Conclusions:

This study is significant as being the first study to ever measure and evaluate the level of North Korean refugees’ knowledge of mental illnesses. In addition, the evaluations of North Korean refugees’ mental illness knowledge and influencing factors while residing in South Korea created basic data that formed the foundation of an effort to enhance mental health literacy and provide proper mental health services. The results of this study can be utilized to solve mental health problems that might frequently occur during the unification process of North and South Korea in the future.     

河南省城乡居民对精神疾病态度影响因素的主成分分析

目的 了解河南省城乡居民对精神疾病的态度及影响因素,为进一步制定有针对性的策略提供科学依据。方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取河南省15岁以上居民1 302名,使用自制的调查表入户调查。并采用SPSS 17.0软件中的主成分分析法、多元线性回归分析对精神疾病态度的相关因素进行统计。结果 城乡居民对精神疾病态度的总得分为（34.99±5.89）分,对精神障碍患者持负性态度、中立态度和正性态度的分别占38.9%、27.9%和33.2%;对精神疾病态度的影响因素为地区（P＜0.001）、文化程度（P＜0.001）、精神卫生知识获得途径（P＜0.001）、精神卫生知识得分（P＜0.05）、对精神障碍患者的看法（P＜0.05）和遇到精神障碍患者时的表现（P＜0.05）。结论 河南省居民对精神疾病仍存在歧视和误区,且态度受宣传途径和认知等因素影响。应加强宣传,改善公众对精神疾病的认识和接纳程度。     

Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and food patterns of women athletes

Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and food patterns of women athletes at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln were studied. Mean test scores for nutritional knowledge were higher for questions relating to "nutrition for the athlete" than to "general nutrition." Attitudes toward nutrition were generally favorable, with a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Athletes who had received some form of nutrition education had higher nutritional knowledge and attitude scores than those who had not. Respondents were especially concerned with diet as it relates to weight control; those with higher knowledge scores consistently followed food patterns for weight-control diets similar to those used in training and pre-event diets.     

Is universal health coverage the practical expression of the right to health care?

Background

Public stigma against family members of people with mental illness is a negative attitude by the public which blame family members for the mental illness of their relatives. Family stigma can result in self social restrictions, delay in treatment seeking and poor quality of life. This study aimed at investigating the degree and correlates of family stigma.

Methods

A quantitative cross-sectional house to house survey was conducted among 845 randomly selected urban and rural community members in the Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center, Southwest Ethiopia. An interviewer administered and pre-tested questionnaire adapted from other studies was used to measure the degree of family stigma and to determine its correlates. Data entry was done by using EPI-DATA and the analysis was performed using STATA software. Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression analysis was done to identify the correlates of family stigma.

Results

Among the total 845 respondents, 81.18% were female. On a range of 1 to 5 score, the mean family stigma score was 2.16 (±0.49). In a multivariate analysis, rural residents had significantly higher stigma scores (std. β?=?0.43, P?<?0.001) than urban residents. As the number of perceived signs (std. β?=?-0.07, P?<?0.05), perceived supernatural (std. β?=?-0.12, P?<?0.01) and psychosocial and biological (std. β?=?-0.11, P?<?0.01) explanations of mental illness increased, the stigma scores decreased significantly. High supernatural explanation of mental illness was significantly correlated with lower stigma among individuals with lower level of exposure to people with mental illness (PWMI). On the other hand, high exposure to PWMI was significantly associated with lower stigma among respondents who had high education. Stigma scores increased with increasing income among respondents who had lower educational status.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed moderate level of family stigma. Place of residence, perceived signs and explanations of mental illness were independent correlates of public stigma against family members of people with mental illness. Therefore, mental health communication programs to inform explanations and signs of mental illness need to be implemented.     

精神科护理管理中的以人为本理念探讨

目的探讨"以人为本"的护理理念在精神科护理中的应用价值。方法选取自2016年6月-2018年5月期间该院收治的100例精神病患者作为实验研究对象,随机将100例患者分为实验组与对照组,对照组患者采用常规方法进行护理,护理人员在"以人为本"的理念的指导下对实验组患者进行护理。6个月后比较两组患者的疗效及IPROS评分。结果经过一段时间的护理,采用住院精神病患者康复疗效评定量表(IPROS)对两组患者治疗前后的评分进行比较分析。护理前,两组患者的评分对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。护理后,两组患者的评分明显低于对照组患者的评分。实验组中,33例对护理满意,15例基本满意,不满意2例,护理满意度为96.00%;对照组中,20例对护理满意,17例基本满意,不满意13例,护理满意度为74.00%。护理满意度方面实验组明显高于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在精神病患者的临床护理中,遵循"以人为本"的护理理念,能够在很大程度上改善精神病患者的临床护理效果,大大提升护理满意度,从而达到满意的治疗效果,因此,"以人为本"的护理理念值得在临床实践中进行推广。     

Nurses' attitudes toward parent participation: personal and professional characteristics.

A nonrandom sample of 273 registered nurses completed a questionnaire that included the Parent Participation Attitude Scale and a personal and professional data section. Analysis of variance indicated that subjects who were married, were parents, were nursing supervisors, had a collegiate nursing education, or worked in Hospital 1 or 4 had more positive attitudes toward parent participation than did subjects who did not possess these characteristics. Further study of nurses from 28 hospitals found that head nurses, nursing supervisors, nurses with a professional nursing education, and nurses with a master's degree in nursing had significantly more accepting attitudes than did nurses without these characteristics.     

Nurses’ attitudes toward parent participation: Personal and professional characteristics

A nonrandom sample of 273 registered nurses completed a questionnaire that included the Parent Participation Attitude Scale and a personal and professional data section. Analysis of variance indicated that subjects who were married, were parents, were nursing supervisors, had a collegiate nursing education, or worked in Hospital 1 or 4 had more positive attitudes toward parent participation than did subjects who did not possess these characteristics. Further study of nurses from 28 hospitals found that head nurses, nursing supervisors, nurses with a professional nursing education, and nurses with a master's degree in nursing had significantly more accepting attitudes than did nurses without these characteristics.     

护理专业学生营养学课程干预效果评价

目的了解《营养学》课程对护理专业学生的营养知识、营养态度和个人饮食行为的影响,为护理专业学生的营养健康教育提供依据。方法通过整群抽样,对郑州市3所学校的1142名护理专业学生进行营养知识、态度及饮食行为调查。结果选修《营养学》课的干预组的营养知识、态度、饮食行为评分高于未选修的对照组(P<0.01),并且营养知识、态度、行为间呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。结论为促进护理专业学生适应社会的需求及提高学生的身体素质,应加强护理专业学生营养知识健康教育和饮食行为的正确引导。     

强化护生的职业道德教育在护理学基础实验教学中的效果探索

目的:探讨在护理学基础实验教学中强化护生职业道德教育的效果。方法:在2010级115名本科护生护理学基础实验教学中强化护生的职业道德教育。分别在实验教学前、后采用护士职业态度量表评估护生职业情感。结果:实验教学后护生的职业态度显著高于实验教学前,差异有统计学意义(x2=39.73,P<0.01)。结论:在护理学基础实验教学中,强化护生的职业道德教育可以培养护生正性职业态度,改变护生专业思想观点和态度倾向。护理教师在教学过程中应将护生的操作技能教育和职业态度教育相结合,注重护生护理职业情感的培养,促进护生形成稳定积极的职业态度。     

Assessment and upgrading of Alexandria University nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about genetic counseling

The aim of this study was to study the effect of a teaching unit on upgrading university-nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about genetic counseling. The study used pre- test, posttest with no control group design. All nursing students (100) who accepted to participate in the study and enrolled in the Maternity and Gynecological-nursing course, during the second semester of the third academic year 1999-2000, at the Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, were involved in the study. A self-administered questionnaire sheet was used to assess nursing students' knowledge about genetic counseling, while a 3-point Likert-like scale was used to assess their attitudes towards it. The content of six-hours' teaching unit -about genetic counseling was taught to students by the researchers based on their needs. The study revealed a general lack of knowledge among nursing students regarding basic information about genetic counseling, where poor total score of knowledge was obtained by all of them in the pre-test. In addition, the pre-test revealed that negative attitude was found in about half of the nursing students. The teaching unit had an obvious effect on the nursing students' knowledge and attitudes regarding genetic counseling, as the total score of their knowledge and attitudes had improved after implementation of the teaching unit. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards genetic counseling before and after implementation of the teaching unit. Therefore, a negative attitude was found with poor total score of knowledge in the pre-test and positive attitude was found with good total score of knowledge in the post-test. So, there is a need to improve knowledge and change attitude of nursing students about genetic counseling. As well as genetic counseling should be included in the university-nursing curriculum and should be reviewed periodically to accommodate the relevant fast change in the science and technology of genetics. Moreover, nursing students must be informed about the different community resources, which offer the genetic counseling services.     

合肥市青少年学生对肥胖态度及其与心理健康关系

目的 了解合肥市某区青少年学生对肥胖的态度与其自身生活满意度等心理状况间的关联情况.方法 通过调查问卷,对合肥市某区初中、高职及大学青少年对肥胖态度及心理状况进行现况调查.结果 共调查2 838名青少年学生,肥胖态度得分在不同性别、学历、体质指数及心理健康水平问差异均有统计学意义.肥胖态度与自尊、生活满意度、积极应对方式呈负相关,与抑郁、消极应对方式呈正相关.逐步回归分析显示,性别、学历、自尊、抑郁、消极应对方式、生活满意度、体质指数与肥胖态度存在关联,可能是青少年对肥胖产生歧视的影响因素.结论 合肥市青少年对肥胖存在不同程度的偏见,可通过培养积极健康的心态,减少对肥胖的歧视,从而更好的控制肥胖人群增多的趋势.     

Meta-cognitive strategies: a possibility in nursing education

This article is a theoretical reflection about the possibility of the application of metacognition strategies in nursing education. Metacognition is a reflective attitude of self-awareness and control of the mental processes. The metacognition area of cognitive psychology is analyzed, focusing on the problem solving process. The importance of metacognition in education is approached with emphasis on the teacher's role as a mediator in the student's learning process, in which "learning to learn" is emphasized. Some examples of its use in different situations of nursing education such as in text reading and nursing process, are reported.     

Internalizing stigma associated with mental illness: findings from a general population survey in Jamaica.

OBJECTIVES: The culture of stigma associated with mental illness is particularly intense when persons who are normally victims of that stigmatization (mentally ill persons and their family members) themselves act negatively toward others whom they associate with mental illness. We attempt to determine the extent of this internalization and assimilation of stigmatizing attitudes, cognitions, and behaviors in persons who are at risk for such stigmatization in Jamaica. METHODS: Data from a 2006 national survey on mental health were analyzed. Demographic variables, the presence or absence of mental illness in respondents and in their family members, and responses pertaining to behaviors and attitudes toward mentally ill persons were examined. Subsamples (respondents with mental illness, respondents with a family member with mental illness, respondents with neither) were compared using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Respondents with family members with mental illness were less likely to demonstrate a number of different manifestations of stigmatization than others (P=0.009-0.019). Respondents with mental illness showed no difference in the demonstration of a number of different manifestations of stigmatization from other respondents (P=0.069-0.515). CONCLUSIONS: The small number of mentally ill respondents resulted in low statistical power for demonstrating differences between that subgroup and other respondents. The significantly more positive attitudes and behavior of respondents with family members with mental illness suggest that some benefit may be gained by creating more opportunities for the general public to interact with persons with mental illness.     

Evaluating Mental Health Literacy in the Workplace: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Vignette-Based Tool

Purpose Early intervention and support for workers with mental health problems may be influenced by the mental health literacy of the worker, their colleagues and their supervisor. There are gaps, however, in our understanding of how to develop and evaluate mental health literacy within the context of the workplace. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a new Mental Health Literacy tool for the Workplace (MHL-W). Methods The MHL-W is a 16-question, vignette-based tool specifically tailored for the workplace context. It includes four vignettes featuring different manifestations of mental ill-health in the workplace, with parallel questions that explore each of the four dimensions of mental health literacy. In order to establish reliability and construct validity, data were collected from 192 healthcare workers who were participating in a mental health training project. Baseline data was used to examine the scale’s internal consistency, factor structure and correlations with general knowledge ratings, confidence ratings, attitudes towards people with mental illness, and attitudes towards seeking help. Paired t-tests were used to examine pre and post intervention scores in order to establish responsiveness of the scale. Results There was strong support for internal consistency of the tool and a one-factor solution. As predicted, the scores correlated highly with an overall rating of knowledge and confidence in addressing mental health issues, and moderately with attitudes towards seeking professional help and (decreased) stigmatized beliefs. It also appears to be responsive to change. Conclusions The MHL-W scale is promising tool to track the need for and impact of mental health education in the workplace.     

A study on awareness of AIDS among school students and teachers of higher secondary schools in north Calcutta

Higher Secondary School students and their teachers were studied to assess the knowledge about AIDS and attitude towards AIDS patients. Only 13.5% senior school students and 16.2% teachers had clear knowledge regarding AIDS--its general aspects, transmission and prevention. Girls had higher and clear knowledge than boys. 45.8% of girls, 38.8% of boys students and 20.3% of teachers had positive attitudes towards nursing an AIDS case. It is suggested that schools have to device ways to open up more effective communication with students in relation to education on sex and AIDS. Training on AIDS should be emphasized on school teachers who on their turn can teach the students in a correct way about AIDS.