聋人与听力正常人汉语字词加工认知途径的比较

背景：有关汉字的认知识别问题，近年来国内外也有一些研究，但多以听力正常的健康人为研究对象。目的：探讨聋人与听力正常人对汉字的音码、形码、义码的视觉信息加工方式。设计：以聋人为研究对象、正常人为对照组的时顾性观察对比分析。单位：一所大学的教育系。对象：研究于2001-10／2002-04年在西安进行，聋人选自西安市第二聋哑学校6～8年级的学生，共20名，男女各半，平均年龄17岁。纳入标准：听力丧失程度≥92dB者；排除标准：后天致聋者。他们从一年级入学起就开始接受口语训练和学习汉语拼音，但在日常交往中，手语仍是其主要的交往工具。听力正常人选自西安市99中的初三学生，28名，男女各半，平均年龄15岁。方法：采用系列视觉呈现，选择判断的方法比较聋人与听力正常入对分别强化的三类汉字的认知识别程度。主要观察指标：①聋人与听力正常人对义近、形似、音同三种汉字认知识别反应的比较；②聋人与听力正常人对汉字认知加工时间的比较。结果：聋人与听力正常人在字词的识别加工过程中．形码比音码的作用更强；在语义提取时，聋人采用了通过字形直取其义的字河直通加工方式，听力正常人则采用形-音转换后提取字义的加工方式结论：聋人与听力正常人在汉字识别的内部心理机制方面并没有本质的区别，聋人可能也有语音编码，字词的直通加工和形-音转换加工不是彼此独立的并行加工．而是一种相互激活的综合加工。     

发展性口吃者汉字认知加工基本能力的考察

目的考察发展性口吃者汉字形、音、义加工的成绩,探讨其汉语认知的基本能力。方法应用手动反应时实验范式,检测了17名发展性口吃者和17名流利言语者完成汉字形、音、义3种判断任务的反应时和错误率。结果发展性口吃者与流利言语者完成汉字形、音、义判断任务的反应时以及字形和字义判断的错误率之间均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,仅字音判断错误率的差异接近显著（P=0.053）。结论发展性口吃者仅在字音正确提取或编码方面的能力有降低的倾向,部分支持隐蔽修复假说中口吃与语音编码缺陷有关的观点。     

冠心病血液流变学研究(附100例正常人检测)

在探讨中医传统“血瘀”本质及其相应的“活血化淤”治法的基础及临床研究中,我们收治了冠心病88例,治疗前后主要进行了血液流变学等有关指标的检测并与100例正常人进行对比分析,现报告如下: 一、检测对象 (一)正常人组:共100例,男女各50例(<40岁组男女各25例;≥40岁组男女各25例)。对象选自本院教、职、工、学生等,年龄最小男女皆17岁,最大男女皆57岁,平均年龄男性32.14岁,女性33.7岁。 (二)患者组:全部住院确诊。病例选择、冠心病     

母语为汉语的正常人运动性语言功能区定位

背景：汉字是世界上仅存的非拼音文字，汉字的认知使用意符、音符、记号3种形式，在视觉上，汉字具有形、音、义的结合，其认知形式、认知途径、字意分析判断和存储均有别于西方拼音文字。汉字的处理加工过程可能会与拼音文字不同。 目的：采用脑磁图的等价偶极子定位法和合成孔径磁场定位法定位母语为汉语的健康自愿者的运动性语言中枢。 设计：单一样本单一素分析。 单位：首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科。对象：于2003-07／2005-04在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科研究生或进修人员中选择母语为汉语的健康自愿者10名，均为右利手，无言语障碍及认知障碍。试验前均接受语言任务培训。 方法：对健康受试者给予默读真词、假词的语言任务刺激，严格匹配默读名词的数量，每个名词呈现的时间及两个任务之间的间隔时间。①真字：常见高频字，符合汉字偏旁部首规则，笔画在4～13划。②假字：符合汉字组字规则，由汉字造字软件造成，但不能构成字的笔画集合体，笔画在4～13划。采用脑磁图记录刺激后产生的诱发磁场，将采集的数据与MRI叠加获得语言功能区定位。 结果：10名自愿者均完成测试，全部进入结果分析。真词、假词均在双侧大脑半球诱发出明显的晚发磁反应波，左侧大脑半球磁反应波分化较右侧大脑半球好，运动性语言中枢均位于额下回后部。 结论：母语为汉语的正常人的运动性与经典的运动性语言中枢基本相符，即母语为汉语的正常人的运动性语言中枢定位于额下回后部。     

母语为汉语的正常人运动性语言功能区定位

背景:汉字是世界上仅存的非拼音文字,汉字的认知使用意符、音符、记号3种形式,在视觉上,汉字具有形、音、义的结合,其认知形式、认知途径、字意分析判断和存储均有别于西方拼音文字,汉字的处理加工过程可能会与拼音文字不同。目的:采用脑磁图的等价偶极子定位法和合成孔径磁场定位法定位母语为汉语的健康自愿者的运动性语言中枢。设计:单一样本单一素分析。单位:首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科。对象:于2003-07/2005-04在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科研究生或进修人员中选择母语为汉语的健康自愿者10名,均为右利手,无言语障碍及认知障碍。试验前均接受语言任务培训。方法:对健康受试者给予默读真词、假词的语言任务刺激,严格匹配默读名词的数量,每个名词呈现的时间及两个任务之间的间隔时间。①真字:常见高频字,符合汉字偏旁部首规则,笔画在4～13划。②假字:符合汉字组字规则,由汉字造字软件造成,但不能构成字的笔画集合体,笔画在4～13划。采用脑磁图记录刺激后产生的诱发磁场,将采集的数据与MRI叠加获得语言功能区定位。结果:10名自愿者均完成测试,全部进入结果分析。真词、假词均在双侧大脑半球诱发出明显的晚发磁反应波,左侧大脑半球磁反应波分化较右侧大脑半球好,运动性语言中枢均位于额下回后部。结论:母语为汉语的正常人的运动性与经典的运动性语言中枢基本相符,即母语为汉语的正常人的运动性语言中枢定位于额下回后部。     

健脑眼动训练对老年人轻度认知功能障碍的影响

[目的]探讨健脑眼动训练对老年人认知能力的影响.[方法]将入选的37例65岁～75岁轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的老年人分成训练组和对照组,训练组接受健脑眼动训练,对照组按常规维持原有的生活习惯.训练3个月.训练期间用瑞文标准推理测验及基本认知能力测验软件评价干预效果.[结果]1个月后训练组基本认知能力测验中字词再认方面相对于实验前成绩有明显提高(P＜0.05);在数字拷贝、汉字比较与字词再认方面显著优于对照组(P＜0.05).3个月后训练组瑞文标准推理测验中知觉辨别及总分显著高于实验前及对照组(P＜0.05);训练组基本认知能力测验中数字拷贝、汉字比较、记忆广度与字词再认方面显著优于实验前及对照组(P＜0.05).[结论]健脑眼动训练可有效改善MCI老年人的认知能力.     

汉字阅读中语音加工的神经机制

正阅读能力是人类后天学习获得的。阅读既有语义加工,即理解文字;也有语音加工,即朗读。汉字是表意文字。表意文字是一种图形符号,只代表语素,不代表音节的文字系统。汉字基本单位是形、音、义的统一体。字母文字记录的是音素,字母本身并没有意义。在语言认知加工模型中,从字形到语音提取存在着两条通路,词典通路和非词典通路[1—2]。真词以词条的形式存储在心理词典中,阅读时经字形辨别、字形输入词典到语音输出词典通达语音,或经语义中介通达语音输出词典,这是词典通路。     

老年高血压病患者血清TNF-α水平检测

采用酶免疫法 (EL ISA)对老年高血压病患者进行了血清肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF-α)的水平检测 ,旨在了解 TNF-α在高血压病中的变化及意义。1　材料与方法1.1　对象　全部病例选自本院干部病房 1997～ 2 0 0 0年收住院的病例 ,符合 1999年 WHO/ ISH诊断标准。并除外继发性高血压及其他疾患。男 2 3例 ,女 10例 ,平均年龄 6 5～ 80岁 ,正常人 2 0例为本院体检健康者 ,男 15例 ,女 5例 ,平均年龄5 2～ 74岁。老年高血压病组与正常人组年龄、性别无显著性差异。1.2　标本采集　两组均清晨取空腹肘静脉血 2 ml,室温下 1小时内分离血清后 - 2…     

手语在聋人听觉皮层可塑性中的作用的磁共振成像研究

手语是一种动态的视觉-空间语言,是聋人的主要交流手段.听觉皮层在高级认知功能特别是语言加工中具有重要作用,聋人在听觉皮层发生了跨通道的可塑性变化,手语对这种可塑性的变化具有重要的影响,无创性磁共振成像技术为考察这种影响提供了极好手段.本文主要综述了手语者听觉皮层结构改变的研究,和手语使用及其习得时间对听觉皮层功能可塑性影响的相关研究进展.     

急性白血病止凝血异常的初步研究

止凝血异常是急性白血病最常见的临床症状之一。本文应用25项凝血、抗凝、纤溶指标对20例急性白血病患者进行检测。 材料与方法 1.研究对象 (1)正常人组 20例,男女各10例,年龄18～61岁,平均年龄39.2岁。近一个月内无服药史(包括避孕药)。 (2)急性白血病组 20例,男12例,女8例,年龄17～72岁,平均年龄45.5岁。其     

Typology and interventions for some social problems affecting the learning of the hearing-impaired child

Discussions centring on social factors in the learning of school children with hearing disability usually present a double-jeopardy trend. Firstly, the hearing-impaired child suffers from social behaviour disorders which are direct or indirect consequences of their hearing disability. Secondly, the same child is also prone to social problems that are common to all children (with or without disabilities). The hearing-impaired child, therefore, presents two orders of social problem in the classroom--general and specific social problems. This development usually makes the hearing-disabled child a social risk in the classroom twice that of their hearing classmates. This paper therefore attempted to address the following issues: (1) identify the types of general and specific social problems of the hearing-disabled school child; (2) establish the patterns of these problems; and (3) proffer some intervention strategies required for managing those problems so that the child can learn meaningfully in the school.     

汉语阅读障碍儿童汉字识别过程中脑血氧的变化

背景:阅读障碍是学习困难研究中最为常见的,可影响儿童的行为、认知、情感、社会适应等方面,严重阻碍儿童知识的获得和能力的提高。目的:研究汉语阅读障碍儿童汉字认知过程左前额叶皮层血氧变化规律,探讨儿童阅读障碍的神经生理基础。设计:病例对照实验。单位:华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系。对象:实验于2003-06/09在华中科技大学完成。选择45名武汉市3～5年级小学生为研究对象,年龄在8～12岁,均为右利手。其中汉语阅读障碍儿童26名(阅读障碍组),符合ICD-10定义的标准;非阅读障碍儿童19名(对照组)。所有对象均取得本人及父母(监护人)的知情同意。方法:应用功能性近红外光学成像技术,检测汉语阅读障碍和非阅读障碍儿童汉字初级加工(包括被动视觉呈现汉字,汉字朗读,动词联想)及再加工(包括词语输出和语义联想)过程左前额叶脑血氧含量的变化。主要观察指标:两组汉字初级加工及再加工过程中脑血氧含量的变化。结果:纳入阅读障碍儿童26名,非阅读障碍儿童19名,均进入结果分析。①汉字初级加工时血氧含量的变化:被动视觉呈现汉字:A,B,C通道上,阅读障碍组血氧含量均高于对照组(0.3780,0.1346;0.0858,0.0519;0.1093,0.0692,P<0.05),D通道上,阅读障碍组和对照组血氧含量差异不明显(P>0.05);汉字朗读:A、B、C、D通道上,阅读障碍组血氧含量高于对照组,但差异不明显(P>0.05);动词联想:在A、C通道上,阅读障碍组血氧含量高于对照组(0.4112,0.1397;0.1413,0.0784,P<0.05),在B、D通道上,阅读障碍组与对照组血氧含量差异不明显(P>0.05)。②汉字再加工过程血氧含量的变化:词语输出过程中,阅读障碍组的血氧含量变化量明显低于对照组(-0.0257,0.0890,F=16.25,P<0.01);语义联想过程中,阅读障碍组的血氧含量变化量明显高于对照组(0.0730,-0.0721,F=15.59,P<0.01)。结论:汉字认知过程阅读障碍儿童左前额叶皮层虽然激活,但相对正常儿童,激活的程度和激活模式均有差异熏提示特定脑区功能异常可能是阅读障碍发生的生物学基础。     

Overlap and dissociation of semantic processing of Chinese characters, English words, and pictures: evidence from fMRI

The functional anatomy of Chinese character processing was investigated using fMRI. Right-handed Mandarin-English bilingual participants made either semantic or perceptual size judgements with characters and pictures. Areas jointly activated by character and picture semantic tasks compared to size judgement tasks included the left prefrontal region (BA 9, 44, 45), left posterior temporal, left fusiform, and left parietal regions. Character processing produced greater activation than picture processing in the left mid and posterior temporal as well as left prefrontal regions. The lateral occipital regions were more active during picture semantic processing than character semantic processing. A similar pattern of activation and contrasts was observed when English words and pictures were compared in another set of bilingual participants. However, there was less contrast between word and picture semantic processing than between character and picture processing in the left prefrontal region. When character and word semantic processing were compared directly in a third group, the loci of activation peaks was similar in both languages but Chinese character semantic processing was associated with a larger MR signal change. The semantic processing of Chinese characters, English words, and pictures activates a common semantic system within which there are modality-specific differences. The semantic processing of Chinese characters more closely resembles English words than pictures.     

功能磁共振观察儿童文盲与非文盲语言加工相关脑区

目的 利用事件相关功能磁共振成像技术(fMRI)对儿童文盲和非文盲汉语加工相关脑区进行探讨.方法 分别对38名儿童(19名文盲和19名非文盲)进行汉字和简单图形判断的测试,同时采集其脑部的fMRI数据.使用基于Matlab7.0的SPM2软件进行数据分析,并生成脑功能区激活图像,对组内和组间数据分别进行单样本和双样本t检验分析.结果 儿童汉字加工激活了由多个脑区构成的神经网络,与成人基本一致,其中非文盲组和文盲组的差异性脑区位于左侧额中回(BA46/9),左侧角回(BA39),左侧梭状回(BA37).结论 左侧额中回(BA46/9)、左侧角回(BA39)及左侧梭状回(BA37)与汉语语义加工密切相关,读写能力在一定程度上改变了语言加工的神经网络联结模式.     

Neural correlates of switching from auditory to speech perception

Many people exposed to sinewave analogues of speech first report hearing them as electronic glissando and, later, when they switch into a 'speech mode', hearing them as syllables. This perceptual switch modifies their discrimination abilities, enhancing perception of differences that cross phonemic boundaries while diminishing perception of differences within phonemic categories. Using high-density evoked potentials and fMRI in a discrimination paradigm, we studied the changes in brain activity that are related to this change in perception. With ERPs, we observed that phonemic coding is faster than acoustic coding: The electrophysiological mismatch response (MMR) occurred earlier for a phonemic change than for an equivalent acoustic change. The MMR topography was also more asymmetric for a phonemic change than for an acoustic change. In fMRI, activations were also significantly asymmetric, favoring the left hemisphere in both perception modes. Furthermore, switching to the speech mode significantly enhanced activation in the posterior parts of the left superior gyrus and sulcus relative to the non-speech mode. When responses to a change of stimulus were studied, a cluster of voxels in the supramarginal gyrus was activated significantly more by a phonemic change than by an acoustic change. These results demonstrate that phoneme perception in adults relies on a specific and highly efficient left-hemispheric network, which can be activated in top-down fashion when processing ambiguous speech/non-speech stimuli.     

Conversational Abilities of Autistic Individuals

This investigation supports the evidence for a link between otitis media with associated fluctuating conductive hearing loss and auditory processing and reading performance in young school age children. Twenty-five normal hearing grade two children (mean age 90.20 months), seven of whom had documented histories of otitis media with fluctuating conductive hearing loss, were assessed on a battery of reading, language and auditory processing tests. Within the limits of the study, data indicated that the children with a history of regularly occurring otitis media exhibited consistently lower scores on all variables measured when compared with the rest of the children with no history of otitis media. The implications for early identification and intervention are outlined.     

母语为汉语者言语障碍的语义加工及其脑区机制

学术背景:语义的加工机制是认知神经科学关注的焦点问题之一,随着研究技术手段的不断创新和多样化,使得与语义加工的相关脑区及其各脑区的神经机制逐渐清晰。但是,目前有关汉语的语义加工机制的研究力度仍然不够,对于操汉语者所持有的汉语语义加工的脑神经机制的研究有待于进一步深化。目的:通过对操汉语者言语障碍的语义加工与相关脑区功能关系的研究成果的归纳,并对其相关的大脑神经机制与语义加工网络涉及的脑的局部系统及其功能与脑空间机构进行分析,进一步明确基础神经心理学对临床诊断、治疗及康复的意义。检索策略:作者对1984年至今的相关文献进行检索,关键词为"semantic processing",并限定文献语言为英文。检索的数据库主要有中国知网(CNKI)中国期刊全文数据库1994-01/2006-05、荷兰Elsevier公司期刊数据库1984-01/2006-05和美国EBSCOhost数据库1984-01/2006-05中Academic Source Premier和MEDLINE两个子数据库,同时手工检索与之内容相关的书籍。检索到文章264篇,纳入关于语义加工与脑区功能联系的43篇,并结合有关论著进行总结,排除联系不密切的文献,对于未发表的文章仅做参考使用。文献评价:文献来源于论著、汇总分析、个例报告、研究性报告。评价人为相关领域研究人员。资料综合:汉语语义加工的相关脑区主要涉及左侧颞上回、颞中回、颞叶前部、额下回以及左额叶中部,组成额-颞工作网共同支持语义加工,其中左侧颞上回后部和颞中回与语义加工关系最密切,涉及到语义的一般存储和自动加工,颞叶前部则与不同语义的整合加工有关;额下回与控制、执行加工,短时记忆加工有关联;左额叶中部是近年来发现的与汉语语义加工关系较大的脑区部位,现有的推论是汉字特有的字形结构的加工导致的。结论:目前,研究神经语言学的脑组织和机能的方法已经多样化,可以更逼真地观察和了解临床上的多种言语障碍及其病变机制,为言语障碍的临床治疗康复提供了极大的帮助。     

Attribution of Emotions to Story Characters by Severely and Profoundly Deaf Children

Simple stories were presented to severely or profoundly prelingually deafened children and hearing controls in two age groups. Participants were asked to choose the appropriate emotion for the central characters. While at either age level, the hearing children's success rate was significantly higher than that of the deaf children, the older deaf children showed a marked improvement compared with the younger deaf children. In each age group, the profiles of the average scores of the deaf children over the six emotions studied were similar to those of their hearing peers, suggesting that the deaf children found the same emotions easier (or more difficult) to assign to the story characters. It would appear that deaf and hearing children code their emotional experiences using the same categories, which are progressively refined with age. The developmental delay in deaf children's emotional understanding is interpreted in terms of the social experience of the deaf child of hearing parents, which affords limited opportunity to discuss emotional causality.     

A meta-analysis of fMRI studies on Chinese orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing

A growing body of neuroimaging evidence has shown that Chinese character processing recruits differential activation from alphabetic languages due to its unique linguistic features. As more investigations on Chinese character processing have recently become available, we applied a meta-analytic approach to summarize previous findings and examined the neural networks for orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing of Chinese characters independently. The activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was used to analyze eight studies in the orthographic task category, eleven in the phonological and fifteen in the semantic task categories. Converging activation among three language-processing components was found in the left middle frontal gyrus, the left superior parietal lobule and the left mid-fusiform gyrus, suggesting a common sub-network underlying the character recognition process regardless of the task nature. With increasing task demands, the left inferior parietal lobule and the right superior temporal gyrus were specialized for phonological processing, while the left middle temporal gyrus was involved in semantic processing. Functional dissociation was identified in the left inferior frontal gyrus, with the posterior dorsal part for phonological processing and the anterior ventral part for semantic processing. Moreover, bilateral involvement of the ventral occipito-temporal regions was found for both phonological and semantic processing. The results provide better understanding of the neural networks underlying Chinese orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing, and consolidate the findings of additional recruitment of the left middle frontal gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus for Chinese character processing as compared with the universal language network that has been based on alphabetic languages.