体外循环辅助外科治疗气管、纵隔病变

目的　探讨应用体外循环技术救治气管、纵隔危重病例的方法和效果。方法　对气管病变 11例 ,纵隔肿瘤 6例采用股 -股转流、股颈 -股转流 ,辅助渡过麻醉诱导期并获得手术治疗。心肺转流时间 2 0～ 2 5 0min。结果　救治成功 15例 ( 88.3 % ) ,死亡 2例 ( 11.7% ) ,1例死于术后多器官功能衰竭 ,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭。结论　体外循环技术是抢救气管下段或隆突区接近完全堵塞危重病例的有效措施     

老年人开胸手术麻醉管理进展

背景 老年患者心、肺等脏器伴有不同程度功能衰减,开胸手术时易出现呼吸、循环方面的问题,大大增加了手术、麻醉的复杂性和危险性. 目的 就老年胸科手术麻醉的新进展进行综述,以提高老年胸科手术麻醉质量. 内容 麻醉前应评估心肺系统功能状况、制定个体化麻醉方案;建议采用吸入全身麻醉或联合硬膜外阻滞;术中单肺通气时应采用保护性通气策略和肺复张技术,根据目标导向液体治疗原则管理循环;术后给予充分镇痛. 趋向 对老年胸科手术患者,完善的围手术期管理有助于改善其术后转归.     

支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术小儿间歇通气呼吸暂停麻醉法的效果

目的 评价间歇通气呼吸暂停麻醉法用于小儿支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术的效果.方法 择期内窥镜辅助支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术小儿20例,麻醉诱导后经口插入气管导管,静脉输注异丙酚、瑞芬太尼,间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg维持麻醉,静脉注射地塞米松0.2 mg/kg防止喉头水肿.手术开始前对小儿行过度通气,PET CO2低于30 mm Hg时拔出气管导管,暂停呼吸,术者尽快手术操作,当SpO2下降到97%时,由术者插入气管导管,立即行过度通气,尽快使SpO2升至100%,当PETCO2低于30mmHg时拔出气管导管立即手术,如此反复至术毕.术中检测动脉血气,监测MAP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2,记录术者对手术条件的评估情况、苏醒时间及术后有关并发症及术后3个月内随访肿瘤复发情况.结果 所有小儿在麻醉诱导后均一次性成功置入支撑喉镜,苏醒时间为(7±3)min.在整个试验过程中,PETCO2及PaO2虽有一定程度波动,但均在临床允许范围内;MAP、HR、SpO2、pH和PaCO2维持稳定(P＞0.05).术者评估手术条件的优良率为90%,未见有关并发症发生.术后3个月复发率为15%.结论 间歇通气呼吸暂停麻醉法可安全、有效地应用于小儿支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术.     

股-股心肺转流用于巨大纵隔肿瘤手术的临床研究

目的 探讨股-股心肺转流用于巨大纵隔肿瘤手术的可行性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001 年7月至 2009 年7月我科诊治的因巨大纵隔肿瘤行股-股心肺转流辅助下手术切除11例患者的临床资料.结果 11例患者心肺转流过程顺利,无明显并发症,5例术中出现急性呼吸循环功能衰竭开启体外循环后均得到及时救治,无一例术中死亡.结论 巨大纵隔肿瘤手术全麻诱导和手术操作过程中可能会发生呼吸心跳骤停,选择有高危险因素的患者应用股-股心肺转流辅助技术能显著地降低麻醉及术中死亡率,值得推广.     

两例冠脉搭桥同期肺癌手术患者的麻醉管理

分析上海市胸科医院在2012年11月间同期施行冠脉搭桥术和肺癌手术的患者2例,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级为Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.在全身麻醉、非体外循环下先行冠状动脉搭桥术（coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG）后行肺癌手术.双腔支气管导管行肺隔离.2例患者均获得满意的麻醉效果,无围术期并发症,均顺利出院.非体外循环下OPCABG同期行肺癌手术患者术中循环和呼吸管理复杂,应引起麻醉医师关注并积极处理.     

体外循环辅助下行气管及上腔静脉梗阻综合征手术治疗

纵隔及颈部肿瘤所致气管受压及上腔静脉梗阻综合征是临床上难处理的一种急症危象 ,其麻醉及手术风险很大 ,病死率较高。 1989年 3月至 2 0 0 0年 10月我们在体外循环辅助下手术治疗 4例巨大纵隔或颈部肿瘤病人效果良好 ,现将体会报道如下。资料和方法　 4例病人中男 3例 ,女 1例 ;年龄 36～ 6 5岁。颈部肿瘤 1例 ,纵隔肿瘤 3例 ,均为恶性。肿瘤最小9ｃｍ× 10ｃｍ× 12ｃｍ ,最大 2 0ｃｍ× 2 0ｃｍ× 2 3ｃｍ。 4例均有不同程度气管及上腔静脉受压变窄、呼吸困难及上半身浅表静脉怒张。按常规备体外循环管道及预充液 ,全身肝素化后在局麻或…     

胸廓内气管狭窄非体外循环下气道重建术气道管理

目的 分析总结5例胸廓内气管狭窄患者非体外循环下气道重建术麻醉的气道管理模式。方法 通过不同的通气方式解决手术麻醉共同占用气道问题，分别采取手持气管导管断端间断通气、气管离断近心端气管插管、气管切开联合Tyco麻醉呼吸回路管、喉罩联合Tyco麻醉呼吸回路管等通气方式完成手术麻醉，达到麻醉气道管理要求。结果 5例患者均在非体外循环下建立各自通气模式，达到氧合要求，顺利完成气道重建术，4例术后送PACU,1例术后送ICU，均拔管顺利，2周出院。结论 5例气道重建术患者手术麻醉通气模式安全有效，值得临床借鉴。     

巨大纵隔肿瘤的外科治疗

目的回顾性总结28例巨大纵隔肿瘤的诊断要点及外科治疗经验。方法28例巨大纵隔肿瘤患者在全身麻醉双腔气管内插管下行手术治疗,完整切除肿瘤23例,大部分切除5例;同期行肺楔形切除术2例,肺叶切除术1例,部分心包切除术5例,上腔静脉成形术1例。结果无手术死亡患者,术中发生复张性肺水肿2例,失血性休克6例,损伤上腔静脉1例;术后发生心律失常3例,肺部感染4例,经治疗均恢复良好。结论巨大纵隔肿瘤手术治疗效果良好,麻醉时体位及手术切口的选择、术中仔细操作可提高手术的安全性及切除率,预防和治疗术中创面渗血及复张性肺水肿可进一步提高疗效。     

体外循环在胸部肿瘤手术中的应用价值

目的探讨体外循环技术在胸部肿瘤手术中的应用及价值，为难治性胸部肿瘤手术方法提供依据。方法对6例胸部肿瘤患者（右肺中心性肺癌1例、左肺中心性肺癌1例、气管肿瘤2例、食管癌1例、纵隔肿瘤1例）采用不同的体外循环方法进行麻醉或手术切除，行右全肺切除＋部分心包切除＋部分左心房切除1例，气管肿瘤切除、端端吻合2例，食管癌切除＋胸降主动脉部分切除＋人工血管修补1例，左全肺切除＋部分左心房切除1例，纵隔肿瘤切除先Gor Tex16mm人工血管施行左无名静脉-右心耳吻合＋Gor Tex12mm人工血管施行右无名静脉-上腔静脉吻合1例。结果6例患者均手术顺利，术后恢复良好，康复出院。随访3个月～5年，1例肺癌患者术后10个月死于肺部转移，其余患者生存良好，生活质量高，采用胸部X线片、胸部CT和超声心动图等检查均无复发。结论对侵及部分肺血管和心脏的胸部肿瘤患者，以及气管肿瘤不能常规进行麻醉的患者，应用体外循环技术可明显提高手术切除几率，增加手术安全性，提高患者的生活质量和延长生存期。     

气管切除术麻醉及手术方式探讨

目的探讨不同气管疾病气管切除的麻醉和手术方式。方法回顾性分析18例气管切除手术的临床资料,分析麻醉和手术方法的选择及其与结果的关系。结果局部麻醉(局麻)气管切开插管麻醉2例,经气管造口插管麻醉2例,体外循环2例,气管插管全身麻醉12例,全组无麻醉和手术死亡。局部切除3例,节段性切除15例,气管切除最长8,0cm。节段性切除后一期吻合8例．记忆合金网二期成形人工气管7例,人工气管长度3．0—5．0cm。随访5个月-8年,4例因肿瘤等原因分别死于术后4,11及12个月,其余均生存。结论气管切除的麻醉与手术方式因人而异,高危患者可以体外循环,或者局麻下气管切开插管;开胸后切开气管或右主支气管,行左主支气管插管是有效、安全的麻醉方法。全身状况差者可仅行局部切除,切除气管小于5cm者可行节段性切除一期吻合,大于5.5cm者,可以用记忆合金网二期成形人工气管重建气管缺损。     

Anesthesia for children with anterior mediastinal masses

Children with an anterior mediastinal mass may have cardiopulmonary compromise that can be exacerbated under general anesthesia. Signs and symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, stridor, orthopnea, accessory muscle use, a history of respiratory arrest, and the presence of a pleural effusion and upper body edema are predictive of perioperative complications. A larger mediastinal mass on imaging is predictive of perioperative complications. Risk stratification of patients, together with an individualized plan, will best guide operative management for patients with an anterior mediastinal mass. General anesthesia (GA) should be avoided if possible, but a spontaneous breathing technique is recommended if GA is required.     

Airway collapse with an anterior mediastinal mass despite spontaneous ventilation in an adult

Patients with anterior mediastinal masses are at increased risk for perioperative complications. Our case demonstrates that airway collapse and inability to ventilate may occur in the asymptomatic adult despite spontaneous ventilation with inhaled anesthesia and an endotracheal tube. Given the sudden and profound presentation of cardiopulmonary collapse, rigid bronchoscopy should be immediately available to facilitate life-saving ventilation. Though repositioning the pediatric patient lateral or prone has been reported to reestablish airway patency, this maneuver may be of limited benefit in the adult population because of a more ossified and developed chest wall. Lastly, if a high-risk patient requires a general anesthetic, strong consideration should be given to preinduction placement of femoral cardiopulmonary bypass cannulae and the availability to immediately initiate cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Anesthetic management of patients with an anterior mediastinal mass: Continuing Professional Development

Purpose

Many cases have been reported of hemodynamic and airway collapse induced by general anesthesia in patients with an anterior mediastinal mass. We examined the literature for predictors of perioperative risk, guidelines for preoperative investigations, and strategies for management of the patient with a mediastinal mass.

Principal findings

In patients with an anterior mediastinal mass, symptoms may range from none to severe and may include orthopnea, stridor, cyanosis, jugular vein distension, or superior vena cava syndrome. In limited case series, incidences of serious complications up to 20% were noted, but these are primarily pediatric studies with unclear relevance to adults. There is a paucity of evidence providing guidance on quantifying risk and planning the safe conduct of anesthesia. In the largest adult case series to date, intraoperative complications were associated only with the preoperative presence of a pericardial effusion. Postoperative complications were predicted by severe symptoms at presentation, tracheal compression of > 50%, and a mixed obstructive-restrictive picture on pulmonary function testing. Low-risk patients tolerate conventional general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade and positive pressure ventilation. Those at intermediate or high risk are best managed with the maintenance of spontaneous ventilation, at least initially. Cardiopulmonary bypass remains the option of last resort.

Conclusions

It appears prudent to avoid general anesthesia when possible for patients at the highest risk. When general anesthesia is required, a comprehensive plan must be formulated preoperatively with the surgical team. Cardiopulmonary bypass requires time for implementation, so it should be considered early and appropriate preparations should be made prior to the initiation of anesthesia.     

Anesthetic considerations for patients with anterior mediastinal masses

Anterior mediastinal tumors can cause severe airway and vascular compression, and these effects are exacerbated by general anesthesia. Tumor biopsy using a local anesthetic technique is preferable. General anesthesia for a biopsy procedure or resection of an anterior mediastinal mass should be undertaken only after a thorough preoperative assessment. Treatment protocols for surgery and anesthesia vary from institution to institution, and management remains operator dependent. Some consider the maintenance of spontaneous respiration during anesthesia optimal. Others advocate airway stenting. Cardiopulmonary bypass, instituted at the outset of surgery under local anesthetic, may be used as a fall-back technique in extreme circumstances.     

Perioperative management of thymectomy

Thymoma is the most frequent type of tumor in the anterior-superior mediastinum. The presentation of thymomas is variable; most are asymptomatic and others present themselves with local compression syndrome or parathymic syndrome; rarely thymomas appear as an acute emergency. Surgery is the treatment of choice for thymic tumors and complete resection is the most important prognostic factor. Surgery with adjuvant radiation is recommended for invasive thymoma. The anaesthetic management of patients with mediastinal thymoma undergoing thymectomy is associated with several risks related to potential airway obstruction, hypoxia and cardiovascular collapse. Patients at high risk of perioperative complications can be identified by the presence of cardiopulmonary signs and symptoms. However, asymptomatic thymomas have been occurred with acute cardiorespiratory complications under general anaesthesia. A careful preoperative evaluation of signs, symptoms, chest X-ray, CT scan, MRI, cardiac echogram and venous angiogram should be helpful to investigate neoplasm presence and the area of invasion; moreover, an adequate airway and cardiovascular management, such as performing an awake intubation in the sitting position, allowing spontaneous and non-controlled ventilation, a rigid bronchoscope available and a standby cardiopulmonary bypass, is suggested to prevent the main life-threatening cardiorespiratory complications.     

General anesthesia prior to treatment of anterior mediastinal masses in pediatric cancer patients

Many children with malignant diseases who present with an anterior mediastinal mass must undergo general anesthesia for tissue diagnosis or tumor resection. One hundred sixty-three pediatric patients over a period of 6 yr were admitted to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center with a diagnosis of anterior mediastinal mass. Forty four of these patients required surgery and their records were reviewed. In recent years perioperative radiation therapy has been advocated for this patient group prior to their receiving general anesthesia. If a tissue diagnosis has not been made, preoperative radiation therapy may distort histologic findings and prevent accurate diagnosis. All patients with an anterior mediastinal mass who must receive general anesthesia in our institution do so prior to treatment with radiation or chemotherapy even in the presence of cardiovascular or respiratory symptoms. No patient died or sustained permanent injury as a result of their anesthetic or operative experience. Two patients who experienced difficulty on induction of anesthesia required tracheal intubation with a rigid bronchoscope. Two patients developed airway obstruction during anesthetic maintenance that was corrected with changes in patient position. Four patients were unable to have their tracheas extubated at the conclusion of surgery and one patient required tracheal reintubation in the immediate postoperative period. These patients were treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy after tissue for diagnosis had been obtained. The authors conclude that in the absence of life-threatening preoperative airway obstruction and severe clinical symptoms general anesthesia may be safely induced prior to radiation therapy.     

Management of mediastinal syndromes in pediatrics: a new challenge of ultrasound guidance to avoid high‐risk general anesthesia

Adverse events associated with anesthetic management of anterior mediastinal masses in pediatrics are common. To avoid an extremely hazardous general anesthesia, the use of real‐time ultrasonography offers an effective alternative in high‐risk cases. We report the anesthetic management including a light sedation and ultrasound guidance for regional anesthesia, surgical node biopsy, and placement of a central venous line in two children with an anterior symptomatic mediastinal mass. For pediatric patients with clinical and/or radiologic signs of airway compression, ultrasound guidance provides safety technical assistance to avoid general anesthesia and should be performed for the initial diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.     

Anesthetic management of children with an anterior mediastinal mass

Study ObjectiveTo review the anesthetic management and perioperative course of children with an anterior mediastinal mass.DesignRetrospective review.SettingUniversity-affiliated children's hospital.MeasurementsThe records of 46 children presenting with an anterior mediastinal mass between October 1, 1998 and Octobber 1, 2006 were studied. Preoperative symptoms, diagnostic imaging and physical examination findings, anesthetic techniques, and perioperative complications were recorded.Main ResultsSpontaneous ventilation was maintained in 21 of 46 cases. Five patients had mild intraoperative complications, including upper airway obstruction, mild oxyhemoglobin desaturation, wheezing, partial airway obstruction, and a pneumothorax after mediastinal mass biopsy. There were no serious complications or perioperative deaths.ConclusionsChildren with a symptomatic anterior mediastinal mass underwent general anesthesia without serious complications. Spontaneous ventilation was preferred for all patients with severe airway compression.     

侵及胸廓上口大血管的纵隔肿瘤的外科治疗

目的　探讨侵及胸廓上口大血管的纵隔肿瘤的外科治疗经验。方法　回顾分析 11例侵及胸廓上口大血管的纵隔肿瘤患者的临床资料 ,全组患者均行纵隔肿瘤切除 ,其中 2例于麻醉诱导前辅以股 -股转流并行体外循环 ,2例辅以颈静脉、股静脉 -股动脉转流并行体外循环。同期行上腔静脉重建 2例 ,成形 2例 ,左无名静脉成形 3例 ,右无名静脉成形 1例 ,无名动脉、左颈总动脉、左锁骨下动脉人造血管置换各 1例。结果　全组病例无手术死亡。术后随访 2～ 7年 ,3例于 2～ 4年后死于癌瘤复发 ,6例无瘤健康生存 ,均未出现血管栓塞。结论　侵及胸廓上口的大血管纵隔肿瘤宜积极手术治疗 ,麻醉诱导前辅以股 -股转流或颈、股 -股转流。同期作血管成形或重建。术后小剂量抗凝治疗     

Anesthetic managements of the patients with giant mediastinal tumors--a report of two cases

Anesthesia for patients with a huge anterior mediastinal tumor is a well-known challenge and trial to all the anesthesiologists. The tumor mass which directly compresses the trachea and bronchus induces hypoxia and asphyxia, eventuating in cardiac arrest or even fatality in the process of general anesthesia. In selection of anesthetic technique, general anesthesia is deliberately avoided if not mandatory or spontaneous respiration should be strictly preserved by all means if obligatory. Our surgical colleagues are usually not so familiar with this potentially life-threatening situation as are the anesthesiologists, and bad communications and interactions between the two may court disaster. Here we reported 2 cases: the former was an immediate mortality in a youth with a giant anterior mediastinal tumor undergoing excisional biopsy of a neck mass under general anesthesia, and the latter was a successful anesthetic management in a woman with a giant mediastinal tumor receiving abdominal total hysterectomy for cervical cancer in situ under spinal anesthesia. The hazards of general anesthesia in these patients and the importance of comprehending preanesthetic preparations were reviewed and discussed. Moreover, we address that whenever one has shot his bolt still futile to improve the respiratory crisis in a case with mediastinal tumor, try to ventilate the patient in a prone position as it has clinical importance in ventilation and oxygenation.