2011年青岛市医疗机构输血实验室室间质量评价分析

目的 初步建立青岛市输血实验室室间质量评价方案,进一步规范输血相容性项目的检测,保证输血安全.方法 输血相容性检验选取ABO定型、Rh(D)血型、交叉配血、不规则抗体筛选四个项目对实验室检测质量进行评价.结果 参加输血相容性检测室间质评的实验室67家,ABO血型正定型正确率和交叉配血主侧结果符合率均为100％,ABO反定型结果正确率为97.88％,Rh(D)血型结果正确率为99.70％,不规则抗体筛选结果正确率为99.34％,交叉配血次侧符合率为96.42％.67家实验室每个项目质评成绩分别为:ABO合格率为100％,反定型合格率为95.5％,不规则抗体筛选合格率为96.7％,交叉配血次侧合格率为97.0％.结论 ABO反定型、Rh(D)血型、不规则抗体筛选及交叉配血次侧检测结果均存在与预期结果不符的情况,实验室检测水平存在一定的差距.开展全市医疗机构输血实验室的室间质量评价工作,对不断提高输血实验室的检测水平,保证输血安全非常必要.     

医院输血科(血库)输血相容性检测室间质量评价分析

目的了解大连市医院输血科(血库)输血相容性检测现状,建立大连市医院输血相容性检测室间质量评价体系,保证临床输血安全。方法统一制备并发放室间质量比对标准品,对ABO正定型、ABO反定型、Rh(D)血型、受血者抗体筛选及交叉配血试验建立实验室室间质量比对,对检测方法、试剂及结果进行评价。结果 2009～2011年参加输血相容性室间质量比对工作的医院数量(特别是未能参加卫生部临检中心输血相容性室间质量评价的二级及其以下级别医院)逐渐增加至全部参加,检测方法趋于规范,检测技术水平有所提高,避免了由红细胞血型免疫引起的输血不良反应发生。结论开展输血相容性检测室间质量比对评价活动,有助于发现在临床输血检验工作中存在的问题,使检测方法进一步规范化和标准化,检测结果更加准确可靠,为临床输血提供了安全保障。     

2007—2012年临床输血相容性检测室问质评分析

目的：为提高临床输血的质量和安全性。方法：分析2007-2012年间医院输血科参加全国性实验室室间质评活动的结果,并与全国结果进行比较。结果：2007—2012年间参加所有检测项目的上报结果均合格,满意100分。ABO血型、Rh血型、抗体筛检和交叉配血结果与参与者的一致性评分均满意。结论：输血科参加全国性实验室室间质评活动有利于及时发现输血科日常工作中存在的管理问题．提高输血技术人员的检测水平和工作能力,保证临床输血安全。     

河北省三级综合医院输血科输血相容性检测能力评价与分析

目的通过对河北省三级综合医院输血科输血相容性检测能力的考核评价,了解各三级医院输血科实验室的检测能力,进一步规范实验操作和记录书写,提高人员的技术水平和综合素质,保障临床输血安全。方法河北省临床用血质控中心指派专人现场发放考核样本,对河北省42家三级综合医院输血科输血相容性检测能力进行考核评价。考评项目包括ABO血型正、反定型,Rh D血型鉴定,受血者抗体筛选及交叉配血5项。对回馈的实验记录表单进行评价与分析。结果 ABO血型正定型、Rh D血型鉴定、受血者抗体筛选及交叉配血结果符合率均为100%;ABO血型反定型1号和3号样本结果符合率为100%,2号样本结果符合率为83.3%;部分医院实验人员缺乏理论知识和操作技能的培训,检测项目有缺项,实验记录书写欠规范。结论河北省各三级综合医院输血科输血相容性检测能力还有待提高,应加强培训,规范记录书写,提高人员的综合素质。     

参加输血室间质评不断提高业务能力

根据北京市卫生局《关于在全市二级以上医疗机构开展输血相容性室间质控的通知》的指示精神，自2003年8月开始在全市二级以上（含二级）医疗机构输血科（血库）开展了输血相容性室间质控工作。我院属于二级甲等医院，输血科理所当然地参加了这项很重要的活动。通过参加输血室间质评活动，我们认为对于规范实验室的管理，提高大家对输血工作的业务能力和检测水平，确保临床输血安全有着很重要的现实意义。     

23家医院规范临床血型血清学检测技术调研

目的探讨现场督导检查对规范临床血型血清学检测技术方面的作用。方法将2006年与2014年西宁地区23家医院现场督导情况进行回顾性对比分析。结果 2006年与2014年相比,2006年开展反定型试验的医院仅1家;23家医院均未开展Rh(D)定型、抗体筛查试验、非盐水介质配型试验。现场单盲实验验考核中抗体减弱的反定型标本23家均漏检;凝聚胺实验阳性标本有7家检出、16家漏检。结论实践证明现场督导检查强力推进了临床血型血清学检测的规范化进程,确保了医院临床输血安全。     

微柱凝胶法在输血相容性检测中的应用价值

目的：探讨微柱凝胶法在临床输血相容性检测中的应用价值。方法选择微柱凝胶法对有妊娠史、输血史、短期内需要多次输血的600例患者进行不规则抗体筛查,对于检测结果阳性者进行抗体特异性鉴定,再选择相应抗原为阴性的供血者标本进行交叉配血检测。同时与凝聚胺法检测结果进行比较。结果微柱凝胶法交叉配血检出12例主侧或次侧凝集标本,凝聚胺法检出30例主侧或次侧凝集标本;微柱凝胶法、凝聚胺法不完全抗体检出率分别为98．00％和95．00％,组间比较差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。在20例交叉配血不合的标本中,微柱凝胶法及凝聚胺法直接抗人球蛋白分别检出12例（60．00％）、10例（50．00％）阳性标本,两者阳性检出率比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。结论微柱凝胶法可准确检测输血相容性,对保障输血安全具有重要价值。交叉配血之前有必要进行不规则抗体筛查,尤其是有妊娠史、输血史、短期内多次输血的患者。     

2011年度全国采供血机构及部分医院输血科血型血清学室间质控结果分析

目的 分析2011年度上海市血液中心发放的全国血型血清学室间质控品返回的回执结果.方法 采用国际血型参比实验室(iBGRL)建立的国际血型血清学室间评分标准,对参评的74家血站及医院输血科血型实验室的回执进行评分,计算各项试验的准确率,并通过Z检验(标准统计量检验法)进行满意度统计.结果 全国血站血型室及部分医院输血科的ABO定型准确率为99.76％,RhD定型准确率为100％,抗体筛选准确率为93.52％,抗体鉴定准确率为93.41％,交叉配合试验准确率为89.85％;实验室结果评价满意率为94.24％,其中血液中心为97.56％,中心血站为97.05％,医院输血科为88.46％,地区级检测中心为100％.结论 本次室间质评在ABO/Rh血型定型中,绝大部分单位的结果统一,在抗体筛选和鉴定中,仍有一部分的单位抗筛漏检或者抗体鉴定错误.在交叉配血中,对于献血者直抗阳性的细胞交叉配血过程中,由于各个单位所用的试剂和方法不同,导致出现迥异的结果.总的满意度,血液中心的免疫血液学水平高于中心血站和医院输血科.     

Rh血型筛查及Rh阴性患者输血的分析

目的探讨在临床输血时对受血者进行Rh血型筛查的意义、必要性及Rh阴性患者的输血问题。方法用长春博德生物技术有限责任公司生产的RhD（IgM）血型定型试剂对本院6年来的备血者进行Rh血型筛查。结果共检测了28956例患者，Rh阴性的检出率为0．18％，已产生抗-D抗体1例。结论在输血前检测Rh血型能及时发现Rh阴性的受血者，有效地预防因Rh血型不合产生的同种免疫，预防输血时溶血性输血反应的发生，预防妊娠时母子Rh血型不合产生的新生儿溶血病、死胎或早产。     

不规则抗体筛查对提高临床输血安全的价值研究

目的：探讨输血前不规则血型抗体筛查对提高临床输血安全的意义。方法对2000例预输血患者进行抗体筛查,对不规则抗体筛查阳性的标本进行抗体特异性鉴定,统计不规则抗体的特异性和检出率。结果共筛出不规则抗体阳性者8例,阳性检出率为0．4％。其中血液系统疾病和肿瘤患者6例,占75．0％,高于其他疾病患者所占比例（2例,25．0％）,比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。不规则抗体阳性患者抗体特异性鉴定结果显示, Rh系统抗体占62．5％,MNS系统抗体（抗-M抗体）占37．5％。结论输血前对患者进行不规则抗体检测,有利于选择适合患者的血液,有效减少或避免溶血性输血反应的发生,保证了患者的输血安全。     

Multi-centre evaluation of pre-transfusional routine tests using 8-column format gel cards (DG Gel®)

Background: Advances in immunohaematology laboratory practice to improve performance, cost‐effectiveness and patient safety are desirable. Objectives: To perform a multi‐centre evaluation of the 8‐column Grifols DG Gel^® cards and reagent system to assess its performance, suitability and adaptability to the daily blood transfusion laboratory routine in the United Kingdom. Methods/Materials: A total of 4281 immunohematological analyses {1825 ABO/D grouping, 1921 antibody screening, 75 Rh phenotyping and K antigen determination, 361 antibody identification and 99 neonates [ABO/D and DAT (direct anti‐globulin test)]} were performed on 2255 specimens. All cases were run in parallel with the reference method of each laboratory (DiaMed‐ID^® cards or conventional tube technique in some cases). Results: Concordant results between Grifols DG Gel^® system and the reference method were obtained in 97·7% of tests. For ABO grouping by the Grifols DG Gel^® system, sensitivity was 99·95%, specificity was 99·96%, predictive positive value (PPV) was 99·89% and predictive negative value (PNV) was 99·98%. For D grouping, sensitivity was 99·78%, specificity was 100%, PPV was 100% and PNV was 99·78%. For antibody screening, sensitivity was 90·63%, specificity was 99·94%, PPV was 99·32% and PNV was 99·15%. Of the Rh subgroups and K types, results were 100% concordant. For antibody specificity detection, accuracy was 96·95% for Grifols DG Gel^® system and 95·29% for DiaMed‐ID^® system. For the newborn tests, concordant results were obtained in 100% of ABO/D grouping and in 89·9% of DAT. Conclusion: The Grifols DG Gel^® 8‐column system is reliable and safe for routine tests performed in the immunohaematology laboratory.     

Improvement in transfusion safety using a specially designed transfusion wristband

Fatal haemolytic transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatibility occurs mainly as a result of clerical error. A blood sample drawn from the wrong patient and labelled as another patient's will not be detected by the blood bank unless there is a previous ABO grouping result. We report here the detection of such clerical error by the use of a specially designed transfusion wristband. The wristband has the following special features: (i) once attached, it cannot be removed except by cutting; (ii) it has a pocket containing a transfusion label; (iii) a unique transfusion barcode is printed on each transfusion label and the corresponding wristband simultaneously by computer technology; (iv) a transfusion label removed from the wristband after attachment to the patient has a characteristic tear-mark distinguishing it from one removed prior to attachment. The blood bank only accepted those specimens bearing the tear-marked transfusion labels. All blood units for this patient were labelled with this unique transfusion code together with the patient's details. The nurses counter-checked the transfusion code on the blood units against the transfusion code on the patient's transfusion wristband prior to transfusion. If the blood sample for compatibility testing was drawn from the 'wrong' patient, the intended patient either did not carry a wristband or the transfusion codes did not match at all. Pretransfusion compatibility tests were performed on 2189 patient samples using this procedure. It was well accepted by both ward and blood bank staff. Two potential mismatched transfusions were avoided. These two clerical errors would not have been detected because neither patient had previous ABO grouping results.     

输血相容性检测室内质控品的临床应用评价

目的评价解放军总医院输血科自主研发的输血相容性检测室内质控品临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析2009年10月～2011年10月全国31家输血相容性检测实验室应用该室内质控品对ABO及RhD血型鉴定试验、不规则抗体筛查试验和交叉配血试验开展室内质量控制工作情况,分析该室内质控品检测结果的重复性和稳定性;根据各实验室应用的试验方法、试剂、耗材及试验结果,分析室内质控品在各种检测条件下的实际应用效果。结果 31家输血相容性检测实验室共完成室内质控试验14 271次,包括ABO及RhD血型鉴定试验4 552次、不规则抗体筛查试验4 539次及交叉配血试验5 180次,失控7次。ABO及RhD血型鉴定试验A、B、D抗原检测结果变异系数(CV)为0;ABO血型鉴定反定型试验、不规则抗体筛查试验及交叉配血试验抗原、抗体反应阴性结果的CV为0,抗原、抗体反应阳性结果均为CV<10.0%;质控品不同保存时间试验结果比较差异甚小(P>0.05)。结论研发的自制室内质控品在重复性、稳定性方面可以满足输血相容性检测室内质量控制的基本要求。     

1例输血患者疑难血型的鉴定与分析

目的鉴定与分析1例配血困难患者的ABO血型,为临床疑难血型的鉴定提供案例参考。方法采用血型血清学方法进行ABO、Rh血型、直接抗人球蛋白试验、不规则抗体筛查和抗体鉴定、吸收放散试验及抗体效价测定、唾液血型物质检测、交叉配血等试验,对1例血型鉴定疑难患者进行确诊。结果该例患者正定型为A型Rh阳性,反定型为AB型Rh阳性,进一步采用多种方法进行鉴定,最终确定为ABx亚型,经筛选后交叉配血相合。患者输注悬浮红细胞后,无不良反应。结论采用多种血清学方法对ABO血型正反不一致的标本进行血型鉴定,从而提高亚型检出率。     

The United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme (blood transfusion laboratory practice): trends in proficiency and practice between 1985 and 2000

Proficiency in blood transfusion laboratory practice has improved over the last 15 years (1985-2000). Error rates for ABO grouping have fallen from 0 x 19 to 0 x 02% (P = 0 x 003). A similar trend is evident for antibody screening, with error rates for false negative antibody screens falling from 3 x 2 to 0 x 5% (P < 0 x 001), and for antibody identification, for sera containing a single alloantibody, with error rates falling from 8 x 8% to 0 x 9% over the last 10 years (P < 0 x 001). Proficiency in serological crossmatching to detect clinically significant non-ABO incompatibilities (other than Kidd), has also improved (P < 0 x 001). However, error rates for RhD grouping have not changed and there has been a recent decline in proficiency in detecting weak ABO incompatibilities and Kidd antibodies with heterozygous cells. Procedures for pretransfusion testing have also been rationalized over this time. The indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) is used in isolation by 73% of laboratories for antibody screening, and 10% rely on the direct room temperature (DRT), immediate spin (IS) crossmatch in the absence (current and/or historical) of clinically significant antibodies. Despite the improvements in error rates that have occurred alongside the rationalizations, there is still evidence of noncompliance with current published BCSH guidelines and manufacturers' instructions.     

一种少量血样本交叉配血试验方法

探讨受血为婴幼儿或老弱患在采取血样困难时取少量抗凝血做交叉配血试验的可行性。应用ABO同型血做交叉配血试验76次;将ABO异型血分为A和B,A和O,A和AB,B和O,B和AB,O和AB6组,每组配血3次,共配血18次。ABO同型配血,结果检出1例不完全抗体,76次配血,没有发生输血反应;ABO异型配血,出现凝集现象。结果提示,取患少量抗凝血做交叉配血是可行的。     

Safety of Uncrossmatched ABO-Compatible RBCs in Alloimmunized Patients with Bleeding: Data from Two Decades: Results of a Systematic Analysis in 6,109 Patients

IntroductionUncrossmatched ABO-compatible red blood cells (RBCs) are generally recommended in patients with life-threatening massive bleeding. There is little data regarding RBC transfusion when patients are transfused against clinically significant alloantibodies because compatible RBCs are not immediately available.Methods/PatientsAll patients reviewed in this study (n = 6,109) required emergency blood transfusion and were treated at the Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin between 2001 and 2015. Primary uncrossmatched O Rh(D)-positive or -negative RBC units were immediately transfused prior to complete regulatory serological testing including determination of ABO group, Rhesus antigens, antibody screening, and crossmatching.ResultsWithout any significant change in the protocol of emergency transfusion of RBCs, a total of 63,373 RBC units were transfused in 6,109 patients. Antibody screening was positive in 413 patients (6.8%), and 19 of these patients received RBC units against clinically significant alloantibodies. None of these patients appeared to have developed significant hemolysis, and only one patient with anti-D seems to have developed signs of insignificant hemolysis following the transfusion of three Rh(D)-positive units. One patient who had anti-Jk^a received unselected units and did not develop a hemolytic transfusion reaction.ConclusionTransfusion of uncrossmatched ABO-compatible RBCs against alloantibodies is highly safe in patients with life-threatening hemorrhage.     

The evolution of pretransfusion testing: from agglutination to solid-phase red cell adherence tests

Hospital transfusion services and blood centers still use manual hemagglutination tests for most of their serological procedures. Automation of hemagglutination reactions has proven to be difficult, primarily because hemagglutination lacks an objective endpoint which can be easily interpreted by inexpensive instruments. Alternatively, solid-phase red cell adherence assays for ABO cell and serum grouping, Rh typing, red cell and platelet antibody screening, red cell and platelet crossmatching, IgA deficiency screening, hepatitis B surface antigen, and HIV antibody screening have been developed. The performance of these assays compares favorably with current hemagglutination and enzyme immunoassay methods. All of these tests share a common objective endpoint of adherence or nonadherence of indicator red cells. This uniformity allows easy interpretation of results visually, spectrophotometrically, or by image analysis. The latter technique has the potential to revolutionize the reading and interpretation of all agglutination tests. Solid-phase red cell adherence tests in microplates are ideal for batch processing large numbers of specimens. However, adherence tests are not restricted to this format. Therefore, blood grouping dipsticks have been produced, which permit testing of individual blood samples even outside of the laboratory.     

53例患儿疑难配血原因分析与输血对策探讨

目的探讨儿科患者疑难配血的原因及输血对策。方法对郴州市第一人民医院北院(郴州市儿童医院)2017年1月至2019年3月的53例疑难配血标本进行ABO血型正反定型、Rh表型鉴定、吸收放散试验、抗人球蛋白试验、不规则抗体筛查及鉴定试验等相关检测,找出导致配血困难的原因,依据原因采用相应的输血对策。结果53例疑难配血患儿中,以新生儿疑难配血发生率最高(75.5%)。新生儿疑难配血中,ABO血型不合溶血病发生率最高(18例),其次为抗-D溶血病(6例)和纤维蛋白丝干扰(6例)。非新生儿疑难配血中,自身免疫性溶血性贫血(AIHA)7例、同种抗-M 5例、同种抗-E 1例。采用相应输血策略后,仅2例患儿出现输注无效,其余患儿输血效果良好。结论儿科患者疑难配血的原因较多,ABO血型不合溶血病、AIHA分别为导致新生儿与非新生儿疑难配血的主要原因。